杭州G20减排措施对大气水溶性离子特征的影响

利用2016年颗粒物及水溶性离子采样数据,研究了杭州G20峰会减排措施对大气中无机水溶性离子特征的影响.结果表明,杭州G20峰会减排措施对大气水溶性离子的质量浓度、组成结构、酸碱性等皆存在明显影响.减排措施实施使大气颗粒物和水溶性离子质量浓度下降,受影响的离子主要是NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺、NO₂^-,其中NO₃^-、SO₄^2-质量浓度的下降使NH₄⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl^-成为浓度前3位的离子.SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺、Ca²⁺粒径分布呈单峰型,其中SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺峰值出现在0.65~1.10mm,Ca²⁺峰值出现在5.80~9.00mm,Na⁺、Cl^-、K⁺呈双峰分布,峰值皆出现在3.30~4.70mm和0.65~1.10mm,Na⁺两峰值相当,K⁺、Cl^-在0.65~1.10mm峰值较高.减排措施实施使大气中主要无机盐从NH₄NO₃、（NH₄）₂SO₄、NH₄Cl转变为NH₄Cl、NaCl、KCl,大气颗粒物碱性总体增强.本文研究成果对采取措施改善空气质量具有指导作用.     

基于水化学和氢氧同位素的泰安城区岩溶地下水补给来源及演化过程

泰安市城区岩溶地下水较丰富,是重要的地下水供水水源地.基于泰安城区岩溶水和地表水的水化学和氢氧同位素(δD、δ¹⁸O和³H)特征,结合Gibbs图解、主要离子比值,揭示岩溶地下水补给来源、补给年代、循环更新能力及主要的水-岩作用演化过程.结果表明,区内岩溶地下水阳离子以Ca²⁺和Na⁺为主,阴离子以HCO₃^-和SO₄^2-为主,K⁺、NO₃^-、Cl^-、Na⁺和SO₄^2-的变异系数较大,空间差异性较强,Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-的含量较稳定.水化学类型复杂多变,主要为HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型、HCO₃·Cl-Ca型和HCO₃     

区域地下水不同深度微生物群落结构特征

为了揭示区域地下水不同深度微生物群落结构特征及其与地下水环境相互作用关系,选取北京琉璃河地区,采集不同深度地下水样品,用于水化学分析和微生物16S rRNA基因V4-V5区测序.水化学分析结果显示,地下水中8种主要离子浓度随深度增加均呈减小趋势,Cl^-、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-变化规律显著,工业较发达区NO₃^-浓度达155.30mg/L,SO₄^2-浓度达321.00mg/L,部分浅层地下水受NO₃^-和SO₄^2-污染.微生物分析结果显示,地下水中微生物群落多样性受深度影响显著,随深度增加微生物群落组成丰富.地下水中优势菌门为Proteobacteria （26.2%~95.2%）,优势菌属为Pseudomonas（1.5%~32.2%）,不同深度微生物菌属组成差异明显,浅层、中层和深层地下水特有菌属数目分别为74,60,54.NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、深度是影响地下水微生物群落的主要因子,且NO₃^-、SO₄^2-浓度受地下水深度影响程度大.地下水深度是影响微生物群落结构差异的重要原因.     

黔西拖长江流域水化学演化特征及驱动因素

拖长江为黔西典型的矿业型岩溶山地小流域,研究其水化学演化特征及驱动因素,对当地经济社会发展和水资源科学管理均具有重要的意义.通过采集拖长江流域河水、泉水和矿井水样品,利用水化学图解、数理统计和绝对因子分析-多元线性回归受体模型(APCS-MLR),研究了拖长江流域河水溶质来源及其对河水水化学组分的贡献.拖长江流域河水pH值为7.30～8.31,TDS值为40～520 mg·L^-1,TDS主要由Ca²⁺、 Na⁺、 HCO^-₃和SO₄^2-贡献.河水优势阳离子为Ca²⁺和Na⁺,优势阴离子为HCO^-₃和SO₄^2-,水化学类型从HCO₃-Ca过渡为HCO₃-Ca·Na和HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Na型;矿井水主要为HCO     

“十三五”期间泰安市大气降水阴离子特征及相关研究

依据“十三五”期间泰安市2个大气降水监测点位的数据,从pH、电导率及主要阴离子(SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、Cl^-、F^-)等组分浓度出发,研究泰安市大气降水变化趋势及阴离子特征,具体分析了泰安市大气降水的阴离子组分特征及污染类型。结果表明：“十三五”期间泰安市未出现酸雨,其大气降水pH在5.95～6.29,均高于酸雨的限值5.6。降水量加权平均值为2844.4 mm,电导率范围为21.8～187μS/cm,泰安市大气降水中各阴离子浓度SO₄^2->Cl^->NO₃^->F^-,占比分别为63.4%、18.6%、16.5%和1.5%;2016年和2020年,泰安市大气降水中存在氯离子浓度高于硝酸根离子的情况,有异于内陆城市,说明当地的盐矿和盐化工企业对降水中的Cl^-有一定程度的影响。降水中SO_...     

硫酸根、氯离子和碱度对管网金属释放的影响

针对给水管网水质变化引发的重金属释放、管网水变色以及潜在的健康风险等问题,利用静态模拟实验系统,研究了硫酸根(SO₄^2-)、氯离子(Cl^-)和碱度含量变化对给水管网铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、砷(As)和铜(Cu)释放的影响.结果表明.随着SO₄^2-和Cl^-浓度的增加,钢管和铸铁管中的溶解氧(DO)含量不断降低,浊度不断升高;而随着碱度的增大,两种管道中的DO含量和浊度均逐渐降低.SO₄^2-和Cl^-浓度的增加能够促进Fe、Mn、As和Cu的释放.当SO₄^2-浓度为100mg/L时,钢管四种金属最大浓度分别为2.20mg/L,45.15,0.74和5.41μg/L;铸铁管内最大浓度分别为1.06mg/L,9.31,0.76和5.43μg/L.同样的.当Cl^-浓度达到100mg/L时.Fe、Mn、As和Cu的浓度达到最大值.而碱度的增...     

2020—2021年西安市大气PM2.5中水溶性离子变化特征

用离子色谱法对181份PM_2.5有效样品中NO^-₃、SO₄^2-、NH⁺₄、Cl^-和F^-等5种水溶性离子进行检测分析。结果表明,西安市PM_2.5的年均浓度为(71.04±51.80)μg·m^-3,季节变化特征表现为：冬季>春季>秋季>夏季。五种水溶性离子的年均浓度为(28.24±31.79)μg·m^-3,季节变化特征表现为：冬季>春季>秋季>夏季。各水溶性离子的年均浓度由大到小依次为：NO^-₃>SO₄^2->NH⁺₄>Cl^->F^-。NO^-₃在冬、春、秋三季...     

南京市一次霾污染过程中水溶性离子分布特征

使用MARGA离子在线分析仪ADI 2080对2017年12月27日~2018年1月5日南京市PM_2.5化学组分进行连续采样分析,结合气象要素和大气环境监测数据,探讨了霾污染过程中水溶性离子的时间分布特征及其来源特征.结果表明：霾日中南京水溶性离子浓度为121.41μg/m³,是洁净日的3.2倍.霾污染过程中水溶性离子平均浓度大小顺序为NO₃^- > SO₄^2- > NH₄⁺ > Cl^- > K⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺,SNA离子占总水溶性离子浓度的91.97%.霾日中水溶性离子日变化均为三峰型,洁净日中Cl^-、SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺的日变化为单峰型,Ca²⁺为双峰型,K⁺、Mg²⁺为三峰型.随着空气污染状况的加重,总水溶性离子在PM_2.5中的占比不断减少,空气质量为优时占比95.93%,严重污染时为63.25%.霾日中随着污染加重,NH₄⁺占总离子的比例稳定在23%左右,SO₄^2-占比缓慢减小,NO₃^-占比不断增大.NOR、SOR的日变化在霾日呈双峰型分布,洁净日则较为平稳.观测期间的水溶性离子主要来源有二次转化、煤烟尘、扬尘以及生物质燃烧.     

锰矿区受污染水体中SO42-和金属离子的同步去除

锰矿区地表水中含有大量SO₄^2-和金属离子,对矿区及周边地区的饮用水安全造成隐患。该研究基于钙矾石沉淀原理采用“两步法”去除高浓度SO₄^2-,并同步降低金属离子浓度及溶液浊度。采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱和离子色谱测定金属离子浓度和SO₄^2-浓度,并考察了pH、NaAlO₂和Ca(OH)₂投加量、温度、反应时间等的影响。结果表明：20 ℃条件下,在pH值7.5～12.5范围内,pH值为 12.14 时 SO₄^2-的去除率最高,60 min 可达 55.4%,此时 NaAlO₂投加量为 3.5 mmol/L,Ca(OH)₂投加量为 7.1 mmol/L。当[AlO₂^-]<4.0mmol/L 时,SO₄^2-剩余浓度随 NaAlO     

胶州湾大气降水水溶性离子组成特征及来源解析

基于2019年6月至2020年8月胶州湾沿岸的大气降水样品,分析降水主要水溶性离子(Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、NH₄⁺、F^-、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、MAS^-(甲基磺酸根))的组成特征和湿沉降通量,评估其对近海营养成分输入的贡献和潜在生态效应,并利用气团后向轨迹和正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)解析其主要来源.结果表明,观测期间,胶州湾大气降水雨量加权平均(Volume-weighted Mean,VWM)pH为6.41,电导率的VWM值为19.3μS/cm,降水中水溶性离子以Na⁺、NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、Cl^-和SO₄^2-...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.