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1.
Zhang ZhH Chai ZF Mao XY Chen JB 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2002,120(1):157-161
Concentrations of 32 elements, Ag, As, Au, Ba, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, K, La, Lu, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, U, W, Yb, and Zn were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) in the early preserved epiphytic lichens (Parmotrema recticulatum) from the remote southwestern China area in the 1960s, 1980s and 1990s. The concentrations of Ag, As, Ce, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, La, Nd, Ni, Sc, Se, Sm, Tb, U, Yb and Zn were dropped down by the temporal prolongation. The elemental concentration levels obtained from the organisms indicate that the extent of heavy metal atmospheric deposition among the sampling sites has been declining during the past decades. 相似文献
2.
Concentrations of 48 elements in the ground growing mosses Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi have been compared with wet deposition data for the same elements at 13 Norwegian sites. Significant positive correlations were found for V, Fe, Co, As, Y, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ce, Sm, Er, Tl and Pb in Hylocomium splendens, and for Mg, V, Fe, Co, As, Se, Y, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl and Pb in Pleurozium schreberi. Regression equations for transforming moss concentration data to absolute deposition rates have been calculated for those of the above elements which are of interest from a pollution point of view. The concentration levels of Li, Be, Mg, Ca, Zn, Ge, As, Se, Sr, Y, Zr, Sn, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Ho, Yb, Hf, Ta and U were similar in the two moss species. Hylocomium splendens had highest concentrations of Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Nb, Mo, Sb, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Er, Tm, Lu, W, Tl, Pb and Th, whereas V, Mn, Rb and Cd were highest in Pleurozium schreberi. No variations were observed in the concentrations of the studied elements during the sampling season. 相似文献
3.
Simokon Mikhail V. Trukhin Alexey M. 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(43):60622-60634
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Concentrations of 22 essential and non-essential trace elements (Be, Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Ba, Tl, Pb, Th, U, and... 相似文献
4.
Germund Tyler 《Chemosphere》1982,11(11):1141-1146
Metal concentrations (Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Al, and Pb) in the sporophores of ten wood-decaying macromycete species were related to concentrations in the wood substrates. Manganese, Sr, Ca, and Pb were usually excluded by the fungi, K, Rb, and, to a lower degree, Cd, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mg and Na, were accumulated. Accumulation ratios are compared with similar ratios for soil and litter inhabiting species previously studied. 相似文献
5.
Taiwan's industrial heavy metal pollution threatens terrestrial biota 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Hsu MJ Selvaraj K Agoramoorthy G 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2006,143(2):327-334
The bioconcentration levels of essential (Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn) and non-essential (As, Cd, Hg, Pb, and Sn) elements have been investigated in different terrestrial biota such as fungi, plant, earthworm, snail, crab, insect, amphibian, lizard, snake, and bat including the associated soil, to investigate the ecosystem health status in Kenting National Park, Taiwan. High bioconcentrations of Cd, Hg, and Sn in snail, earthworm, crab, lizard, snake, and bat indicated a contaminated terrestrial ecosystem. High concentrations of Cd, Hg, and Sn in plant species, effective bioaccumulation of Cd by earthworm, snail, crab and bat, as well as very high levels of Hg found in invertebrates, amphibians, and reptiles revealed a strong influence from industrial pollution on the biotic community. This study for the first time presents data on the impact of heavy metal pollution on various terrestrial organisms in Taiwan. 相似文献
6.
Berg T Røyset O Steinnes E Vadset M 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1995,88(1):67-77
Data from a Norwegian survey on atmospheric deposition, including 33 elements in 495 moss samples collected in 1990, are presented. The biomonitor moss used was Hylocomium splendens, and the analyses were carried out by ICP-MS. Principal component analysis is used to identify possible sources of the elements determined in the mosses. Dominant factors represent long-range atmospheric transported elements (Bi, Pb, Sb, Mo, Cd, V, As, Zn, Tl, Hg, Ga), windblown mineral particles (Y, La, Al, Li, U, Th, Ga, Fe, V, Cr), local emission sources (Ni, Cu, Co, and As; Zn, Cd, and Hg; Fe, Cr, and Al), transport from the marine environment (Mg, B, Na, Sr, Ca), and contribution from higher plants (Cs, Rb, Ba, Mn). Comparison of the results with similar surveys from 1977 and 1985 show a decreasing contribution of most long-range transported elements to southern Norway. 相似文献
7.
Pesticides removal in the process of drinking water production 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
The aim of this research work was to study the effectiveness of the treatments commonly used in drinking water plants in Spain to degrade 44 pesticides systematically detected in the Ebro River Basin. The pesticides studied are: alachlor, aldrin, ametryn, atrazine, chlorfenvinfos, chlorpyrifos, pp'-DDD, op'-DDE, op'-DDT, pp'-DDT, desethylatrazine, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone, dicofol, dieldrin, dimethoate, diuron, alpha-endosulphan, endosulphan-sulphate, endrin, alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH, delta-HCH, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide A, heptachlor epoxide B, hexachlorobenzene, isodrin, 4-isopropylaniline, isoproturon, metholachlor, methoxychlor, molinate, parathion methyl, parathion ethyl, prometon, prometryn, propazine, simazine, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, tetradifon and trifluralin. The techniques applied are: preoxidation by chlorine or ozone, chemical precipitation with aluminium sulphate and activated carbon adsorption. Oxidation by chlorine removes 60% of the studied pesticides, although combining this technique with a coagulation-flocculation-decantation process is more effective. The disadvantage of this treatment is the formation of trihalomethanes. Oxidation by ozone removes 70% of the studied pesticides. Although combination with a subsequent coagulation-flocculation-decantation process does not improve the efficiency of the process, combination with an activated-carbon absorption process gives rise to 90% removal of the studied pesticides. This technique was found to be the most efficient among the techniques studied for degrading the majority of the studied pesticides. 相似文献
8.
Influence of extreme pollution on the inorganic chemical composition of some plants. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
C Reimann F Koller G Kashulina H Niskavaara P Englmaier 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2001,115(2):239-252
Leaves of nine different plant species (terrestrial moss: Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi, blueberry: Vaccinium myrtillus, cowberry: Vaccinium vitis-idaea, crowberry: Empetrum nigrum, birch: Betula pubescens, willow: Salix spp., pine: Pinus sylvestris, and spruce: Picea abies) have been collected from up to nine catchments (size 14-50 km2) spread over a 1,500,000 km2 area in northern Europe. Additional soil samples were taken from the O-horizon and the C-horizon at each plant sample site. All samples were analysed for 38 elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, Th, Tl, U, V, Y, Zn, and Zr) by ICP-MS, ICP-AES or CV-AAS (Hg) techniques. One of the 9 catchments was located directly adjacent (5-10 km S) to the nickel smelter and refinery at Monchegorsk, Kola Peninsula, Russia. The high levels of pollution at this site are reflected in the chemical composition of all plant leaves. However, it appears that each plant enriches (or excludes) different elements. Elements emitted at trace levels, such as Ag, As and Bi, are relatively much more enriched in most plants than the major pollutants Ni, Cu and Co. The very high levels of SO2 emissions are generally not reflected by increases in plant total S-content. Several important macro-(P) and micro-nutrients (Mn, Mg, and Zn) are depleted in most plant leaves collected near Monchegorsk. 相似文献
9.
During the period 1978-1989, samples of liver, kidney and subcutaneous fat from 24 polar bears, Ursus maritimus, from Svalbard were analysed for mercury, cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, selenium, arsenic, HCB, DDE, PCBs (as Aroclor 1260 or Phenoclor DP6). In a selected number of liver (seven) and fat (three) samples, the composition of individual PCB congeners was studied by comparison with 23 individual PCB congeners (IUPAC nos 28, 52, 74, 101, 99, 110, 149, 118, 114, 105, 153, 141, 138, 187, 128, 183, 156, 157, 180, 170, 194, 206 and 209). In the seven liver samples, the concentrations of o,p'- and p,p'-isomers of DDT, TDE, DDE, alpha-, beta- and gamma-HCH, oxychlordane, heptachlor, heptachlorepoxide, aldrin and dieldrin were also determined. The hepatic concentrations of mercury, cadmium and lead in animals of all ages were 0.4-6.0, <0.1-1.2, and <0.5-1.6 microg g(-1), respectively. This indicates a moderate exposure. Concentrations of mercury and selenium were correlated (r=0.80). The levels of copper and zinc represented normal physiological concentrations. The concentrations of HCB, DDE and PCBs in fat were <0.05-1.5, <0.1-3.4 and 2.9-90 microg g(-1), respectively. The corresponding results for liver were <0.01-0.11, <0.1-0.5 and 0.1-78 microg g(-1), respectively. Six PCB congeners, PCB-99, -153, -138, -180, -170, and, -194 accounted for about 99 and 87% of the total PCB content (sum of the 12 congeners, nos. 28, 99, 153, 138, 128 + 187, 156, 157, 180, 170, 194, 206 and 209) in liver and fat, respectively. PCB-153 represented 37+/-3 30+/-16% of the sum PCB (sum of 12 congeners) in liver and fat, respectively. The range of the hepatic concentration of oxychlordane was 5-19 microg g(-1). Quantifiable concentrations of heptachlor, heptachlorepoxide, beta-HCH and dieldrin were also found in all the liver samples analysed. Low concentrations of p,p'- and o,p'-DDT were found in two of seven liver and two of two fat samples. Comparisons are made with investigations from Canada and Greenland. Possible effects of PCBs, especially on reproduction, cannot be excluded. Ringed seal, Foca hispida, and to some extent bearded seal, Erignathus barbatus, are the main food of the polar bear. It is therefore likely that the exposure to environmental pollutants occurs via the consumption of these two species. 相似文献
10.
Trace elements and butyltins in a Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) from the Sanriku coast of Japan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Concentrations and body burdens of 14 trace elements (Hg, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ag, Cd, V, Se, Pb, Mo, and Fe) and butyltins (BTs) (tributyltin TBT, dibutyltin DBT, and monobutyltin MBT) were determined in various tissues of a mature male Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) collected off the Sanriku coast of Japan. Selective accumulation in this porpoise was observed for Hg, Mn, Cu, Ag, Mo, Fe, and total BTs (TBT, DBT, and MBT) in the liver, Cd in the kidney, Zn, Sr, V, Pb, and Co in the bone, and Se in the skin. In contrast, Cr concentrations in all tissues were similar. This distribution pattern in this mature porpoise was in general agreement with the accumulation characteristics of trace elements and butyltins reported for other marine mammals. The whole body of the porpoise contained approximately 62 g Fe, 8.8 g Zn, 4.0 g Sr, 0.6g Se, 0.41 g Cu, 0.19 g Hg, 0.17 g Cd, 0.16 g Mn, 0.05 g Cr, 0.009 g Ag, 0.008 g Mo, 0.005 g Pb, 0.004 g Co, and 0.7 mg of BTs (0.4 mg TBT, 0.2 mg DBT, and 0.1 mg MBT). Metabolism of TBT to its breakdown products of this porpoise seems to be limited, since TBT still accounted for about half of the total burden of BTs. As in the cases of Hg, Mn, Cu, Se, and Fe, the muscle was the most important reservoir (43%) for the whole body burden of total BTs, 80% of which was TBT, and thus muscle played a crucial role in the higher body composition of TBT in this Dall's porpoise. 相似文献
11.
We analyzed 30 different traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) to determine levels of contamination with organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). We tested for 18 pesticides: benzene hexachloride (BHC, including alpha-BHC, beta-BHC, gamma-BHC, delta-BHC), heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, tecnazene, pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB), hexachlorobenzene, aldrin, methyl pentachlorophenyl sulphide (MPCPS), alpha-endosulfan, trans-chlorodane, cis-chlorodane, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, and p,p'-DDT. The sample extracts were analyzed by GC-ECD. A total of 280 samples of 30 different TCMs were analyzed. Our results showed that 75.8% of samples contained at least one of the above pesticides. The pesticides detected were tecnazene, hexachlorobenzene, PCNB, heptachlor, aldrin, alpha-BHC, beta-BHC, gamma-BHC, delta-BHC, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD p,p'-DDT. More than 50% of samples contained alpha-BHC (55.8%) and PCNB (55.8%); hexachlorobenzene was detected in 40.9% of samples, tecnazene in 19.5%, gamma-BHC in 16.7% and p,p'-DDE in 16.0%. Less than 10% of samples contained beta-BHC, delta-BHC, heptachlor, aldrin, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDD. None of the 280 samples contained heptachlor epoxide, MPCPS, alpha-endosulfan, trans-chlorodane, or cis-chlorodane. Concentrations of OCPs in four samples exceeded the maximum allowable residue limits (MRLs) specified in the PRC Pharmacopoeia 2005. The results indicate that the most common contaminants among the 280 samples were alpha-BHC, PCNB, hexachlorobenzene, and tecnazene. Our results suggest that contamination of TCMs with OCPs is widespread. The MRLs for other OCPs commonly found in TCMs (e.g. hexachlorobenzene and tecnazene) should be set as quickly as possible, and the MRLs of OCPs in other TCMs should be established. 相似文献
12.
Comparison between the accumulation capacity of four lichen species transplanted to a urban site 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bergamaschi L Rizzio E Giaveri G Loppi S Gallorini M 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,148(2):468-476
The capacity to accumulate trace elements from the atmosphere of the lichens Hypogymnia physodes, Parmelia sulcata, Pseudevernia furfuracea and Usnea gr. hirta transplanted to an urban site of N Italy was compared. Twenty-nine elements (Al, As, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, I, K, La, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Th, Ti, V, Zn) were analyzed by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Electro-Thermal Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (ET-AAS). The ratio between the concentrations of each element in exposed samples to that of control samples (exposed-to-control ratio and EC ratio) was used to investigate the accumulation rates of lichen thalli. The results showed that in general elements did not exhibit well defined trends, but rather showed fluctuations, and indicated that H. physodes, P. furfuracea and U. gr. hirta have a similar accumulation capacity, while that of P. sulcata is lower. 相似文献
13.
PBDEs and PBBs in the adipose tissue of women from Spain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fernandez MF Araque P Kiviranta H Molina-Molina JM Rantakokko P Laine O Vartiainen T Olea N 《Chemosphere》2007,66(2):377-383
Polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybromobiphenyls (PBBs) were investigated in adipose tissue of women living in Southeastern Spain. Mean Sigma PBDE (BDE 28, 75, 71, 47, 66, 77, 100, 119, 99, 85, 154, 153, 138, and 183) and Sigma PBB (PBB 18, 29, 31, 22, 38, 37, 53, 52, 49, 75, 80, 56, 77, 103, 101, 155, 154, 153, and 169) levels were 3.85 and 0.36 ng/g of lipid, respectively. Among PBDEs, congeners 153, 47, 183, 99, and 100 were the most frequent and abundant and together constituted 96% of the total amount of PBDEs in adipose tissue. Concentrations of PBDEs in this population were similar to those reported in other parts of Spain and in Swedish and Belgium populations but lower than those found in other Western countries. Among PBB congeners studied, PBB 153 presented the highest concentrations and contributed 79% of all PBBs. There are no published data on PBB congeners in adipose tissues of the Spanish population for comparison, but the levels found were similar to those described in other European countries. Further research is needed to determine trends in human exposure to PBDEs and PBBs and to explore putative effects on human health. 相似文献
14.
We investigated the potential for the anaerobic degradation of three PCB congeners (2,3,5,6-CB, 2,3,4,5-CB, and 2,3,4,5,6-CB) in sediments collected from five monitoring sites along the Keelung River in northern Taiwan. Optimal conditions for congener dechlorination were 30 degrees C and pH 7.0. Intermediate 2,3,4,5-CB products were identified as 2,3,5-CB, 2,4,5-CB, and 2,5-CB. Intermediate 2,3,4,5,6-CB products were identified as 2,3,5,6-CB, 2,3,6-CB, and 2,5-CB. For 2,3,5,6-CB, intermediate products were identified as 2,3,6-CB and 2,5-CB. Dechlorination rates for PCB congeners were observed as (fastest to slowest): 2, 3, 4-CB > 2, 3, 4, 5-CB > 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-CB > 2, 3, 5, 6-CB > 2, 2', 3, 3', 4, 4'-CB > 2, 2', 4, 4' 6, 6'-CB > 2, 2', 3, 4, 4', 5, 5'-CB > 2, 2', 3, 3', 4, 4', 5, 5'-CB. Rates decreased for mixtures of the eight congeners. Dechlorination rates for the three primary congeners under different reducing conditions occurred in the order of (fastest to slowest): methanogenic condition > sulfate-reducing condition > nitrate-reducing condition. Under methanogenic and sulfate-reducing conditions, dechlorination rates were enhanced by the addition of lactate, pyruvate, or acetate, but delayed by the addition of manganese oxide, or ferric chloride. Under nitrate-reducing condition, dechlorination rates were delayed by the addition of lactate, pyruvate, acetate, manganese oxide or ferric chloride. Treatment with such microbial inhibitors as bromoethanesulfonic acid (BESA) or molybdate revealed that methanogen and sulfate-reducing bacteria were involved in the dechlorination of these three PCB congeners. 相似文献
15.
《Atmospheric environment(England)》1980,14(12):1421-1426
Aerosol and rain samples were collected during winter 1978–1979 in Tallahassee, Florida and analyzed by particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) to determine 12–15 elements from Al to Pb. The aerosol sampling was carried out before, during, and after rainfall episodes using time sequence filter samplers (streakers) and cascade impactors to investigate the variation of aerosol composition with rainfall.Al, Si, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Cl, predominantly large particle aerosol constituents (> 1 μm), were strongly affected by rain, their before/during rainfall concentration ratio being greater than 4, whereas K, Zn, Br, Pb and S, predominantly in small particle fractions (< 1.0 μm), had ratios of less than 2. The degree of apparent removal followed the order Cl > Al, Si, Mn > Ca > Fe > K > S, Pb, Zn, Br. Differences in the speed of recovery after rain for elements, to their before rainfall values were also observed. The recovery of soil-derived elements such as Al, Si, Fe, and Mn was delayed, probably because of the wetting of the soil by rain, while S, Zn, Pb, and Br, emitted from anthropogenic sources, recovered more rapidly. The enrichments (fractionation factors) in rain of Ca, K, Zn, Cu, S, Br, and Pb normalized to Fe, relative to particulate matter in the air, were 13, 7.0, 4.3, 3.4, 2.9, 0.96, and 0.36, respectively. High enrichments of K, Zn, Cu, and S suggest that these elements might be at relatively greater concentrations than Fe at higher altitudes and be transported from more distant sources, since their apparent extent of removal is less near ground level compared to soil derived elements. 相似文献
16.
Ikemoto T Kunito T Watanabe I Yasunaga G Baba N Miyazaki N Petrov EA Tanabe S 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2004,127(1):83-97
Concentrations of 18 trace elements (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Zr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Hg, Tl and Pb) were determined in liver, kidney, muscle and hair of Baikal seals, Caspian seals and northern fur seals. All the three species showed the highest concentrations of Hg, V, Mn, Se and Ag in liver, Cd, Co and Tl in kidney, and Cs in muscle among the soft tissues examined. The highest burdens of Zn, Rb and Cs were observed in muscle, Mo and Ag in liver, and Sb and Pb in hair in all the three species. Concentrations of non-essential elements, Rb, Cd, Cs and Hg, showed significant positive correlations among liver, kidney and muscle, whereas correlation coefficients for essential elements, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn and Se, between the three tissues were generally low for all the species, suggesting that homeostasis controls the concentrations of essential elements but not the non-essential elements in the tissues of these animals. Significant age-dependent increase was found in the concentrations of V, Se and Ag in liver and Hg in liver and kidney of all the three species. Hair concentrations showed significant positive correlations with Zn levels in liver and kidney and Hg in muscle for Caspian seals, Hg in liver and kidney for Baikal seals, and Pb in liver for northern fur seals. Furthermore, regression analysis using the data in the present study and in the literature showed significant positive correlations between Hg levels in hair, and liver, kidney and muscle for various species of pinnipeds. These results indicate the possibility of using hair samples for monitoring these trace elements in pinnipeds. 相似文献
17.
Level,source identification,and risk analysis of heavy metal in surface sediments from river-lake ecosystems in the Poyang Lake,China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zhang Hua Jiang Yinghui Ding Mingjun Xie Zhenglei 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(27):21902-21916
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The concentrations, sources, and risks of heavy metals (Fe, Al, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, W, Pb, and Tl) in sediments in five river-lake... 相似文献
18.
Haque N Peralta-Videa JR Jones GL Gill TE Gardea-Torresdey JL 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,153(2):362-368
The metal concentrations in a copper mine tailings and desert broom (Baccharis sarothroides Gray) plants were investigated. The metal concentrations in plants, soil cover, and tailings were determined using ICP-OES. The concentration of copper, lead, molybdenum, chromium, zinc, arsenic, nickel, and cobalt in tailings was 526.4, 207.4, 89.1, 84.5, 51.7, 49.6, 39.7, and 35.6mgkg(-1), respectively. The concentration of all elements in soil cover was 10-15% higher than that of the tailings, except for molybdenum. The concentration of copper, lead, molybdenum, chromium, zinc, arsenic, nickel, and cobalt in roots was 818.3, 151.9, 73.9, 57.1, 40.1, 44.6, 96.8, and 26.7mgkg(-1) and 1214.1, 107.3, 105.8, 105.5, 55.2, 36.9, 30.9, and 10.9mgkg(-1) for shoots, respectively. Considering the translocation factor, enrichment coefficient, and the accumulation factor, desert broom could be a potential hyperaccumulator of Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, As, and Ni. 相似文献
19.
Active moss biomonitoring of small-scale spatial distribution of airborne major and trace elements in the Belgrade urban area 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gordana Vuković Mira Aničić Urošević Ivana Razumenić Zoya Goryainova Marina Frontasyeva Milica Tomašević Aleksandar Popović 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(8):5461-5470
In urban environments, human exposure to air pollutants is expected to be significantly increased, especially near busy traffic streets, street canyons, tunnels, etc. where urban topography and microclimate may additionally cause poor air conditions giving rise to pollution hotspots. As a practical and cost-effective approach, active moss biomonitoring survey of some major and trace element air pollution was performed in the Belgrade street canyons and city tunnel in 2011 with the aim to evaluate possibility of using Sphagnum girgensohnii moss bags for investigation of the small-scale vertical and horizontal distribution patterns of the elements. In five street canyons, the moss bags were hung at heights of about 4, 8 and 16 m, during 10 weeks, and also, for the same time, the moss bags were exposed in the tunnel, in front of and out of it. After the exposure period, the concentrations of Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sr, V and Zn in the moss were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. According to the results, in all street canyons, the vertical distribution patterns of the moss elements concentration (Al, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sr, V and Zn) showed statistically significant decrease from the first to the third heights of bags exposure. In the tunnel experiment, from inner to out of the tunnel, for Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K and Zn, decreasing trend of concentrations was obtained. Significantly higher concentration of the elements was pronounced for the tunnel in comparison with the street canyons. The results indicate that the use of S. girgensohnii moss bags is a simple, sensitive and inexpensive way to monitor the small-scale inner city spatial distribution of airborne major and trace element content. 相似文献
20.
《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》1999,33(2):337-344
The suitability of the simple and rather cheap Bergerhoff method for the determination of bulk deposition loads of 49 elements was tested. The method is suitable for the following elements: Ag, Al, As, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ga, Ge, In, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Ni, Pb, Rb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Sn, Sr, Th, Ti, Tl, V, W, Y and Zn provided that for some of these elements one does not get total recovery with HNO3-digestion. This, nevertheless, supplies sufficient information for most concerns. Analytical problems were encountered for the following elements: U and Te concentrations in our samples were close to the blanks; P and Ta were highly variable within the sampling areas; B, Hf and Zr leached out of the glass of the digestion vessels; Hg is highly volatile.Field studies at three background sites in Switzerland, two on the northern side of the Alps and one in the southern Alps, showed higher burdens of element emissions in the latter, partly because of higher precipitation, and partly because of higher concentrations in the dust. An anthropogenic influence can be inferred for Ag, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mo, Pb, Sb, Te, W and Zn and probably also for As, P, S (with associated Se) and Sn. 相似文献