共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
2.
《国际环境与污染杂志》2011,22(3):226-239
Emission models can be categorised into three categories: average speed models; traffic situation models, used at macro-scale or meso-scale level
(national, regional, city level); and instantaneous (modal) models, useful at micro-scale level (street, vehicle level). To improve the existing instantaneous emission models, some preconditions must be fulfilled: the emission signals should be measured on a 10 Hz basis, due to their frequency content. Additionally, the transport dynamics from the engine to the analysers must be compensated by time-varying approaches. With these preconditions fulfilled, a new static instantaneous emission model is developed and the improvement in quality is checked by comparing it statistically with older models. A dynamic instantaneous model, able to include the transient generation of emissions, is subsequently created and the quality of prediction of engine-out emissions is determined. When a catalyst model is added, more accurate predictions of emissions for vehicles with after-treatment systems should be obtained. 相似文献
3.
Reserves, resilience and dynamic landscapes 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Bengtsson J Angelstam P Elmqvist T Emanuelsson U Folke C Ihse M Moberg F Nyström M 《Ambio》2003,32(6):389-396
In a world increasingly modified by human activities, the conservation of biodiversity is essential as insurance to maintain resilient ecosystems and ensure a sustainable flow of ecosystem goods and services to society. However, existing reserves and national parks are unlikely to incorporate the long-term and large-scale dynamics of ecosystems. Hence, conservation strategies have to actively incorporate the large areas of land that are managed for human use. For ecosystems to reorganize after large-scale natural and human-induced disturbances, spatial resilience in the form of ecological memory is a prerequisite. The ecological memory is composed of the species, interactions and structures that make ecosystem reorganization possible, and its components may be found within disturbed patches as well in the surrounding landscape. Present static reserves should be complemented with dynamic reserves, such as ecological fallows and dynamic successional reserves, that are part of ecosystem management mimicking natural disturbance regimes at the landscape level. 相似文献
4.
5.
6.
Jiang J Coffey P Toohey B 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2006,56(5):675-683
Odor intensity reveals a dose-effect relationship between inhaled odor and perceived odor sensation by the receptors, while odor concentration reflects the odor strength at the emission sources. The study reports significant improvements in experimental procedures in establishing the odor concentration-intensity (OCI) relationships using a newly developed digital olfactometer. The improvements in experimental procedures have been made to meet the requirements of both the VDI guideline 3882.1 and the European standard (EN13725). Several areas which could affect the reliability of the results have been identified in some similar studies. The latest digital olfactometer was calibrated automatically to ensure accurate and repeatable dilution ratios. Cross contamination has been eliminated through the instrument design and extensive cleaning procedures, making random presentation possible. Stringent panelist screening and continuous performance monitoring ensures consistent sensitivity of the panel. The extension of odor intensity category to temperature sensation gives a reference to assist judgments of perceived odor sensation. The DynaScent calculation method has simplified odor intensity calculation and can be applied to many odor samples. A total of 38 odor samples from three alumina refinery sites and two sewage treatment plants were collected for analysis. The results have confirmed the efficiency of the olfactometer. Distinct Odor Concentrations (DOCs) were calculated for each sample using both VDI and DynaScent methods. A student t test on two major odor types confirmed that there are no significant differences between two methods. The study has shown the DOCs for refinery odor and wastewater odor are in the range of 3.8-15.4 and 4.2-15.6 odor unit (OU)/m3 respectively. The study demonstrated that the improvements are critical in achieving reliable odor intensity measurement. This can lead to the setup of quantitative odor impact criteria for different industries and sites. 相似文献
7.
To effectively use a passive sampler for monitoring trace contaminants in the gas-phase, its sampling characteristics as a function of ambient wind conditions must be known. In this study two commonly used passive samplers were evaluated using computational fluid dynamics. Contaminant uptake by the polyurethane foam (PUF) was modeled using a species transport model. The external-internal flow interactions in the sampler were characterized, and the uptake rates of contaminant species were quantified. The simulations show that flow fields in the samplers have strong velocity gradients, and single-point velocity measurements do not capture flow interactions accurately. Sampling rates calculated for a PUF in freestream are in good agreement with sampling rates for PUFs in the passive samplers studied for the same average velocity over the PUF. The calculated sampling rates are in general agreement with those obtained experimentally by other researchers. 相似文献
8.
9.
利用卧式螺旋式污泥好氧堆肥装置进行间歇式动态堆肥,对污水厂厌氧消化污泥进行了中温堆肥试验研究.通过控制各组堆肥的含水率、物料配比和通气量,重点探讨各种条件下堆体温度与有机物降解的关系.试验结果表明,厌氧消化污泥以木屑为调理剂在装置中可以实现好氧堆肥处理,其适宜的物料控制参数为:污泥:木屑=10:1~1.5(湿重比),堆肥含水率50%~60%;过程控制参数为:通风量为6.7~8.3 m3/h·t,发酵周期为8 d,温度45℃. 相似文献
10.
11.
应用错流式动态膜-生物反应器(CDMBR)对己内酰胺废水进行了180 d的实验,实验过程中测定反应器的膜出水和上清液的水质,并对污泥进行了耗氧呼吸速率测定.结果表明,上清液COD一直保持在100mg/L以下,而膜出水的则保持在50 mg/L以下,膜对上清液的COD去除率达50%,而对氮的去除没有贡献.可溶性细胞产物(SMP)在反应器内容易积累,停留足够的时间后能被生物降解.通过投加抑制剂测定耗氧呼吸速率,发现异养菌、硝化细菌和亚硝化细菌的活性由于F/M的降低和SMP积累受到一定的抑制,但不影响系统的处理效率.跨膜压力、膜面流速越大,通量衰减得也就越快. 相似文献
12.
A thin film coats impervious urban surfaces that can act as a source or sink of organic pollutants to the greater environment. We review recent developments in the understanding of film and film-associated pollutant behavior and incorporate them into an unsteady-state version of the fugacity based Multimedia Urban Model (MUM), focusing on detailed considerations of surface film dynamics. The model is used to explore the conditions under which these atmospherically-derived films act as a temporary source of chemicals to the air and/or storm water. Assuming film growth of 2.1 nm d−1 (Wu et al., 2008a), PCB congeners 28 and 180 reach air-film equilibrium within hours and days, respectively. The model results suggest that the film acts as a temporary sink of chemicals from air during dry and cool weather, as a source to air in warmer weather, and as a source to storm water and soil during rain events. Using the downtown area of the City of Toronto Canada, as a case study, the model estimates that nearly 1 g d−1 of ∑5PCBs are transferred from air to film to storm water. 相似文献
13.
14.
错流式动态膜-生物反应器中污泥活性的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
应用错流式动态膜-生物反应器(CDMBR)对己内酰胺废水进行了180d的实验,实验过程中测定反应器的膜出水和上清液的水质,并对污泥进行了耗氧呼吸速率测定。结果表明,上清液COD一直保持在100mg/L以下,而膜出水的则保持在50mg/L以下,膜对上清液的COD去除率达50%,而对氮的去除没有贡献。可溶性细胞产物(SMP)在反应器内容易积累,停留足够的时间后能被生物降解。通过投加抑制剂测定耗氧呼吸速率,发现异养菌、硝化细菌和亚硝化细菌的活性由于F/M的降低和SMP积累受到一定的抑制,但不影响系统的处理效率。跨膜压力、膜面流速越大,通量衰减得也就越快。 相似文献
15.
16.
《国际环境与污染杂志》2011,15(3):322-332
This paper proposes a system of dynamic models to describe the interactive behaviour of different agents (polluters, inspectors, and a principal pollution control agency) involved in the processes of marine oil pollution and of its prevention and purification, under some realistic assumptions. In particular, short- and long-term economic responses of polluters to monitoring efforts, as well as possible collusions between polluters and inspectors, are taken into account. A numerical example is considered using the results of Deissenberg et al., (2001a), which show the existence of optimal fines and inspector wage rates that minimise (along with other variables) a simple and visual 'social damage' criterion. 相似文献
17.
An accurate quantitative evaluation of anthropogenic effects on regional groundwater dynamics is critical to the rational planning, management, and use of such resources and in maintaining the sustainability of groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Based on groundwater dynamics, a series of groundwater depth evaluation indexes were created to quantitatively evaluate the effects of anthropogenic activities on the groundwater system. These indexes were based on mathematical relationships relating groundwater depth to surface runoff (gammat), precipitation (rhot), and extraction (deltat). The anthropogenic effects on these relationships were evaluated statistically, with respect to both temporal and spatial variation. The anthropogenic effects on groundwater dynamics within the arid Zhangye Basin, located in the middle reaches of northwest China's Heihe River, were investigated. River valley plains in the western portion of the basin excepted, anthropogenic activities have, since 1995, dramatically altered the basin's groundwater dynamics; in particular, in the mid-upper and lower portions of alluvial-diluvial fans and in localized northerly fine-soil plains regions, the relationship of groundwater to surface runoff and atmospheric precipitation has shifted. This and other changes indicate that anthropogenic effects on groundwater systems in this region show clear spatiotemporal variation. 相似文献
18.
A dynamic couple-column high performance liquid chromatographic technique was used to determine the aqueous solubilities of 9 nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A linear relationship between aqueous solubilities and molecular connectivity indices of these compounds has been established. According to this relationship, the aqueous solubilities of 18 other nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were estimated. 相似文献
19.
对比考察了天然斜发沸石、页岩陶粒和石灰岩碎石填料曝气生物滤池的水头损失增长规律,分析了3种滤池水头损失的空间分布特征和动态变化特性,探讨了截留固体累积量对水头损失发展的影响规律。结果表明,沸石、陶粒和石灰岩曝气生物滤池均具有较好的有机物和SS沿程去除能力,并与水头损失的沿程分布密切相关;滤池内部TSS的沿程变化趋势和水头损失沿程分布趋势基本一致;曝气生物滤池的水头损失随着反应器运行时间的延长而缓慢增加,当滤床内TSS积累量增加到一定程度时,气体的滤床驻留率增加,并与TSS积累协同作用,滤床局部孔隙率迅速下降,水头损失迅速越升。曝气生物滤池的反冲洗首先应着眼于解决滤床的局部孔隙率过低问题,然后以气洗促进颗粒碰撞,气水联合提高剪切力,最后水漂洗排出TSS和气泡。 相似文献
20.
Lu Ting Wang Wensong Wei Zuoan Yang Yonghao Cao Guansen 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(14):17468-17481
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Phosphogypsum (PG) is a solid waste product of the wet-process phosphoric acid industry that accumulates in large amounts on the ground, forming PG... 相似文献