铬的浸出毒性试验方法研究

以铬为分析指标,探讨了钻井废充泥浆在不同的提取剂、没的提取时间、不同的固液比以及不同的提取方式下铬的浸出毒性大小,提出了适合评价钻井废充泥浆中铬的浸出毒性的试验方法。     

新型净水材料的吸附特性研究

采用高效液相色谱分析微污染水原水、新型材料吸附后出水及活性炭吸附后出水的特征,对比新型材料及活性炭对微污染水中不同分子量的有机物的吸附效果,以此间接反映两种材料的孔径分布特点,分析两种材料的不同吸附特性,并讨论新型净水材料的吸附机理。     

Electron transfer sensitized photodechlorination of surfactant solubilized PCB 138

Sensitized photodechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyl, PCB 138, in three different surfactant solutions was studied. The sensitizer of choice was leuco-methylene blue, which was produced in situ from methylene blue using either triethylamine or sodium borohydride. Three types of surfactants, anionic (SDS), neutral (TWEEN 80), and cationic (CTAB) at different concentrations were investigated. The neutral and cationic surfactants were found to be more effective than anionic. In each case the surfactant concentration was found to play a significant role in the rate of dechlorination. For different sensitized systems (triethylamine or sodium borohydride), a different product distribution and a different pathway of dechlorination was observed.     

超滤处理豆腐废水阻力的研究

采用中空纤维聚砜超滤膜,对处理豆腐废水过程中膜阻力的分布进行了研究。通过测定不同条件下超滤的通透量,计算出超滤过程中各种阻力及其所占的比例。试验结果表明预处理及超滤条件不同,其过滤阻力构成也不同。预处理愈完善,其浓差极化阻力愈低,总阻力也越小。     

Trace metal levels in freshwater fish, sediment and water

The trace metal concentrations in water, sediment and aquatic organisms, such as fish, could indicate the level and tendency of the pollution. This is important not only for the protection of the environment, but for evaluation of the quality of fish meat either captured from natural waters or cultured in fishponds. The total trace metal concentrations in samples of fish from different regions of Hungary and from different species have been determined by using an X-ray fluorescence technique (EDXRF). Water, sediment and fish samples from fishpond systems with different feeding and stocking has also been analyzed. In the case of zinc contents, differences have been traced between the cultured and wild common carp. In the case of common carp reared under different feeding conditions, differences were also observed in the zinc concentration. The retention of the trace metals in the fish has been studied by measuring the levels in sediment, water and feed. The different retention can be explained by the different availability of zinc in the applied feeds, which can be related to the presence of different metal species in the feeds.     

地铁轨道结构减振效果的实测分析

通过现场实测,研究地铁运行时不同轨道结构的振动特性及减振效果.通过频域分析得到地铁轨道结构的振动情况.结果表明,地铁诱发的振动的垂向加速度总振级比横向加速度总振级大很多,不同的轨道结构从道床到隧道壁的振动衰减有很大不同,因此评价轨道结构的减振效果应主要以隧道壁的垂向振动为主;浮置板轨道的固有频率约为10 Hz,属于低频...     

Statistical visualization for data exploration: a case study on Sydney Olympic Park

Due to the powerful graphic interface in modern computers, visualization techniques have become more and more popular for data exploration. As a preliminary investigation, visualization is a greatly useful tool to lead to further statistical analysis and modelling. It is likely that historical environmental data from a range of different studies may contain useful information that should be assessed for determining management actions. However, these historical data are collected from many different studies, which have different space and/or time scales making the visualization process complicated. In this paper we present several ways of visualizing historical data based on a study at Sydney Olympic Park. The tools include spatial coverage and variation for different spatial resolutions, temporal coverage and time series plots for different time scales, multi-panel scatterplots for a small number of variables and "one-to-all" scatterplots for a large number of variables.     

pH对活化前后废弃铁铝泥吸附不同种磷动力学的影响

实验研究了300℃热活化前后的给水厂废弃铁铝泥（R-FARs和H300-FARs）对正磷酸盐、聚磷酸盐和有机磷酸盐的吸附动力学特性,并考察pH对不同磷吸附动力学的影响。结果表明,pH对不同磷吸附动力学过程的影响趋势相似,即低pH有利于吸附。准二级动力学模型能够更真实地反映不同磷在R-FARs和H300-FARs的吸附动力学行为,由拟合结果可知焦磷酸盐和六肌醇磷酸盐的初始吸附速率相对较大,而甘油磷酸盐最小;且活化作用明显提高了不同磷的初始吸附速率,并减弱了pH对初始吸附速率的影响。不同磷的吸附速率受到液膜扩散、颗粒内扩散和吸附反应三者共同控制,其中吸附反应是主要的控制步骤。     

Performance of some biotic indices in the real variable world: A case study at different spatial scales in North-Western Mediterranean Sea

The aim of this study was to analyse the variability of four different benthic biotic indices (AMBI, BENTIX, H′, M-AMBI) in two marine coastal areas of the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. In each coastal area, 36 replicates were randomly selected according to a hierarchical sampling design, which allowed estimating the variance components of the indices associated with four different spatial scales (ranging from metres to kilometres). All the analyses were performed at two different sampling periods in order to evaluate if the observed trends were consistent over the time. The variance components of the four indices revealed complex trends and different patterns in the two sampling periods. These results highlighted that independently from the employed index, a rigorous and appropriate sampling design taking into account different scales should always be used in order to avoid erroneous classifications and to develop effective monitoring programs.     

不同基质在人工湿地脱氮中的应用及其研究进展

在比较了不同基质脱氮效率的基础上,认为基质作为人工湿地的重要组成部分,在为植物和微生物提供生长介质的同时,也能通过沉淀、过滤和吸附等作用直接去除污染物质,其中基质的类型、级配等因素会影响基质作用的发挥;不同基质对脱氮性能存在较大差异,沸石和蛭石是目前研究中脱氮效率较高的两种基质。在归纳了脱氮机制和影响因素的基础上,认为不同基质由于脱氮机制不同,脱氮性能和脱氮效率也存在较大差异;人工湿地基质所有理化性状都可能影响到它对污水的脱氮效率。最后,对今后的相关研究方向进行了展望。     

高架连续点源落地浓度预测中风速的确定

高架连续点源污染物排放落地浓度是大气环境影响预测的主要内容。由于大气污染物扩散明显受气象条件尤其是风速的影响,而现有预测模型中对于风速的取值都是按经验值来确定的。通过分析在不同气象和烟源条件下,平均风速的计算方法对烟羽抬升高度以及最大落地浓度产生的影响,与实测值相比较确定了风速取值的合理方法,缩小了预测偏差。     

卡鲁塞尔氧化沟流速与水质组分分布的现场测试

通过实测卡鲁塞尔氧化沟不同位置处流速与水质组分,分析了流速对沟内污泥、溶解氧浓度的影响以及溶解性组分的微生物转化规律。结果表明,溶解氧与流速呈正相关、污泥浓度（MLSS）与流速呈负相关;水质组分在沟中不同区段呈现出各自特点,反映了COD、氨和磷酸盐的生物转化历程;流速也是影响溶解性组分混合的重要因素,改善进水口附近混合液的流场,提高局部流速有利于缩短进水组分均布的距离。     

溶解氧对河流底泥中三氮释放的影响

作为内源污染的底泥沉积物中营养物的释放引起了越来越多的关注。通过大型静态土柱模拟实验,研究氮在上覆水和孔隙水中的分布特性和释放特性。在控制氧气条件、底泥有机质含量和粒径大小的条件下,连续观测氨态氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮的浓度及其垂向分布特性。结果发现：时间分布上,通氧条件明显影响水体底泥中三氮释放与反硝化作用达到平衡的时间;垂向分布上,三期实验的上覆水的无机氮以氨态氮为主,不同的通氧条件下,各柱的孔隙水的三氮浓度比上覆水高,且三氮在沉积物中随深度增加而增加;氨态氮和硝态氮浓度则以孔隙水的为高,随深度增加而增加;低溶解氧水平加快底泥释放氨氮速度和增大释放量。     

不同类型组合与滞留时间下串联型基质床净污效果

研究了不同基质床组合和不同滞留时间下对模拟生活污水的净化效果,并对2个影响因素进行二维方差分析。选取砾石、炉渣和沸石作为级配基质,构建由表流型基质床和潜流型基质床组成的4种三级串联基质床组合,设定污水滞留时间为1、3和5h。结果表明,不同基质床组合的净污效果存在显著性差异,其中由2个表流型基质床和1个潜流型基质床组成的系统对CODMn、NH4＋-N和PO34--P的去除率最高。不同滞留时间的净污效果也存在显著性差异,且污水在系统中滞留时间越长,去污效率越高。尽管不同基质床组合和滞留时间都对CODMn、NH4＋-N和PO34--P去除率有着显著性影响,但基质床组合与滞留时间的交互作用对去除率影响却不显著。     

Nutrient leaching in extensive green roof substrate layers with different configurations

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Due to substrate layers with different substrate configurations, extensive green roofs (EGRs) exhibit different rainfall runoff retention and...     

浅谈ANAMMOX反应的启动研究

厌氧氨氧化（ANAMMOX）是一种新型的生物脱氮技术,在废水处理方面具有良好的应用前景。但由于厌氧氨氧化细菌生长缓慢,倍增时间长达11d,因此,厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动成为众多学者的研究对象。文中概述了近年来的学者们在研究厌氧氨氧化启动时,以选择不同反应器、接种不同污泥和采用不同方法,富集培养的过程及经验。同时通过分析启动过程中各种氮的变化情况,来进一步理解启动过程。     

Long-range transport and global fractionation of POPs: insights from multimedia modeling studies

The long-range transport of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is investigated with two multimedia box models of the global system. ChemRange is a purely evaluative, one-dimensional steady-state (level III) model; CliMoChem is a two-dimensional model with different temperatures, land/water ratios and vegetation types in different latitudinal zones. Model results are presented for three case studies: (i) the effect of atmospheric aerosol particles on the long-range transport of POPs, (ii) the effect of oceanic deposition on the long-range transport of different PCB congeners, (iii) the global fractionation of different PCB congeners. The model results for these case studies show: (i) the low atmospheric half-lives estimated for several organochlorine pesticides are likely to be inconsistent with the observed long-range transport of these compounds; (ii) export to the deep sea reduces the potential for long-range transport of highly hydrophobic compounds (but does not remove these chemicals from the biosphere); (iii) there are different meanings of the term global fractionation that refer to different aspects of the fractionation process and need to be distinguished. The case-study results further indicate that the influences of varying environmental conditions on the physicochemical properties and the degradation rate constants of POPs need to be determined.     

稠油高效降解菌的降解特性及其应用

以稠油为唯一碳源,对细菌B0501、B0505和B0510的降解特性进行了分析,结果表明3株菌对稠油的不同组分具有不同程度的降解能力,其中B0505对烷烃、B0510对芳香烃以及B0501对胶质和沥青质的去除率较高,分别为42.26%、35.30%和40.76%;混合菌协同作用强化了稠油组分的降解,3株菌株组合对烷烃、芳香烃以及胶质沥青质的降解率分别达到44.23%、38.56%和62.12%;微生物对稠油降解过程符合一级动力学方程,其中3株菌株组合对稠油降解的速率最快,半衰期(t_1/2)为5.36 d。将微生物应用于稠油废水处理实践,结果表明外源微生物的投加强化了废水中COD的去除率;GC-MS图谱及降解前后有机成分分析进一步佐证了微生物对稠油废水中有机成分的降解能力。     

Results of an "emergency quality control study" as confirmation of a PCDD/PCDF-contamination of milk and butter samples

Elevated PCDD/F levels in four butter samples and one milk sample had to be confirmed under considerable time pressure. These samples should demonstrate a raising dioxin contamination in different regions of Germany caused by the use of Brazilian citrus pulp as feedstuff. Above all, the increase of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD had to be confirmed. Thus, an "emergency quality control study" was performed including five laboratories from the official food control in Germany. The results had to be reported about two to three weeks after the first announcement of the samples (including time for shipment). The five laboratories applied different extraction and clean-up methods, used different GC-columns and GC/MS-equipment and different standard solutions. The results are in a good agreement. Slightly different results for most individual congeners were of minor importance. A difference was observed only in the 2,3,7,8-TCDF content of one laboratory which was not relevant for the evaluation of the increase of the dioxin contamination in milk and dairy products. The laboratory's individual methods proved to give correct results even under a very tight schedule.     

Release behavior of iodine during leaching and calcination of phosphate rock

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - A series of experiments of column leaching under different pHs (pH 1.8, 3.8, 6.5, and 8.5) and calcination at different temperatures (200–1100...