黑龙滩水库污染源及水质演变趋势分析

在黑龙滩水库进行污染源调查及水质分析的基础上,探讨了水库水质和营养盐变化趋势及其主要影响因素。污染源调查结果表明,黑龙滩水库流域CODCr、NH3-N、TN和TP产生量分别为3664.23 t/a、280.37 t/a、335.49 t/a和74.96 t/a,水库污染负荷主要集中在农村面源污染、畜禽养殖污染和旅游污染3个方面,其污染物产生量占总污染负荷的93%以上;水质分析表明,自2006年后,黑龙滩水库水质逐渐好转,但2010后CODMn有上升趋势,2012年主要超标因子为CODMn和TP;2004年~2012年,黑龙滩水库营养状况由贫营养向中营养发展,并在2010年~2012年稳定在中营养状态,水库富营养化整体呈现加剧趋势。     

黑龙滩水库生态环境及水体富营养化研究

本文以黑龙滩水库１９８９－１９９１年水质实测资料为依据，采用综合污染指数法对水库水质进行了定量分析，同时用卡森指数对水库富营养化程度进行产评价。针对库区特点及周围污染源排放现状，分析了水库水质受到的潜在威胁，提出了水源保护的措施及对策。     

黑龙滩水库风景区旅游容量的探讨

本文从黑龙滩风景区自然景点、游览线路、旅游开发方式、适度活动面积及空间容量计算，基础设施容量计算以及环境污染承受能力等几个方面综合计算了黑龙滩水库风景区的旅游容量。并对适度旅游容量下如何开发利用风景区旅游资源进行了探讨。     

黑龙滩水库水质分布规律研究

通过黑龙滩水库中7个采样点,17个月21个指标的连续采样分析,数据显示出水库中水质理化指标,在水平分布上无大的差异。垂直分布上DO和CODMn变化较大,其浓度是随浓度而降低。其余指标在一年的周期内维持在稳定的水平上。除T－P外,水库中其余指标物在Ⅱ级标准内。T－P超标有富营养化的潜在危险。     

水体富营养化

水体富营养化是指氮、磷等植物营养物质含量过多所引起的水质污染现象。当过量营养进入湖泊、水库、河口、海湾等缓流水体后,水生生物特别是藻类将大量繁殖,使水中溶解氧含量急剧下降,以致影响到鱼类等的生存。在自然条件下,湖泊从贫营养湖→营养湖→沼泽→陆地的演变过程极为缓慢;人类的活动将大量工业废水和生活污水以及农田径流中的植物营养物质排入湖泊等水体后,将大大加速水体的富营养化进程。水体富营养化后,由于浮游生物大量繁殖,往往呈现蓝色、红色、棕色、乳白色等。这种现象在江河湖泊中称为水华,在海中则叫做赤潮。     

基于综合水质标识指数法的四川升钟水库富营养化研究

利用综合水质标识指数法,参照湖泊（水库）富营养化评价指标,选取总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）、叶绿素（a）、透明度（D）等5项指标,对升钟水库2006--2010年水体富营养化进行评价。结果表明：综合水质指数,埘排序为3．231_2010〈3．741_2009〈4．042_2007〈4．35_2006〈4．652_2008（指数越大,水质越差）;升钟水库近5年综合水质标识指数在不同的时点上具有“高-低”演化规律,总体趋向好转;2008年的指数最大,富营养化最严重,2006-2008年水质指数呈波动变化,2009年、2010年水质有所改善;综合水质标识指数k随时间t变化的二次函数关系式为：I_wq=-0．1372t2＋550．8t-552742;升钟水库水体氮、磷严重超标。     

四川升钟水库水质评价及污染负荷分析

选取高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）、五日生化需氧量（BOD5）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）4项监测指标,采用单因干评价法、综合污染指数法、内梅罗污染指数法、模糊综合评价法及水质标识指数法对升钟水库2004～2010年水污染特征进行分析与评价,结果表明：水质标识指数法比较适合升钟水库水体富营养化评价;单因子水质标识指数显示,水库主要污染物为总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）,基本呈现富营养状态;2008年水质最差,2010年水质达到Ⅱ类标准;7年Iwq的平均值Ave（Iwq）=3．393,Ave（Iwq）未达到国家Ⅱ类水质标准。近7年综合水质标识指数（Iwq）在不同时点上具有高-低演化规律,总体趋向好转。通过计算2006年N、P污染负荷,TN、TP入库主要源于水产养殖,其贡献率分别为：55％、82％,升钟水库TN、TP是合理容量的1．97～2．32倍。应严格控制水库网箱肥水养殖。研究结果对指导升钟水库水污染防治与水资源管理具有重要的意义。     

沱江的水生昆虫与水质污染

一、前言水生昆虫是各类淡水水体中底栖大型无脊椎动物(简称底栖动物)的主要组成部分,一般情况下,水生昆虫无论在种类或数量方面均在各类底栖动物中居首位。水生昆虫不仅是多种经济鱼类特别是底层鱼类如鲤、鲫、青鱼等的天然优良饵料,而且在水体环境保护方面也起着重要的作用。部分水生昆虫能摄食水体底部沉积的有机物质,在加速水体内的物质循环、促进水体的自净方面起着积极的作用;在环境水质系统监测及评价中,还可根据水生昆虫的种群结构、数量分布及其变动情况等资料来确定水质污染状况。     

东湖磷酸酶活力及其生态学意义研究

本文对东湖磷酸酶活力(PA)的来源,不同湖区活力水平的比较,及其与主要环境因子的关系作了初步研究。结果表明,东湖水柱中磷酸酶活力主要来自藻类,底泥中则主要来自细菌;在东湖磷浓度波动范围内,磷对碱性磷酸酶活力(ALPA)无明显抑制,实验室条件下相当于环境水平的磷浓度不能抑制PA;光照促进藻类PA的增加;溶解氧有利于藻类PA提高,对细菌PA则相反。     

旅游活动对四川升钟水库水质的干扰度研究

运用TADI指数研究升钟水库的旅游活动对水体环境的影响,比较了旅游活动中各个环节对水体的影响程度,指数越大,对水质影响越大。结果表明：升钟水库景区旅游人均TN、TP污染物排放量分别为3.57g／d、0.59g／d,升钟水库景区7类旅游接待设施综合干扰指数排序为：住宿类渔家乐T1〉渔家乐餐厅T2〉酒店T3〉餐馆T4〉摊贩T4〉公厕T7〉博物馆T6,住宿类型渔家乐（T1）对水质干扰最大,属高度干扰型;博物馆（T6）对水质干扰最小,属低度干扰型。不同的食宿组合方式中,渔家乐住宿餐饮型的TADI指数最大,对水质的干扰最强,仅在餐馆就餐则TADI指数为最小,对水质干扰也最弱。     

A Proposed Aquatic Plant Community Biotic Index for Wisconsin Lakes

The Aquatic Macrophyte Community Index (AMCI) is a multipurpose tool developed to assess the biological quality of aquatic plant communities in lakes. It can be used to specifically analyze aquatic plant communities or as part of a multimetric system to assess overall lake quality for regulatory, planning, management, educational, or research purposes. The components of the index are maximum depth of plant growth; percentage of the littoral zone vegetated; Simpson's diversity index; the relative frequencies of submersed, sensitive, and exotic species; and taxa number. Each parameter was scaled based on data distributions from a statewide database, and scaled values were totaled for the AMCI value. AMCI values were grouped and tested by ecoregion and lake type (natural lakes and impoundments) to define quality on a regional basis. This analysis suggested that aquatic plant communities are divided into four groups: (1) Northern Lakes and Forests lakes and impoundments, (2) North-Central Hardwood Forests lakes and impoundments, (3) Southeastern Wisconsin Till Plains lakes, and (4) Southeastern Wisconsin Till Plains impoundments, Driftless Area Lakes, and Mississippi River Backwater lakes. AMCI values decline from group 1 to group 4 and reflect general water quality and human use trends in Wisconsin. The upper quartile of AMCI values in any region are the highest quality or benchmark plant communities. The interquartile range consists of normally impacted communities for the region and the lower quartile contains severely impacted or degraded plant communities. When AMCI values were applied to case studies, the values reflected known impacts to the lakes. However, quality criteria cannot be used uncritically, especially in lakes that initially have low nutrient levels.     

Deriving Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Standards

Achieving and maintaining the water quality conditions necessary to protect the aquatic living resources of the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries has required a foundation of quantifiable water quality criteria. Quantitative criteria serve as a critical basis for assessing the attainment of designated uses and measuring progress toward meeting water quality goals of the Chesapeake Bay Program partnership. In 1987, the Chesapeake Bay Program partnership committed to defining the water quality conditions necessary to protect aquatic living resources. Under section 303(c) of the Clean Water Act, States and authorized tribes have the primary responsibility for adopting water quality standards into law or regulation. The Chesapeake Bay Program partnership worked with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to develop and publish a guidance framework of ambient water quality criteria with designated uses and assessment procedures for dissolved oxygen, water clarity, and chlorophyll a for Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries in 2003. This article reviews the derivation of the water quality criteria, criteria assessment protocols, designated use boundaries, and their refinements published in six addendum documents since 2003 and successfully adopted into each jurisdiction's water quality standards used in developing the Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load.     

Drought,water access,and urban agriculture: a case study from Silicon Valley

In California, the growing popularity of urban agriculture (UA) has unfolded against a backdrop of historic drought. While UA is often celebrated as an urban sustainability strategy, it must be able to persist during drought if it is to perform these functions. Using Santa Clara County – the geographic core of Silicon Valley – as a case study, we use interviews and surveys to explore the implications of drought for UA. We show how developing an understanding of water access for UA during a drought requires examining the social and institutional context of water management and use. In metropolitan California, the highly decentralised water supply system combined with the diverse institutional arrangements that support UA create an uneven landscape of water access. Consequently, the pressure to change water-consuming practices – that is, the stress that institutional drought responses place on different water users – is geographically and socially differentiated. Among UA water users, responses to drought have also varied, in part because the possibilities for change are constrained by the sociotechnical arrangements of UA sites and the different purposes of UA.     

Designing and Implementing a Network for Sensing Water Quality and Hydrology across Mountain to Urban Transitions

Water resources are increasingly impacted by growing human populations, land use, and climate changes, and complex interactions among biophysical processes. In an effort to better understand these factors in semiarid northern Utah, United States, we created a real‐time observatory consisting of sensors deployed at aquatic and terrestrial stations to monitor water quality, water inputs, and outputs along mountain to urban gradients. The Gradients Along Mountain to Urban Transitions (GAMUT) monitoring network spans three watersheds with similar climates and streams fed by mountain winter‐derived precipitation, but that differ in urbanization level, land use, and biophysical characteristics. The aquatic monitoring stations in the GAMUT network include sensors to measure chemical (dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, pH, nitrate, and dissolved organic matter), physical (stage, temperature, and turbidity), and biological components (chlorophyll‐a and phycocyanin). We present the logistics of designing, implementing, and maintaining the network; quality assurance and control of numerous, large datasets; and data acquisition, dissemination, and visualization. Data from GAMUT reveal spatial differences in water quality due to urbanization and built infrastructure; capture rapid temporal changes in water quality due to anthropogenic activity; and identify changes in biological structure, each of which are demonstrated via case study datasets.     

Water treatment by aquatic ecosystem: Nutrient removal by reservoirs and flooded fields

Potential use of reservoirs and flooded fields stocked with aquatic plants for reduction of the nutrient levels of organic soil drainage water was evaluated. The treatment systems include 1) a large single reservoir (R1) stocked with waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), elodea (Egeria densa), and cattails (Typha sp.) in series; 2) three small reservoirs in series with waterhyacinth (R2), elodea (R3), and cattails (R4), grown in independent reservoirs; 3) a control reservoir (R5) with no cultivated plants; 4) a large single flooded field planted to cattails; 5) three small flooded fields in a series planted to cattails; and 6) a flooded field with no cultivated plants. Drainage water was pumped daily (6 hours a day, and 6 days a week) into these systems for a period of 27 months at predetermined constant flow rates. Water samples were collected at the inlet and outlet of each treatment system and analyzed for N and P forms.The series of reservoirs stocked with aquatic plants functioned effectively in the removal of N and P from agricultural drainage water, compared to a single large reservoir. Allowing the water to flow through the reservoir stocked with waterhyacinth plants with a residence time of 3.6 days was adequate to remove about 50% of the incoming inorganic N. Allowing the water to flow through a series of two small reservoirs, R2 and R3, with a residence time of 7.3 days was necessary to remove about 60% of the incoming ortho-P. Flooded fields were effective in the removal of inorganic N, but showed poor efficiency in the removal of ortho-P.Florida Agricultural Experiment Stations Journal Series No. 2320.     

WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL PUMPAGE IN THE UPPER ST. JOHNS RIVER,FLORIDA1

Several large agricultural pumps, located in the upper St. Johns River Basin, Florida, and representative of the numerous pumps operating in the basin, were monitored during the spring and summer of 1982. These pumps have rated capacities ranging from 36 to 334 ft³/s and drain various quantities of improved pasture, row crop, and citrus land uses. The combined total pumping capacity of the pumps in this study is approximately equal to the average flow at US 192, near Melbourne (691 cfs). Results indicate high nutrient and suspended solids loading to the river, but the relative magnitude of each parameter varies with pump site and date. The row crop/Mary A pump (267 ft³/s capacity) exhibited the poorest water quality of the sampled pumps and appeared to have the greatest pollutional potential. The average suspended solids loading rate from the Mary A pump was high (37,900 Kg/day). The average total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) discharge concentrations at this pump were also high, with values of 3.96 mg/L and 0.79 mg/L, respectively. As expected, nutrient loading rates reflected discharge rates, to a large degree. Average TN loading rates for the pumping stations varied from 86 to 1935 Kg/day while TP loading ranged from 7 to 390 Kg/day. Nutrients from pumping are contributing factors to the increasing aquatic plant growth and algal blooms in the area. Poor quality discharge water, as well as rapid rises in water level from the cumulative discharges resulting in dead marsh vegetation and accompanying oxygen sags, have been suggested as causative factors for fish kills in the area.     

Chloride Released from Three Permeable Pavement Surfaces after Winter Salt Application

Few studies exist on how chloride from chloride‐based deicers is transported in infiltration‐based stormwater control measures. In 2009, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) constructed a 0.4 ha parking lot in Edison, New Jersey, that was surfaced with permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP), pervious concrete (PC), and porous asphalt (PA). Each surface type has four equally sized, lined sections that direct all infiltrate to separate 5.7 m³ collection tanks. The USEPA acute criterion for aquatic life (860 mg/l) was exceeded in events immediately following a snow event. Concentrations of the infiltrate exceeded the detection limit (5 mg/l) year round but did not exceed the USEPA chronic toxicity (230 mg/l) after April. The chloride concentration decreased with cumulative rainfall since previous snow event, and a power regression described this relationship. In the power regression, the coefficient (b) described the initial concentration following a snow event, and the exponent (m) described the rate in which chloride was flushed through the system with infiltrating water. PC had the largest coefficient (5,664) and largest absolute exponent (?0.92), followed closely by PICP (b = 4,943 and m = ?0.87), and distantly by PA (b = 2,907 and m = ?0.67). The differences in release rate were proportional to the measured surface infiltration rates of 4,000; 2,400; and 200 cm/h for PC, PICP, and PA, respectively. These results will assist those who manage or regulate stormwater where receiving waters are chloride impaired.     

Predictive models of turbidity and water depth in the Doñana marshes using Landsat TM and ETM+ images

We have used Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-7 ETM+ images together with simultaneous ground-truth data at sample points in the Doñana marshes to predict water turbidity and depth from band reflectance using Generalized Additive Models. We have point samples for 12 different dates simultaneous with 7 Landsat-5 and 5 Landsat-7 overpasses. The best model for water turbidity in the marsh explained 38% of variance in ground-truth data and included as predictors band 3 (630–690 nm), band 5 (1550–1750 nm) and the ratio between bands 1 (450–520 nm) and 4 (760–900 nm). Water turbidity is easier to predict for water bodies like the Guadalquivir River and artificial ponds that are deep and not affected by bottom soil reflectance and aquatic vegetation. For the latter, a simple model using band 3 reflectance explains 78.6% of the variance. Water depth is easier to predict than turbidity. The best model for water depth in the marsh explains 78% of the variance and includes as predictors band 1, band 5, the ratio between band 2 (520–600 nm) and band 4, and bottom soil reflectance in band 4 in September, when the marsh is dry. The water turbidity and water depth models have been developed in order to reconstruct historical changes in Doñana wetlands during the last 30 years using the Landsat satellite images time series.     

Tiny Stowaways: Analyzing the Economic Benefits of a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Permit Regulating Ballast Water Discharges

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed permitting ballast water discharges—a benefit of which would be to reduce the economic damages associated with the introduction and spread of aquatic invasive species. Research on ship-borne aquatic invasive species has been conducted in earnest for decades, but determining the economic damages they cause remains troublesome. Furthermore, with the exception of harmful algal blooms, the economic consequences of microscopic invaders have not been studied, despite their potentially great negative effects. In this paper, we show how to estimate the economic benefits of preventing the introduction and spread of harmful bacteria, microalgae, and viruses delivered in U.S. waters. Our calculations of net social welfare show the damages from a localized incident, cholera-causing bacteria found in shellfish in the Gulf of Mexico, to be approximately $706,000 (2006$). On a larger scale, harmful algal species have the potential to be transported in ships’ ballast tanks, and their effects in the United States have been to reduce commercial fisheries landings and impair water quality. We examine the economic repercussions of one bloom-forming species. Finally, we consider the possible translocation within the Great Lakes of a virus that has the potential to harm commercial and recreational fisheries. These calculations illustrate an approach to quantifying the benefits of preventing invasive aquatic microorganisms from controls on ballast water discharges. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.     

MODELING TO EVALUATE MACROPHYTE INDUCED IMPACTS TO DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN A TAILWATER RESERVOIR1

ABSTRACT: Effects of aquatic macrophytes are not considered in most standard water quality models. This study used field measurements and water quality models to help determine the effects of aquatic macrophytes on dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in a shallow tailwater reservoir. Installation of a hydropower plant and macrophytes (primarily Potamogeton and Chara) in a large shallow portion of the lake are possible causes of reduced DO levels in the tailwater reservoir. A water quality model (WASP5) was used to quantify the various DO sources and sinks and to evaluate the effects of the hydropower operations on DO levels in the lake. It was found that the macrophytes in Lake Ogallala had a significant effect on the DO levels in the lake. At an average macrophyte density of about 6,360 g/m² (wet weight) in 2000, the DO fluctuated daily from about 3 mg/l to about 12 mg/l. At an average macrophyte density of about 2,120 g/m² (wet weight) in 2002, the DO fluctuated from about 5 mg/l to about 9 mg/l daily. The model predicted that the DO would remain near 5 mg/l without macrophytes. The photo‐synthetic and respiration rates developed in the model (4.4 mg/g‐hr and 1.4 mg/g‐hr, respectively) agree well with literature values.