Phytotoxicity of cobalt, chromium and copper in cauliflower

Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis cv. Maghi) was grown in refined sand with complete nutrition (control) and at 0.5 mM each of Co, Cr and Cu. In cauliflower, compared to that of excess Cu or Cr, the visible effects of excess Co appeared first and were most pronounced. Excess of each heavy metal restricted the biomass of cauliflower, concentrations of Fe, chlorophylls a and b, protein and activity of catalase in leaves in the order Co>Cu>Cr. The translocation of Cr from roots to tops was minimum and that of Co was maximum when cauliflower was individually supplied with excess Co, Cu or Cr. In cauliflower each heavy metal inhibited the concentration of most of the macro- and micronutrients. The translocation of P, S, Mn, Zn and Cu from roots to tops of cauliflower were affected most significantly by Co and least by Cr. In contrast to excess Cu or Cr, Co significantly decreased the water potential and transpiration rates and increased diffusive resistance and relative water content in leaves of cauliflower.     

Determination of cadmium, zinc, copper, chromium and arsenic in crude oil cargoes

One of the sources of trace heavy metal elements in air is emission by the oil industry, either directly through stack emissions from refineries or indirectly from emissions of combustion of hydrocarbons. Emission estimates are based mainly on the trace metal content of the crude oil processed. From a literature study carried out at the beginning of the 1990s it became clear that data on the trace metal content of crudes were scarce and showed a very large scatter. For this reason a measurement programme to assess the occurrence and concentrations of a number of trace metals, i.e. Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), and arsenic (As), in crudes which are regularly processed in the Netherlands, was set up. By drafting strict sampling protocols and by constructing a special sampling device, as many as possible of the additional contamination sources were avoided. The study suggests that sample contamination may explain a significant amount of the scatter and some of the high concentrations reported in the literature for certain metals. The measured variation in the concentrations of Cd, Zn, and Cu is thought to be due to associated water and/or sediment particles from the producing wells or that picked up during transport. The greater consistency in our measurements for Cr and As suggests that these metals are predominantly associated with the hydrocarbon matrix. Based on the results of this work, it can be concluded that emissions of Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, and As by the oil industry in the Netherlands are most probably significantly lower than hitherto assumed.     

Characterization of ACC deaminase-producing endophytic bacteria isolated from copper-tolerant plants and their potential in promoting the growth and copper accumulation of Brassica napus

One hundred Cu-resistant-endophytic bacteria were isolated from Cu-tolerant plants grown on Cu mine wasteland, of which, eight Cu-resistant and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase-producing endophytic bacteria were obtained based on the ACC deaminase activity of the bacteria and characterized with respect to metal resistance, production of ACC deaminase, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) as well as siderophores and mineral phosphate solubilization. Ralstonia sp. J1-22-2, Pantoea agglomerans Jp3-3, and Pseudomonas thivervalensis Y1-3-9 with higher ACC deaminase activity (ranging from 213 to 370 μM α-ketobutyrate mg(-1)h(-1)) were evaluated for promoting plant growth and Cu uptake of rape grown in quartz sand containing 0, 2.5, and 5 mg kg(-1) of Cu in pot experiments. The eight bacteria were found to exhibit different multiple heavy metal resistance characteristics, to show different levels of ACC deaminase activity and to produce indole acetic acid. Seven bacteria produced siderophores and solubilized inorganic phosphate. Pot experiments showed that inoculation with the strains (J1-22-2, Jp3-3, and Y1-3-9) was found to increase the biomass of rape. Increases in above-ground tissue Cu contents of rape cultivated in 2.5 and 5 mg kg(-1) of Cu-contaminated substrates varied from 9% to 31% and from 3 to 4-fold respectively in inoculated-rape plants compared to the uninoculated control. The maximum Cu uptake of rape was observed after inoculation with P. agglomerans Jp3-3. The results show that metal-resistant and plant growth promoting endophytic bacteria play an important role in plant growth and Cu uptake which may provide a new endophytic bacterial-assisted phytoremediation of Cu-contaminated environment.     

Assessment of zerovalent iron for stabilization of chromium, copper, and arsenic in soil

Stabilization of soil contaminated with trace elements is a remediation practice that does not reduce the total content of contaminants, but lowers the amounts of mobile and bioavailable fractions. This study evaluated the efficiency of Fe(0) to reduce the mobility and bioavailability of Cr, Cu, As and Zn in a chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-contaminated soil using chemical, biochemical and biotoxicity tests. Contaminated soil was stabilized with 1% iron grit. This treatment decreased As and Cr concentrations in leachates (by 98% and 45%, respectively), in soil pore water (by 99% and 94%, respectively) and in plant shoots (by 84% and 95%, respectively). The stabilization technique also restored most of analyzed soil enzyme activities and reduced microbial toxicity, as evaluated by the BioTox test. After stabilization, exchangeable and bioaccessible fractions of Cu remained high, causing some residual toxicity in the treated soil.     

Field-scale leaching of arsenic, chromium and copper from weathered treated wood

Earlier studies documented the loss of wood preservatives from new wood. The objective of this study was to evaluate losses from weathered treated wood under field conditions by collecting rainfall leachate from 5 different wood types, all with a surface area of 0.21 m². Wood samples included weathered chromate copper arsenate (CCA) treated wood at low (2.7 kg/m³), medium (4.8 kg/m³) and high (35.4 kg/m³) retention levels, new alkaline copper quat (ACQ) treated wood (1.1 kg/m³ as CuO) and new untreated wood. Arsenic was found to leach at a higher rate (100 mg in 1 year for low retention) than chromium and copper (<40 mg) in all CCA-treated wood samples. Copper leached at the highest rate from the ACQ sample (670 mg). Overall results suggest that metals' leaching is a continuous process driven by rainfall, and that the mechanism of release from the wood matrix changes as wood weathers.     

黑炭负载零价铁对复合污染土壤中铜和铬的稳定化效果及生物有效性影响

采用直接热解法和碳热还原法分别制备了黑炭(BC)和黑炭负载零价铁(BF)材料,通过土壤稳定化培养实验和盆栽实验,考察了BC和BF对复合污染土壤中铜和铬的稳定化效果及其对生物有效性的影响。实验结果表明,BC可提高土壤pH,BF则降低土壤的pH。在投加量为5 g·kg-1的情况下,处理30 d后,BC和BF对土壤中TCLP-Cu的去除率分别为76.99%和69.83%;BC对TCLP-Crtotal和TCLP-Cr(VI)去除率分别为91.07%和92.47%,BF对TCLP-Crtotal和TCLP-Cr(VI)的去除率均接近100%,两者均能有效降低土壤重金属迁移性。形态分析表明,投加BC和BF均促进了铜由酸可提取态向可还原态和可氧化态转化,同时使铬的酸可提取态降低,可氧化态增加。盆栽实验表明,BC和BF均大大降低了土壤中铜和铬的生物有效性,减弱了其由植物根部向地上迁移的能力。相比而言,BF在对复合污染土壤中铜和铬的稳定化效果、形态转化以及迁移性方面整体优于BC。     

Arsenic detoxification in Eucalyptus: subcellular distribution,chemical forms,and sulfhydryl substances

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The Eucalyptus cultivation acreage was large in Guangxi provinces. Guanglin 9 (Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla) is a widely cultivated...     

Accumulation, subcellular distribution and toxicity of inorganic mercury and methylmercury in marine phytoplankton

We examined the accumulation, subcellular distribution, and toxicity of Hg(II) and MeHg in three marine phytoplankton (the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana, the green alga Chlorella autotrophica, and the flagellate Isochrysis galbana). For MeHg, the inter-species toxic difference could be best interpreted by the total cellular or intracellular accumulation. For Hg(II), both I.?galbana and T.?pseudonana exhibited similar sensitivity, but they each accumulated a different level of Hg(II). A higher percentage of Hg(II) was bound to the cellular debris fraction in T.?pseudonana than in I.?galbana, implying that the cellular debris may play an important role in Hg(II) detoxification. Furthermore, heat-stable proteins were a major binding pool for MeHg, while the cellular debris was an important binding pool for Hg(II). Elucidating the different subcellular fates of Hg(II) and MeHg may help us understand their toxicity in marine phytoplankton at the bottom of aquatic food chains.     

Accumulation of copper in brown rice and effect of copper on rice growth and grain yield in different rice cultivars

A pot experiment with 38 commonly cultured rice cultivars showed that the effect of Cu (100 mg kg(-1)) on rice growth, grain yield and accumulation of Cu in brown rice varied greatly with different cultivars. Although the average Cu concentration in brown rice of the 38 cultivars was significantly increased (P<0.01) compared with the control, in none of the cultivars did Cu concentration in brown rice exceed the maximum permissible limit of 10 mg Cu kg(-1). This suggests that rice grown in Cu-contaminated paddy soil (100 mg Cu kg(-1)) will not adversely affect human health through the food chain. Because of the significant negative correlation between grain weight and Cu concentration in brown rice with the soil Cu treatment, screening for cultivars with low Cu accumulation in brown rice and high grain yield for Cu-contaminated areas is feasible. The present research led to the recommendation of three such cultivars: Jiahua, Zhenxian 866, Zhe 733. The average grain yield under Cu treatment (100 mg Cu kg(-1) soil) was significantly (P<0.01) reduced compared with the control. The decreases or increases of grain yields mainly resulted from the combined effects of the panicles per pot, spikelets per panicle and filled spikelets per panicle under the soil Cu treatment. Furthermore, there were significant (r=0.869, P<0.01) positive correlations between the RC (relative changes) of spikelets per panicle and filled spikelets per panicle under the soil Cu treatment.     

Effects of copper, chromium and nickel on growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll a synthesis of Chlorella pyrenoidosa 251

Individual and combined effects of three heavy metals; namely, copper, chromium and nickel, on growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll a synthesis of the unicellular green alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa 251, were determined. Within the concentration range of 0.1 to 1.0 mg litre(-1) of the three heavy metals tested on growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll a synthesis of the alga, the order of toxicity of the three heavy metals was copper > chromium > nickel. The presence of one of the three heavy metals interacted synergistically with the other two heavy metals in various bimetallic combinations on growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll a synthesis of the alga.     

Effects of Cd and Zn on physiological and anatomical properties of hydroponically grown Brassica napus plants

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Clarifying the connection between metal exposure and anatomical changes represents an important challenge for a better understanding of plant...     

Nickel stressed responses of rice in Ni subcellular distribution,antioxidant production,and osmolyte accumulation

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Nickel has been found a key pollutant in farmlands of central and south China, and understanding of Ni toxicity in rice is of great significance in...     

Biochemical responses of Cr-tolerant and Cr-sensitive mung bean cultivars grown on varying levels of chromium

Biochemical investigations were carried out in Cr-tolerant and Cr-sensitive cultivars of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) with different concentrations of hexavalent chromium (as K₂Cr₂O₇) in hydroponics culture. Seeds were germinated and grown in the presence or absence of chromium under controlled environmental conditions. Protein, pigment and enzyme analysis were conducted in both Cr-tolerant and Cr-sensitive cultivars of mung bean after 72 h of treatments. Chlorophyll and protein contents were reduced in Cr-sensitive cultivars more than those of the tolerant ones. The enzyme activity varied among the Cr-tolerant and Cr-sensitive ones. Activities of catalase, peroxidase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase were greater in Cr-sensitive than tolerant cultivars.     

Evaluation of the critical factors controlling stability of chromium, copper, arsenic and zinc in iron-treated soil

Various environmental factors are expected to affect the mobility of elements in chemically stabilized soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pH, oxidizing-reducing potential (Eh), liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S), presence of organic matter (OM) and microbial activity (MA) on the mobility of chromium, copper, arsenic and zinc in zerovalent iron (Fe(0))-stabilized soil. A 2(5) full factorial design was applied to assess the leaching of the elements from the treated soil. The factor having the most impact on the mobility of Cr, Cu and Zn was pH; low pH (3) led to the release of these elements. Arsenic remobilization was controlled by L/S and MA, whilst Eh, though also significant, had less influence. In the identified worst-case scenarios, more than half of the total Zn and Cu and 14% of As can be expected to remobilize from the treated soil. The leaching procedure concerning sample agitation and type of filtration showed to substantially affect the results of As leaching, especially in OM rich soil.     

Cadmium tolerance and detoxification in Myriophyllum aquaticum: physiological responses,chemical forms,and subcellular distribution

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Submerged macrophytes have been found to be promising in removing cadmium (Cd) from aquatic ecosystems; however, the mechanism of Cd detoxification in...     

Lead,mercury, cadmium,chromium, nickel,copper, zinc,calcium, iron,manganese and chromium (VI) levels in Nigeria and United States of America cement dust

This study was aimed at investigating the relative abundance of heavy metals in cement dust from different cement dust factories in order to predict their possible roles in the severity of cement dust toxicity. The concentrations of total mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), iron (Fe) and chromium (VI) (Cr (VI)) levels in cement dust and clinker samples from Nigeria and cement dust sample from the United States of America (USA) were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption (GFAAS), while Zn and Ca were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS), and Cr (VI) by colorimetric method. Total Cu, Ni and Mn were significantly higher in cement dust sample from USA (p < 0.05), also, both total Cr and Cr (VI) were 5.4–26 folds higher in USA cement dust compared with Nigeria cement dust or clinker (p < 0.001). Total Cd was higher in both Nigeria cement dust and clinker (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001), respectively. Mercury was more in both Nigeria cement dust and clinker (p < 0.05), while Pb was only significantly higher in clinker from Nigeria (p < 0.001). These results show that cement dust contain mixture of metals that are known human carcinogens and also have been implicated in other debilitating health conditions. Additionally, it revealed that metal content concentrations are factory dependent. This study appears to indicate the need for additional human studies relating the toxicity of these metals and their health impacts on cement factory workers.     

Synergistic roles of montmorillonite and organic matter in reducing bioavailable state of chromium in tannery sludge

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Organic matter (OM) has an excellent retention effect on stabilizing chromium (Cr), and functional groups on OM play a predominant role in this...     

Growth, photosynthetic and respiratory responses to sub-lethal copper concentrations in Scenedesmus incrassatulus (Chlorophyceae)

In the present paper we investigated the effects of sub-lethal concentrations of Cu²⁺ in the growth and metabolism of Scenedesmus incrassatulus. We found that the effect of Cu²⁺ on growth, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) and metabolism do not follow the same pattern. Photosynthesis was more sensitive than respiration. The analysis of chlorophyll a fluorescence transient shows that the effect of sub-lethal Cu²⁺ concentration in vivo, causes a reduction of the active PSII reaction centers and the primary charge separation, decreasing the quantum yield of PSII, the electron transport rate and the photosynthetic O₂ evolution. The order of sensitivity found was: Growth > photosynthetic pigments content = photosynthetic O₂ evolution > photosynthetic electron transport > respiration. The uncoupled relationship between growth and metabolism is discussed.