渭河陕西段浮游植物群落结构时空变化与影响因子分析

浮游植物是水生态系统的初级生产者,其群落结构与水环境密切相关.为了解渭河陕西段浮游植物群落结构时空格局及其与环境因子的关系,更好地进行水资源和水生态保护,于2017年9月—2018年4月在丰水期和枯水期对该河段设定的9个研究断面,27个采样点位进行浮游植物群落结构和水环境因子调查监测,共检出浮游植物8门69种,群落结构分析表明,枯水期浮游植物种类数高于丰水期.浮游植物细胞密度和生物量变化分别为84.9×10⁴~3868.3×10⁴ cells·L^-1、0.268~20.978 mg·L^-1,丰水期平均密度（1490.0×10⁴ cells·L^-1）和平均生物量（7.864 mg·L^-1）显著大于枯水期（354.8×10⁴ cells·L^-1、1.152 mg·L^-1）.优势种分别为6种和8种,主要以绿藻门和硅藻门为主.浮游植物Shannon-Wiener指数（H''）、Pielou均匀度指数（J）、Margalef丰富度指数（d）均表明丰水期浮游植物多样性高于枯水期,9个采样断面的水质总体评价呈现出无污染或轻度污染至中轻污染状态.典范对应分析（CCA）排序结果表明,影响枯水期浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子为总磷（TP）、pH和总溶解性固体（TDS）,TP和高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）是影响丰水期浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子.     

不同水源补给河流浮游植物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系

为探究不同水源补给河流浮游植物群落结构的差异,于2019年5~11月对北京市北运河水系和永定河水系7条河流进行逐月采样调查,分析不同水源补给河流浮游植物群落结构特征,并采用相关性分析和冗余分析（RDA）探究浮游植物群落与环境因子之间的关系.结果表明,7条河流共监测到9门127种浮游植物,硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻为优势种群,分别占种类总数的40.94%、34.65%和10.24%.浮游植物密度介于（0.24~169.14）×10⁶ cell·L^-1之间,均值为38.20×10⁶ cell·L^-1,生物量介于0.21~78.50 mg·L^-1之间,均值为16.49 mg·L^-1.浮游植物种类、密度和生物量均表现为：混合水源补给组>完全再生水补给组>无再生水补给组.浮游植物生物多样性指数H''均值介于1.56~2.18之间,均匀度指数J均值介于0.47~0.67之间,H''和J均表现为：无再生水补给组>混合水源补给组>完全再生水补给组.RDA排序结果表明,影响混合水源补给组浮游植物优势种的主要环境因子为DOC、pH、Chla、DO和TP,影响无再生水补给组和完全再生水补给组优势种的主要环境因子为TN、NH₄⁺-N、N/P和ORP.     

城市闸控河流浮游植物群落结构特征及影响因素

以典型城市闸控河流—南京市西北护城河为研究对象,通过开展2019—2020年4个不同季度的水环境及浮游植物采样调查,综合分析了城市闸控河流浮游植物群落结构的时空变化特征,探讨了环境因子、水位调控和护岸类型等对浮游植物群落结构的影响.结果显示,南京市西北护城河四季共采集到浮游植物7门90种,主要隶属于硅藻门（Bacillariophyta）和绿藻门（Chlorophyta）,夏季和春季物种数多,冬季和秋季物种数少.浮游植物密度为2.1×10³~5.47×10⁶ cells·L^-1,生物量为2×10^-3~6.28 mg·L^-1;浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为0.60~2.35,Pielou均匀度指数为0.17~0.59,处于中度污染状态.西北护城河浮游植物群落结构不仅受水温及营养盐等环境因子影响,还与水位调控及河流护岸类型密切相关.高频率水位调控能有效减少有害藻类的聚集爆发,生态护岸保留了自然河流中的生态循环系统,可为浮游植物提供更有利的生境条件.     

北运河秋冬季浮游植物群落结构特征及影响因子分析

浮游植物是水生生态系统的主要生产者,其群落结构与水质密切相关.为研究北京市北运河不同水体环境特征,于2018年10月（秋季）和2019年2月（冬季）在北京市北运河设置13个采样点开展浮游植物群落结构和水环境调查,共鉴定出浮游植物7门54属99种.群落结构分析表明,秋季浮游植物物种数（75种）高于冬季（58种）,城市河道型水体物种数（78种） > 城市湖泊型（59种） > 山区河道型（29种）.秋季浮游植物密度为916.04×10⁴ cells·L^-1,冬季浮游植物密度为220.52×10⁴ cells·L^-1,秋、冬季平均密度为568.28×10⁴ cells·L^-1.空间格局上,城市湖泊型水体浮游植物密度最高,绿藻门和蓝藻门为优势门类;城市河道型水体次之,大部分点位以硅藻门、绿藻门和蓝藻门为优势门类;山区河道型水体最低,硅藻门为主要优势门类.物种优势度和多样性指数分析结果显示,北京市北运河水体中以中富营养型指示物种为优势类群,水质污染类型为β-中污型.典范对应分析（CCA）排序结果表明,Ca和TN是影响秋季北京市北运河浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子,pH是影响冬季浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子.     

土地利用影响下无定河流域浮游植物群落与环境因子响应

为探究不同土地利用类型影响下,无定河流域浮游植物群落特征变化及主要环境影响因子,于2021年春季（4~5月）和秋季（9~10月）对无定河干支流及典型淤地坝水体进行系统的水生态调查.共鉴定浮游植物273种,隶属于7门90属,春季（241种）高于秋季（189种）,春和秋两季浮游植物密度、生物量均值分别为479.95×10⁴ cells·L^-1、6.41 mg·L^-1和171.29×10⁴ cells·L^-1、2.64 mg·L^-1.流域优势种以硅藻门的梅尼小环藻（Cyclotella meneghiniana）、尖针杆藻（Synedra acus）、简单舟形藻（Navicula simples）和谷皮菱形藻（Nitzschia palea）为主,裸藻（Euglena spp.）为淤地坝水体特有优势种.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef丰富度指数显示春季高于秋季,Pielou均匀度指数变化相对较小.采样点1000 m河岸带缓冲区土地利用类型以耕地和草地为主.环境因子中水温（WT）、浊度（Turb）、pH、溶解氧（DO）、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）浓度时空变化显著.结构方程模型（SEM）表明：不同土地利用类型通过影响环境因子而间接影响浮游植物群落特征,春季影响浮游植物群落特征的主要环境因子是水温、流速、pH、溶解氧和氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）,而在秋季是浊度、水温和溶解氧.     

苏州平原河网区浅水湖泊冬夏季浮游植物群落与环境因子的典范对应分析

2005年12月和2006年6月对苏州平原河网区57个浅水湖泊的浮游植物群落进行了调查,共检出浮游植物8门62属73种,浮游植物主要由绿藻、硅藻和蓝藻组成.冬季浮游植物平均丰度为254.88×10⁴cells·L^-1,硅藻门丰度占总丰度的62.3％;夏季浮游植物平均丰度为2 704.28×10⁴cells·L^-1,蓝藻门丰度达93.5％.运用典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis, CCA)对调查范围内的57个样点62属浮游植物与11个环境因子关系进行研究.结果表明,水温、高锰酸盐指数、NO^-₃-N和TN是影响苏州平原河网区浅水湖泊浮游植物群落分布的主要环境因子,在冬季,pH、NH⁺₄-N及TP也是主要的影响因子;浮游植物中硅藻对环境变化具有较强的适应性,绿藻能耐受较高的高锰酸盐指数、氮磷营养盐和TOC浓度,而蓝藻对环境因子的响应有待进一步的研究.     

污水处理厂出水受纳水体浮游植物群落结构及水质评价

研究污水处理厂出水受纳水体浮游植物群落结构特征并进行水质评价,可为污水厂是否需要提标改造提供指导.基于2018年10月—2019年9月期间浮游植物和水质理化指标的监测数据,分析了成都市3个污水处理厂出水受纳水体浮游植物群落结构特征,通过相关性分析研究了理化指标与浮游植物细胞密度的关系,并采用综合营养指数法与藻类生物学法进行了水质评价.结果表明,3个采样点共鉴定出浮游植物7门49属,优势属为小环藻属与假鱼腥藻属.全年浮游植物细胞密度为2.78×10⁵~2.28×10⁶ cells·L^-1.全年时间内污水处理厂出水受纳水体浮游植物的多样性指数和均匀度指数变化趋势基本一致.相关性分析结果表明,水温和溶解性磷酸盐是影响研究区域部分采样点浮游植物细胞密度的主要环境因子.水质评价结果得出研究区域处于贫营养状态,污水厂出水不会导致水体富营养化,污水厂的提标改造有待进一步讨论.     

HA1絮凝剂在供水水库水华应急处理中的应用研究

2006-04华南一座供水水库发生卷曲鱼腥藻（Anabaena circinalis）水华,供水口形成藻细胞的堆积,浮游植物、蓝藻、卷曲鱼腥藻（Anabaena circinalis）的细胞密度分别高达7.3×10⁷、7.2×10⁷、4.1×10⁷ cells·L^-1.为保障正常供水,于04-22～04-30用小孔径的网和防水膜对供水口进行区域分隔,改变水流方向,同时在水面喷射以铁盐为核心的HA1絮凝剂控制水华.处理第1 d,浮游植物、蓝藻、卷曲鱼腥藻（Anabaena circinalis）的细胞密度分别降至5.3×10⁶、4.7×10⁶、2×10⁶ cells·L^-1,去除率分别达到93%、94%和95%.处理期间,藻细胞密度平均为1.2×10⁷ cells·L^-1,最高不超过2.0×10⁷ cells·L^-1,不同藻类门的处理效果不同,蓝藻的数量大幅度下降,绿藻、硅藻的种类和数量略有增加,说明HA1絮凝剂在本次应急处理方案中对蓝藻具有较好的去除效果.     

不同黑臭程度下城市河道浮游植物群落结构、多样性和功能群

浮游植物群落特征、多样性和功能群分析可以反映水体环境质量状态.为探究城市河道黑臭对浮游植物群落的影响,2020年11月至2021年3月,以四川盆地内16条城市河道,38个采样点水环境质量调查数据为基础,基于改进的模糊综合评价模型法和k-均值主颜色提取法评价城市河道黑臭程度,将河道划分为不黑不臭型、只黑不臭型、只臭不黑型和又黑又臭型这4种河道类型,在此基础上对不同黑臭类型河道的浮游植物群落结构、多样性和功能群进行分析.结果表明,城市河道从不黑不臭型至又黑又臭型,浮游植物丰度从1.329×10⁵ cells ·L^-1升至6.627×10⁵ cells ·L^-1,组成由蓝藻-绿藻-硅藻型变化为蓝藻型;浮游植物生物量从64.056 μg ·L^-1升至120.465 μg ·L^-1,组成由适应营养盐环境的绿藻-硅藻型转变为适宜有机物环境的甲藻-硅藻-裸藻型;Shannon-Weaver多样性指数从2.45下降到1.98,Simpson指数从0.84下降到0.73.研究区域浮游植物共29个功能群,随着水质黑臭化,生长策略由S、R、C、CR和CS型组成,减少为以R型为主.综上,浮游植物指标能较好地反映河道黑臭状态,在城市河道黑臭管理中,浮游植物监测是具有前景的手段和方法.     

大溪水库浮游植物群落结构特征及营养状态评价

在2015—2017年以月频率对大溪水库浮游植物群落结构及水体理化性质进行调查分析,以期为深入理解亚热带水库生态系统结构及功能提供理论依据,并为大溪水库及其同类型水体的生态保护提供基础数据.结果表明,调查期间大溪水库水质相关指标基本达到《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）Ⅱ~Ш类标准,综合富营养化指数范围为37~54,基本处于中营养状态（除2017年9月及10月）,浮游植物多样性及均匀度指数指示水体处于较为清洁的环境.2015—2017年,大溪水库共检出浮游植物7门57种,其中绿藻门种类最多,检出24种,其次是蓝藻门;且浮游植物群落中主要以蓝藻门、绿藻门及硅藻门种类占优;浮游植物群落结构季节变化有明显的规律,为硅藻门（春季）-蓝、绿藻门（夏、秋季）-硅藻门（冬季）;物种丰度及生物量变化趋势为夏季高冬季低,丰度为339.87×10⁴~33075.99×10⁴ cells·L^-1,生物量为2.41~40.45 mg·L^-1.浮游植物生物量与环境因子之间的冗余分析及Pearson相关分析结果均表明,大溪水库浮游植物群落结构变化受温度影响较大.综上,在北亚热带地区低营养水平的水库中,温度可能是影响浮游植物群落结构的关键因素.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.