连云港市天然山泉水和井水调查

于2018年六五环境日期间开展便民服务,监测山泉水或井水。监测项目主要有:酸碱度、溶解性总固体、总硬度、氟化物、氯化物、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、重金属等。参照《生活饮用水标准检验法》(GB/T5750-2006)和《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)对居民送样水监测分析后评价,80%的水样存在某一项或几项指标超标,其中一半水样硝酸盐超标,需予以重视,建议提高安全用水意识,不要作为饮用水使用。     

城市河流水质常规评价技术研究

运用综合水质标识指数法,对我国河流水质评价面临的关键技术问题,包括水质评价方法、水质评价项目,水质级别评价,水环境功能区达标评价、水质定性评价、河流及水系整体水质比较、水质随时间和空间变化等作了明确界定,并介绍了在上海河流水质评价中的应用。     

西北干旱地区农宅雨水转化为可饮水技术

雨水集流工程对于解决干旱地区人民生活用水问题起着重要作用,甘肃省兰州市榆中县北山地区处于严重缺水的地区,人畜的饮用水为雨水、雪水直接沉淀后的水窖水。经过对北山饮用水进行水质检测,发现水中浊度、锰含量、微生物数量均超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)的规定值。通过对传统滤池进行改造并结合阳光消毒研制出了一种新型水处理器——阳光消毒-生物砂滤池(SBF)家庭水处理设备,通过生物砂滤池中微生物对雨水中污染物的氧化分解及河砂的过滤使水浊度及锰得到有效地去除,日光高温灭活和光氧化降解综合作用杀灭水中致病微生物。用SBF家庭水处理设备对雨水进行处理,水中浊度、锰含量、微生物数量均达到标准的规定值。     

面向城市水系环境需水的再生水空间配置——以深圳市宝安区为例

以深圳市宝安区为例,探讨以再生水满足城市水系环境需水的方法.应用一维恒定与非恒定水质模型计算了4种补水水质方案下该区10条主要河流的环境需水量,从水量平衡角度提出全区再生水BOD5的平均值,并进一步分析了补水水质与河流环境需水量的关系.结合该区水系与污水处理系统空间位置,提出3种再生水的空间配置方法.结果表明:茅洲河和...     

扬水曝气技术在水源水质改善中的应用

扬水曝气技术是新开发的水质改善技术,用于混合上下水层、控制藻类生长、增加水体溶解氧、抑制底泥污染物释放.将该技术应用于某水源地,其提水效率达到同类设备--同温层曝气器的两倍;控制了水体表层的藻类数量,抑制了藻类的生长,将藻类叶绿素a含量降低了13.96%.扬水曝气技术的适用条件:用于控制藻类生长时,水深应不小于10 m;用于抑制底泥污染物释放时,水体应存在溶解氧小于1～2 mg/L的厌氧条件.     

万家寨引黄北干线桑干河道输水水质模拟与控制

主要对采用河道输水方案的山西万家寨引黄北干线桑干河道水质进行模拟与控制研究,依据各水体特性建立河流水质数值模型和水库数值模型,运用系统分解方法将整个研究河道分解为若干个河段,并采用情景分析方法生成3个水质模拟情景,分析模拟结果表明,在山阴取水口和怀仁取水口水质达地表水Ⅲ类标准条件下,册田水库的入水水质不达标。应用反演思想生成2个水质控制情景和3个子情景,在水库出水口水质达标的情况下,分析确定沿河各排污口的污染物排放控制量,给出了保证册田水库水质安全的控制方法。     

Model analysis of interactive effects of ozone and water stress on the yield of soybean

The interactive effects of ozone and water stress on the yield of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. 'Davis') were addressed with a growth model of soybean. Two simulations were conducted, using the data from the exposures of soybean to ozone in open-top chambers under two soil moisture regimes, and the results of the simulations were compared. In the original simulation, soil moisture content was calculated based on a water budget using the actual precipitation and irrigation data. In the modified simulation, the soil water content was given as input data. In this case, soil moisture content was maintained at the same level across the ozone treatments regardless of different water use by the plants. Both simulations included the effect of reduced ozone flux to the leaves due to water stress, whereas only the original simulation included the effect of mitigated water stress due to reduced water use by the plants under higher ozone concentration. The water stress reduced ozone impact on soybean yield in the original simulation on the basis of the ozone dosecrop yield response relationship, but not in the modified simulation. The ozone uptake rate was reduced by water stress in the original simulation, but the relationship between seasonal mean ozone uptake rate and relative yield still showed reduced impact of ozone due to water stress. These results indicated that the alleviation of water stress by ozone due to reduced plant water use in ozone-treated plots can be a contributing factor in the reduction of ozone impact by water stress. The above conclusion was partly confirmed by the actual data for soil water content, which was significantly lower in the lowest ozone treatment than in the higher ozone treatments. Further experimental and modelling studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of the ozone X water stress interaction.     

小型景观湖水质模拟及应用研究

由于小型景观水体的体量和再生水补水措施的施行,其水质随环境和入水水质的变化和富营养化过程较大型水体快。由EFDC模型和WASP模型耦合建立小型浅水景观湖生态动力学模型,用实测水质数据进行参数率定与验证,可实现小型景观水体水质变化趋势的模拟,为水质管理提供决策支持。在此基础上,对民主湖在几种水质保障方案下1年的水质变化进行了模拟预测和对比,结果表明,作为富营养化程度表征的叶绿素a在空间和时间分布上均存在一定的规律性,夏季由于温度升高,叶绿素a浓度较高,说明藻类等浮游植物迅速增殖,是水质恶化水华暴发的高发期,而采取加大湖水水力循环和改善入口水质的控制方案,可使水质得到良好保障。     

Investigation of the behaviour of haloketones in water samples

The behaviour of the haloketones (HKs) 1,1-Dichloropropanone (1,1-DCP), 1,1,1-Trichloropropanone (1,1,1-TCP) and 1,3-Dichloropropanone (1,3-DCP) in ultrapure water solutions and in fortified drinking water samples was investigated. Their concentrations were determined at regular time intervals by the use of a gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) method. Two different temperatures were studied. The results have shown that HKs decompose both in ultrapure water solutions and in drinking water samples. The decomposition rates are higher in the drinking water samples, especially at higher temperature. 1,1,1-TCP is the compound which decomposes fastest followed by 1,3-DCP and 1,1-DCP. Chloroform was formed both in the ultrapure water solutions and in the drinking water samples, probably due to the decomposition of 1,1,1-TCP. In the drinking water samples, formation of chloral hydrate was also observed.     

多水源供水管网中铁释放规律

针对水源切换而引起的水质超标现象,开展了多水源联合供水条件下管网中铁释放规律的研究。分析了北方某城市2种水源(滦河水和长江水)的水质特点,利用实验模拟反应器分别研究了水源完全置换和供水分界线处水源混合区域的铁释放规律。结果表明,多水源供水管网的铁释放速率与水源水质密切相关,特别是水中含高浓度SO2-4和氯化物时会加快铁的释放。不同水源之间的频繁切换会破坏管垢表面的钝化层,使铁释放速率迅速变化,随后会有所缓解,但新的平衡的形成需要较长时间。供水分界线处的水源混合区域,由于水质的不断变化造成管垢表面很难形成稳定的钝化层,铁释放速率持续偏高,只有当长江水所占比例高达75%以上时才能得到抑制。     

管道分质供水消毒副产物及其安全性评价

消毒副产物是饮用水中应主要控制的毒害物。然而，管道分质供水中消毒副产物特征及污染水平很少研究。以某一管道分质供水工程为例，对其中消毒副产物进行了详细研究。研究结果表明，管道分质供水消毒副产物在量与质上与其源水自来水存在很大差别。在管道分质供水中消毒副产物量少，一般不到自来水的1／10，且主要是一些毒性较低、与供水管材有关的溶出物。据此计算出管道分质供水由消毒副产物引起的致癌风险性一般不到其源水的1／10，其安全性大大提高。     

炼油废水处理设施的工艺改进

针对炼油废水处理设施运行过程中存在的问题 ,采取了相应的改进措施 :在气浮池中 ,取消多孔集水管 ,增设导水集泥斜板 ,将隔墙斜置 ,改顺水流刮渣为逆水流刮渣 ;在曝气沉淀池中 ,改池底中央进水为沿回流缝多点进水 ,改周边集水槽出水为径向集水槽出水 ;将活性炭回转再生炉改造为立式移动床。运行表明 ,改造取得了满意的效果。并从设计、运行控制参数的改进以及流体力学的基础理论等方面进行了论述     

调理剂和通风方式对污泥生物干化效果的影响

采用了自主设计的污泥生物干化实验室模拟系统,研究了调理剂、物料配比和通风方式等实验条件对脱水污泥生物干化的影响效果。研究结果表明,与锯末相比,秸秆有利于反应物料温度的上升,含水率下降程度更大;利用秸秆调节污泥初始含水率在60%和65%的实验条件下时,物料的平均含水率分别下降了7%和6%,当初始含水率65%时,生物堆体的温度和含水率没有明显的变化;与连续通风相比较,间歇通风的实验条件有利于生物堆体的温度的升高和干化效果;在该实验中,最佳的生物干化条件是以秸秆为调理剂,初始含水率调至65%以下,以间歇方式进行通风。     

黄浦江上游来水与黄浦江水源水质内在关联研究

使用有机污染综合指数评价和数理统计方法,对1986—2000年黄浦江水源地及黄浦江上游来水的水质监测数据进行分析。结果表明,黄浦江水源近15a水质变化可分为缓慢恶化、加速恶化和逐渐改善3个阶段;黄浦江松浦大桥取水口水质与园泄泾相近,且均劣于淀峰和太浦河,优于大泖港;大泖港与松浦大桥水质密切相关,对松浦大桥取水口水质恶化贡献很大。基于这一机理建立的回归方程能够较好地拟合出取水口水质的演变趋势。     

我国不同区域水源水拉森指数比较分析

目前远距离调水已经成为解决区域水资源不足的一项重要措施。但在水源切换时,切换前后水源水的腐蚀性如果存在显著差异,可能会因腐蚀加剧而出现"黄水"或"红水"现象。因此,了解不同区域、不同类型水源的腐蚀性差异,对于科学合理地进行水资源调配具有重要意义。拉森指数(LR)是目前评价水质对铁质管网腐蚀程度的常用方法。本研究以14个城市的26个水源水为研究对象,对模拟常规工艺处理后的滤后水进行了水质分析,并计算出其拉森指数。结果表明,相对于湖库水和地下水,河流水的拉森指数偏高,有44%的河流水拉森指数大于1,具有较强的腐蚀倾向。按区域分华东和中南地区、按流域分黄河和珠江流域的水源水拉森指数平均值大于1,水源切换条件下应关注其腐蚀性情况。     

The mutagenic potentials of tap water samples in Shanghai

The tap water samples were collected from the users' ends in several areas of Shanghai, which is located in Taihu Lake basin, Eastern China. Source water samples were also collected from two municipal source water facilities at the same time. Samples were assayed by three different short-term mutagenicity test systems: Salmonella/microsome assay (Ames test), the Arabinose resistance test (Ara test) and the SOS/umu test. The data showed that two source water samples did not display direct mutagenic potentials. Two tap water samples from city north, which were directly from Yangtze River, were also not mutagenic. Water samples from city south and middle which used source water originating from Taihu Lake were proved to be contaminated with mutagenic potentials by three different assay techniques. The boiled water displayed an even stronger mutagenic potential compared to its original tap water. The molecular mechanism of mutagenicity was associated with a reading frame-shifting potential. GC-MS analysis of tap water extracts from city middle and corresponding source water was compared. Qualitatively similar spectra were observed except for the peaks of three chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, which existed only in the tap water. Since the water source has been polluted, raw water was heavily chlorinated in order to sterilize. More toxic compounds, including mutagens, might form during the multi-chlorination. Caution about the possibility of elevated cancer risks in the population that consumes heavily chlorinated water should be kept in mind. A cohort study in the residents of Shanghai is required.     

水资源的持续开发和利用

随着人品的增长和经济的发展,越来越多的国家正面临着严重的水危机、水质的恶化和水生态系统的破坏使许多国家的淡水供应出现危机,所以水资源必须得到保护和合理的开发。本文探讨了全球水资源的短缺及其原因,并提出了解决水资源短缺的途径。     

深圳笔架山水厂优化节水的实验研究

针对目前我国城镇需水量大、原水费用高的问题,大多数水厂通过降低自用水量的方式节约水资源。经过在笔架山水厂进行的生产性实验,优化耗水工艺的运行条件,挖潜了该水厂的节水空间,自用水量降低。优化后,全处理系统可节约水资源76.83万m3/a,耗水率由原来的2.08%下降到1.49%,同时水厂的经济效益也得到了显著提高,优化后可在原来的基础上节约运行成本近60万元/a。     

A preliminary study on potential of developing shower/laundry wastewater reclamation and reuse system

With the ever-increasing urban population and economic activities, water usage and demand are continuously increasing. Hence, finding/re-creating adequate water supply and fully utilizing wastewater become important issues in sustainable urban development and environmental benign aspect. Considering Hong Kong's situation, e.g., lack of natural fresh water, domination of municipal wastewater, etc., developing wastewater reclamation and reuse system is of specific significance to exploit new water resource and save natural fresh water supplied from Mainland China. We propose and have carried out some preliminary studies on the potential of categorizing municipal wastewater, developing grey and storm water recycling system in public housing estate, investigating the feasibility and potential of using reclaimed grey water, etc. Since there is very limited experience in grey water recycling, such initial studies can help to understand and increase knowledge in utilizing grey water, to foresee the feasibility of developing new water resource, to estimate the cost-effectiveness of reclaiming grey water in metropolitan city.     

南京市江宁区地表水断面生态补偿机制研究

经济的高速发展不只是为社会带来了便利,也无形中增加了水资源消耗的速率与水环境污染的负担。自“十三五”以来,为提高断面水环境质量、提升整体水质环境,各省市相继出台了水环境提升、水污染防治以及生态补偿政策。南京市江宁区顺应中央要求并结合自身特点,积极制定并实施了断面生态补偿工作方案,建立了由考核指标、补偿方式、核算方法、补偿标准组成的成套断面生态补偿考核系统。明确了补偿标准机制、补偿责任分配以及补偿资金使用等关键问题。为推进江宁区断面水质达标工作与水环境提升的总体目标奠定了夯实的基础。