利用巨大芽孢杆菌制备高硫煤矸石肥料

高硫煤矸石的大量堆积对环境造成了严重污染,为了开发利用高硫煤矸石,对巨大芽孢杆菌处理高硫煤矸石生产煤矸石肥料进行了研究,包括煤矸石的粒径、体系p H、温度、接菌量、培养时间、振荡等因素条件对制备煤矸石肥料的影响,得到制备煤矸石肥料的最佳条件。研究表明,当煤矸石的粒径为60目、体系p H 7.0~8.0、接菌量为2.5×1014~5.0×1014cfu/g、30℃下培养5 d时煤矸石中的碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的含量分别比原样提高了26.84倍、65.71倍和10.55倍;有效硫、有效钙和有效硅的含量分别比原煤矸石中提高2.70倍、1.27倍和1.07倍。     

污水厂污泥堆肥及制作化肥技术研究与应用

利用污水处理厂脱水后的污泥，经粉煤灰水分调节后进人动态堆肥装置，好氧发酵成为性状良好的腐殖颗粒，然后经过一定工艺制成一种有机-无机复合化肥，其N、P、K含量达到25％，有机质含量大于30％，含水量小于10％，pH值6～8。将化肥用在农田的水稻种植，水稻的亩产量增产11．4％，各项指标均符合国家标准。     

污水厂污泥堆肥及制作化肥技术研究与应用

利用污水处理厂脱水后的污泥,经粉煤灰水分调节后进入动态堆肥装置,好氧发酵成为性状良好的腐殖颗粒,然后经过一定工艺制成一种有机-无机复合化肥,其N、P、K含量达到25%,有机质含量大于30%,含水量小于10%,pH值6～8.将化肥用在农田的水稻种植,水稻的亩产量增产11.4%,各项指标均符合国家标准.     

粉煤灰微生态复混肥的制备与研究

研究了利用处理啤酒废水的粉煤灰废渣作为固氮菌的载体,与常规的氮肥、钾肥和磷肥复混生产粉煤灰微生态复混肥的依据、原理与工艺.粉煤灰微生态复混肥总养分31%,其中养分比例为N∶P2O5∶K2O∶有机物=1∶2.01∶0.96∶0.79,固氮菌数6.9×107个/g,粉煤灰占质量分数44.03%.通过小白菜等作物的种植试验表明,粉煤灰微生态复混肥具有改良土壤结构,长效缓释,均衡作物营养,增强作物抗逆性和抗病能力,改善作物品质等优点,对作物植株性状的生长优势明显优于常规施肥法.     

Feasibility of phosphate fertilizer to immobilize cadmium in a field

To reduce effectively cadmium (Cd) phytoextractability by phosphate fertilizer in Cd contaminated soil, fused and superphosphate (FSP) was applied at the rate of 0, 33.5 (recommendation level), 167.5, and 335 kg P ha⁻¹ for radish (Raphanus sativa L.). Unlike from what we expected, soil Cd extractability and Cd concentration in radish increased with increasing FSP application in the field. To determine the effect of FSP on Cd immobilization, FSP was mixed with the selected soil at the rate of 0, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 mg P kg⁻¹ and then incubated for 8 weeks. As observed in the field study, NH₄OAc extractable Cd concentration increased slightly with FSP addition up to 400 mg P kg⁻¹ and thereafter dramatically decreased upon increasing its application rate. Soil pH and negative charge were decreased at low level of FSP application up to 400 mg P kg⁻¹, but thereafter continually increased with increasing application level. This could be indirect evidence that net soil negative charge was increased by the specific adsorption of phosphate at the high rate of FSP application over 400 mg P kg⁻¹. The labile Cd fraction (water soluble and exchangeable + acidic fraction) increased with increasing FSP application by 400 mg P kg⁻¹ and thereafter gradually decreased with corresponding increase in unlabile fraction (oxidizable and residual fraction). Based on these results, FSP might be applied with a very high rate over 800 mg P kg⁻¹ to decrease Cd extractability in the selected field. However, this level is equivalent to 1440 kg P ha⁻¹, which is about 43 times higher than the recommendation levels for radish production and resulted in a significant increase in water soluble P concentration creating a new environmental problem. Therefore, the feasibility of FSP to reduce Cd extractability in the field is very low.     

一种减少化肥污染的土壤微生物增肥剂的使用技术

进行了澳大利亚ＳＣ２７土壤微生物增肥剂在番茄、黄瓜、青椒等蔬菜上的田间小区和大田试验,结果表明,ＳＣ２７施用后可改善作物根系生长环境,调控土壤养分供应,改良作物品质,产量提高８％－２０％,减少化肥用量１００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,并有减轻土传病害和生理障碍的作用。     

Effects of mycorrhizae and fertilizer amendments on zinc tolerance of plants

In soils containing elevated levels of zinc, plant growth may be impaired because of Zn interference with P uptake by plants and because of detrimental effects of Zn toxicity itself. Because mycorrhizal fungi are known to improve uptake of plant P, the beneficial effects of mycorrhizal symbiosis on Zn tolerance of Andropogon gerardii Vitm. were assessed in soil amended with various levels of Zn and P. In the absence of P amendment, mycorrhizal fungi stimulated plant growth, but the degree of benefit depended on the inoculum source and the soil Zn level. Mycorrhizal fungi from a Zn contaminated site were more effective in increasing plant biomass at higher levels of Zn in the soil, whereas plant growth at lower levels of soil Zn was greater with mycorrhizal fungi from a non-contaminated site. Mycorrhizal fungus inoculation had no effect on shoot Zn concentration; however, inoculation significantly improved the plant P nutrition and therefore resulted in a high shoot P/Zn concentration ratio at all the soil Zn levels. To a certain extent, addition of P to the soil alleviated the Zn toxicity that had inhibited plant growth, but plant biomass tended to decrease with increasing soil Zn levels. Although P amendment improved P uptake, it also resulted in increased shoot Zn uptake.     

Improved economic and environmental outcomes from targeted fertilizer policy

The overuse of nitrogen (N) fertilizer for wheat is a serious problem in China, and previous studies seldom distinguish between the use of basal and topdressing N fertilizer. Data from 225 households in Jiangsu Province, China (a wheat planting area), were collected through face-to-face interviews with each head of the household. Regression models were used to study factors affecting farmers’ application of basal and topdressing N fertilizers separately. Fertilizer retailers proposed fertilizer application levels that were in opposition to their concern for the environment. Farmers’ concern for the environment only affected their application of topdressing N fertilizer and had no significant influence for use of total N fertilizer. The farmland area and amount of experience planting wheat had negative effects on basal N fertilizer use, but not on topdressing fertilizer. In the study area, the optimal strategy for decreasing N fertilizer application is designing policies to rent more farmlands to farmers with the most experience first. These farmers with their higher farm income would decrease basal N fertilizer use and the basal-topdressing ratio to improve N fertilizer use efficiency and then decrease the N fertilizer leaching into the environment.

     

Use and environmental implications of pulp-mill sludge as an organic fertilizer

Pulp-mill sludge is an industrial by-product with a high level of organic matter, which is eventually biodegradable. Since there are few alternatives for its practical use, its utilization as an agricultural fertilizer is proposed. An experiment was carried out during 2 years, with yellow lupin plants (Lupinus luteus L.), in order to define the critical application levels of this material. Biodegradability of the sludge in the soil was also evaluated, as well as its pollutant effects. Results obtained in the first year of the experiment showed that an application rate larger than 50 t ha(-1) of pulp-mill sludge, has a depressive effect on yield. Yet, this effect is completely dissipated in the second year. Finally, it is concluded that, if the use of this organic waste as an agricultural fertilizer is adequately monitored, soil pollution problems should not occur.     

Solubilization of blood meal to be used as a liquid fertilizer

The solubilization of blood meal by means of the microwave-hydrogen peroxide enhanced advanced-oxidation process (MW/H(2)O(2)-AOP) was studied. It was found that over the treatment temperature range of 60 to 120 degrees C, solids particle reduction, ammonia and orthophosphate production could be achieved by this process. Large protein molecules were broken down into intermediate compounds with low molecule weights, ammonia and nitrate. Intermediate compounds, such as peptides and amino acids, can also be easily converted to nitrogenous nutrients for plant growth by bacteria. Soluble nitrogen content increased with an increase in microwave heating temperature when acid was added; significant amounts of ammonia were obtained at higher temperatures. Nitrate decreased in concentration with an increase of treatment temperature. Orthophosphate concentrations increased after the advanced-oxidation process (AOP) treatments, with and without acid addition; but were more pronounced with acid addition. Maximum solubility of chemical oxygen demand (COD) occurred at 80 degrees C. Without the addition of acid, soluble COD decreased due to protein denaturation and coagulation out of the solution.     

Effect of decabromodiphenyl ether and antimony trioxide on controlled pyrolysis of high-impact polystyrene mixed with polyolefins

The controlled pyrolysis of polyethylene/polypropylene/polystyrene mixed with brominated high-impact polystyrene containing decabromodiphenyl ether as a brominated flame-retardant with antimony trioxide as a synergist was performed. The effect of decabromodiphenyl ether and antimony trioxide on the formation of its congeners and their effect on distribution of pyrolysis products were investigated. The controlled pyrolysis significantly affected the decomposition behavior and the formation of products. Analysis with gas chromatograph with electron capture detector confirmed that the bromine content was rich in step 1 (oil 1) liquid products leaving less bromine content in the step 2 (oil 2) liquid products. In the presence of antimony containing samples, the major portion of bromine was observed in the form of antimony bromide and no flame-retardant species were found in oil 1. In the presence of synergist, the step 1 and step 2 oils contain both light and heavy compounds. In the absence of synergist, the heavy compounds in step 1 oil and light compounds in step 2 oils were observed. The presence of antimony bromide was confirmed in the step 1 oils but not in step 2 oils.     

Effects of hand weeding strip and nitrogen fertilizer on corn plants

The objective of the present research was to evaluate effects of different strip weed control associated with nitrogen fertilizer on corn applied after planting. The experiment was set and conducted in Botucatu, S?o Paulo State, Brazil, and the hybrid planted was Dekalb 333-B. A completely randomized block design with four replications was used. Experimental plots were disposed as a factorial scheme 2 x 2 x 4, constituted by two types of weeding on row (with or without manual hoeing), two types of weeding on inter-row (with or without manual hoeing), and four nitrogen levels applied after planting (00, 60, 90, and 120 kg ha(-1)). Plots were composed by six rows with 5 m length. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 35 days after emergence (d.a.e). For weed community it was evaluated: weed density, dominancy, frequency, and relative importance. The main weed species were: Brachiaria plantiginea, Amaranthus retroflexus, Bidens pilosa, Cyperus rotunds, Brachiaria decumbens, Euphorbia heterofila, Oxalis latifolia, Acanthospermum hispidum, Commelina benghalensis. It was evaluated corn height at 40 and 100 d.a.e., first ear insertion height at 100 d.a.e., and final grain yield at harvesting. Plants and first ear insertion height were affected when nitrogen fertilizer was not applied. Treatments without weed control showed that weed interfered negatively with plants height. There were no correlation between weeds and nitrogen fertilizer for all parameters evaluated. Parcels without weed showed the highest ear weights and final grain production. Treatments that received nitrogen fertilizer, independently of studied arrangement, provided higher yields.     

城市生活垃圾复混肥示范工程工艺设计

提出了适合我国中小城市生活垃圾的处理办法,即利用城市生活垃圾生产有机复混肥。对有机复混肥的效益分析表明,利用城市生活垃圾生产复混具有明显的环境效益,社会效益和的经济效益,是一条利国利民,造福子孙后代的城市生活垃圾处理的好办法。     

氮肥对污染农田土壤中铅的调控效应

用铅污染农田土壤做盆栽试验,研究了氮肥品种和施用量对小白菜吸收铅及土壤中铅形态的影响.结果表明,在氮肥施用量相同的条件下,施用不同形态氮肥对小白菜地上部及根系吸收铅有显著影响;适量的NH4NO3不会对小白菜地上部造成显著影响,增施Ca(NO3)2也不会造成小白菜地上部含铅量的继续增加;各施氮处理的土壤pH较不施氮处理的土壤pH均有不同程度的降低,且以(NH4)2SO4处理的土壤pH下降幅度最大,施用Ca(NO3)2的处理的土壤pH变化不显著;氮肥在一定程度上会影响土壤中各形态含铅量,其中对交换态、碳酸盐结合态、无定形氧化锰结合态,无定形氧化铁结合态及有机结合态含铅量影响较大,但并未改变各形态铅的分布顺序;小白菜吸收的铅主要来源于土壤中的交换态铅,但也可吸收部分碳酸盐结合态铅、铁锰氧化物结合态铅及有机结合态铅,甚至可吸收部分残渣态铅.     

Practices,perceptions, and implications of fertilizer use in East-Central China

Face-to-face interviews (n = 553) were conducted in five counties in East-Central China to study farmers’ fertilizer application behaviors, decision-making processes, attitudes towards adopting better fertilizer application technologies, and environmental consciousness. The survey results revealed widespread fertilizer misapplication and highly variable application behaviors in the study regions. The lack of scientific knowledge on fertilizers and the absence of guidance from agricultural extension services have forced the farmers to rely on personal judgment and advice from fertilizer dealers and friends to make decisions in fertilizer application. Overall, farmers have been idiosyncratic in fertilizer application with limited adoption of better fertilizer application technologies. There are great potentials for reducing pollutant load from agricultural runoff through promoting scientific fertilizer application in the regions. However, farmers’ diverse preferences over agricultural extension programs necessitate an integrated approach emphasizing farmer involvement throughout the development of such programs for promoting better fertilizer application practices.     

Fluoride deposition in snow in the surroundings of a mixed fertilizer factory

The fluoride content of snow was determined at various distances from a mixed fertilizer factory in Siilinjärvi, central Finland. Elevated fluoride levels were observed at less than 2 km from the factory, and the highest concentrations close to the factory were about 600 μg of fluoride per liter of melt water. At unpolluted reference sites the fluoride content was about 6μg/1. The background level of fluoride in precipitation is discussed. An ion selective electrode and a simple calibration method were used in the analyses.     

Reutilization of granite powder as an amendment and fertilizer for acid soils

The properties of granite powders--a granite manufacturing waste product-were analyzed to assess their potential use as amendments and fertilizers on acid soils. Two types of powders were characterized: one produced during cutting of granite with a diamond-edged disc saw, comprising only rock powder, the other produced during cutting with a multi-blade bandsaw, containing calcium hydroxide and metal filings added during the cutting procedure. The acid neutralizing capacity of the granite powders was assessed in short- (2-3 h) and medium-term (1-30 d) experiments. The powders showed a buffering capacity at around pH 8, which corresponded to the rapid dissolution of basic cations, and another buffering effect at pH<4.5, attributable to the dissolution of Fe and Al. The acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) determined in the short-term experiments, to a final pH of 4.5, varied between 5 and 61 cmol H+kg(-1) powder. The ANC to pH 4.5 obtained in the medium-term experiments was much higher than that obtained in the short-term experiments, reaching a maximum ANC value of 200 cmol H+kg(-1) powder. There was no great difference in the neutralizing capacity determined at between 1 and 30 d. The most abundant elements in acid solutions obtained at the end of medium-term experiments were Mg and Ca for disc saw powders, whereas Ca and Fe (at pH<5) were the most soluble elements in the bandsaw powders. The rapid release of these cations suggests the possible effective use of the granite powders as a source of nutrients on being added to acid soils.     

Environmental dimensions of fertilizer and pesticide use; relevance to Indian agriculture

This paper presents an overview of the environmental consequences of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture and the measures needed to mitigate the adverse impact of these chemicals on environment. The issues are then analysed from the perspective of the use of fertilizers and pesticides in Indian agriculture. Fertilizer consumption in India is concentrated in about one-third of the cultivated area. Its use has been increasing but it is being used inefficiently. Pesticide use is also concentrated in five states and on a few crops such as rice, cotton and chillies. Evidence from micro studies on the environmental consequences of these chemicals is presented. It is suggested that the present methods of fertilizer and pesticide use and growth are not sustainable. There are several possible technologies and alternatives to reduce the adverse impact of these chemicals on the environment, such as biological control of pests, integrated pest management, development of pest-resistant varieties of crops, vermiculture. etc., that need to be supplemented through an economic approach. These issues need to be considered while formulating strategies for sustainable agriculture in India and other developing countries.     

Comparison of arsenic content in pelletized poultry house waste and biosolids fertilizer

Managers of human biosolids have been incorporating the practice of waste pelletization for use as fertilizer since the mid 1920s, and waste pelletization has recently been embraced by some poultry producers as a way to move nutrients away from saturated agricultural land. However, the presence of arsenic in pelletized poultry house waste (PPHW) resulting from the use of organoarsenical antimicrobial drugs in poultry production raises concerns regarding additional incremental population exposures. Arsenic concentrations were determined in PPHW and pelletized biosolids fertilizer (PBF) samples. Pellets were processed using strong acid microwave digestion and analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. The mean arsenic concentration in PPHW (20.1 ppm) fell within the lower part of the range of previously report arsenic concentrations in unpelletized poultry house waste. Arsenic concentrations in PBF, the source of which is less clear than for PPHW, were approximately a factor of 5 times lower than those in PPHW, with a mean concentration of 4.1 ppm. The pelletization and sale of these biological waste fertilizers present new pathways of exposure to arsenic in consumer populations who would otherwise not come into contact with these wastes. Arsenic exposures in humans resulting from use of these fertilizer pellets should be quantified to avoid potential unintended negative consequences of managing wastes through pelletization.