可燃气体(液体蒸气)爆炸测试装置的改进研究

以可燃气体(液体蒸气)爆炸测试装置改进为主线,综述国内外各种测试装置的优缺点。对不同装置、测试方法以及测试原理进行比较分析,研讨可燃气体爆炸的特点和爆炸参数测试方法以及对现有测试装置的改进方案。即对20 L爆炸测试装置的配气系统和控制系统进行了合理改进,使引射混合配气与循环混合配气相结合,使可燃气体(液体蒸气)与空气混合更均匀,控制操作更简便,还指出了今后研究工作中应注意的一些问题和研究重点。     

蒸气云爆炸后果预测模型的比较研究

介绍了3种蒸气云爆炸后果预测模型,分别是TNT当量模型、多能法、Baker-Strehlow模型。阐述了这些模型的基本原理,将3种模型进行了对比研究,并将3种模型的无量纲距离和超压关系绘制在了同一图中。对某一蒸气云的爆炸后果进行了预测,并对结果进行了分析,指出了不同模型的优缺点。     

Experimental investigation on the lower flammability limits of diethyl ether/ n-pentane/epoxypropane-air mixtures

Diethyl ether (DEE), epoxypropane (PO) and n-pentane have excellent ignition and combustion performance; hence, they have a wide variety of applications in industry and advanced aviation propulsion systems. As these fuels are flammable at normal temperature and pressure, their explosive characteristics need to be explored. In this study, the lower flammability limits (LFLs) of vapor mixtures of DEE/PO/n-pentane in air were measured in 20 L, closed, stainless steel spherical vessels. Experimental results were obtained at ambient atmospheric pressure and an initial temperature of 40 °C. The experimental results show that the LFLs of DEE-air, n-pentane -air, and PO-air are 1.81 vol%, 1.41 vol% and 2.44 vol%, respectively. The LFLs of binary/ternary fuel mixtures under different compositions were tested, and the experimental results are compared with the classical Le Chatelier's formula. The results show that, for the binary fuels (i.e., DEE/PO, DEE/n-pentane, PO/n-pentane)-air mixtures, the maximum difference of the LFLs between Le Chatelier's formula and the experimental results is 6.10%. For the ternary fuels (i.e., DEE/PO/n-pentane)-air mixtures, the maximum difference of the LFLs between the two results is 6.33%. Due to the adiabatic flame temperature of each single fuel mixture being close, the Le Chatelier's formula is applicable for an estimation of the LFL for DEE/PO/n-pentane-air mixtures.     

管道燃气火灾爆炸事故树分析(续)

4　预防事故的对策及安全检查表[1,2 ]从上述的求解可知 ,由于燃气火灾爆炸事故树比较复杂 :最小割集 1386 0组 ,最小径集为 2 4 3组。因而在制定燃气火灾、爆炸事故的预防措施时 ,应以最小径集为依据。根据最小径集的定义 ,只要事故树中的这些基本原因事件不发生 ,顶上事件就不会发生。综合考察所有 2 4 3组最小径集 ,要使燃气火灾、爆炸事故不发生 ,可以考虑下面 3个方案 :(1)杜绝Ｐ1的发生。要使Ｐ1不发生 ,则需使ｘ1不发生。(2 )杜绝Ｐ4的发生。要使Ｐ4不发生 ,则需使Ｐ4中的ｘ2 ,… ,ｘ14 ,ｘ16,ｘ17共 15个基本原因事件不发生。(3)杜…     

相关关系和因果关系在事故分析中的应用——研究综述与启示

从事故中吸取教训是安全科学的主要任务,回顾拆解曾经的研究成果,从理论基础研究和应用实践研究两个方面进行了文献综述,以期达到总结前期成果和启示后续研究的目的。结果表明,在横向研究中,一方面在全学科的宏观层面,相关和因果的研究在经济与管理科学和社会科学中的开展较为成熟,而在安全科学与灾害防治领域还处于发展阶段。同时自2003年至2012年,是相关关系和因果关系研究成果的快速发展时期;另一方面在生产安全事故范围的微观层面,相关和因果的研究相对集中于事故控制阶段的相关关系的研究;在纵向研究中,对于生产安全事故分析时需要进行的描述、解释、预测和控制4个阶段中在选取相关关系和因果关系时有所侧重,在事故描述阶段偏重使用相关关系;在事故解释阶段,如果是解释事故发生的可能性主要偏重使用因果关系。如果是解释事故发生的损失程度主要偏重使用相关关系;在事故预测阶段,偏重相关关系;在事故控制阶段偏重因果关系。     

MATLAB在储罐区蒸气云爆炸分析中的运用

针对储罐区蒸气云爆炸事故,通过建立蒸气云爆炸模型和运用MATLAB程序分析事故后果,得出了死亡、重伤、轻伤的区域半径,进而对伤害区域进行了划分,并将结果以图形的形式呈现,有利于安全人员直观地判断和分析事故后果.同时,借助MATLAB程序使整个分析过程更加简洁高效,有利于制定相应的预防和应急措施.     

如何避免蒸汽锅炉爆炸事故的发生

通过锅炉爆炸事故的实例分析，阐述了锅炉在生产、安装、验收、使用、管理等方面必须遵守《锅炉安全技术监察规程》的有关规定，才能消除锅炉爆炸的隐患，确保锅炉的安全运行。     

从加强爆破母线管理预防放炮事故

根据江西宜春市某煤矿因电流短路,电火花引爆矿井瓦斯,致使4人死亡的事实,提出了防止爆破线短路的注意事项和接线方法,以杜绝事故的发生。     

Flow and flame visualization near the upper flammability limits of methane/air and propane/air mixtures at elevated pressures

In this study, direct visualization of flow and flame from the ignition of methane/air and propane/air mixtures near the UFL at elevated pressures of up to 2.0 MPa were obtained with a test cell comprised of double-sided plexiglass and a containment vessel with double-sided glass. These visualizations allowed direct observations of ignition and flame near UFL at elevated pressures. Two distinctive features were observed in ignition at elevated pressures that differ from those under ambient pressure: the hot igniter formed a convective plume, rather than a convection cell; and the flame initiated from the top of the test cell and propagated downwards, rather than directly from the igniter. Both these distinctive features are characteristics of convection at high Rayleigh number accompanied with increased gas density at elevated pressures. Our study also shows that visualization of the formation of planar flame provides the most objective criterion for defining flammability limits at elevated pressures.     

浅谈提高爆炸容器使用安全性的技术措施

针对爆炸容器工作时 ,产生的爆炸冲击波、破片、有害气体、振动及噪声等危害因素 ,简述了国内外使用爆炸容器时 ,采取的一些相关安全技术措施 ;提出了将结构健康监测技术应用于爆炸容器寿命安全评估的构想     

The effectiveness of reducing illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limits for driving: evidence for lowering the limit to .05 BAC

PURPOSE: This scientific review provides a summary of the evidence regarding the benefits of reducing the illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit for driving and providing a case for enacting a .05 BAC limit. RESULTS: Fourteen independent studies in the United States indicate that lowering the illegal BAC limit from .10 to .08 has resulted in 5-16% reductions in alcohol-related crashes, fatalities, or injuries. However, the illegal limit is .05 BAC in numerous countries around the world. Several studies indicate that lowering the illegal per se limit from .08 to .05 BAC also reduces alcohol-related fatalities. Laboratory studies indicate that impairment in critical driving functions begins at low BACs and that most subjects are significantly impaired at .05 BAC. The relative risk of being involved in a fatal crash as a driver is 4 to 10 times greater for drivers with BACs between .05 and .07 compared to drivers with .00 BACs. SUMMARY: There is strong evidence in the literature that lowering the BAC limit from .10 to .08 is effective, that lowering the BAC limit from .08 to .05 is effective, and that lowering the BAC limit for youth to .02 or lower is effective. These law changes serve as a general deterrent to drinking and driving and ultimately save lives. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This critical review supports the adoption of lower illegal BAC limits for driving.     

含聚乙烯氧基长侧链共聚物阻磷酸钙垢性能研究

以过硫酸铵为引发剂,含不同乙烯氧基重复单元数n的烯丙基聚乙烯氧基硫酸铵(ASn,n=5,10,15,20)和马来酸酐(MA)为单体在水溶液中聚合,合成对循环冷却水系统中磷酸钙垢有显著阻垢效果的共聚物MSn(n=5,10,15,20),并利用红外光谱(FT-IR)和核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)对聚合物MS10结构进行了表征。采用静态阻垢方法探讨了共聚物MSn中n值以及聚合物用量、溶液中Fe2+、Ca2+、杀生剂和溶液pH值、溶液温度对共聚物阻磷酸钙垢性能的影响。结果表明MSn用量存在临界值效应,MS10阻磷酸钙垢性能最好,在投加量为6 mg/L时MS10阻磷酸钙垢率达92%,且在高Fe2+浓度、高Ca2+浓度、高pH值以及高温条件下具有优异的阻磷酸钙垢性能,与异噻唑啉酮杀生剂和含氯含溴杀生剂有很好的配伍性。实验表明MS10是一种性能优异的循环水用阻磷酸钙阻垢剂。     

障碍物对火焰传播过程影响数值模拟

采用CFD软件AutoReaGas建立典型的物理模型及数值模型来研究管道内障碍物对可燃气体爆炸火焰传播的影响规律。结果表明,障碍物间距、阻塞率的改变会对爆炸场内的火焰传播速率产生巨大影响。障碍物间距的改变对火焰传播速率的影响是一个先增大后减小的过程;低阻塞率下,火焰传播速度较低。但随着阻塞率的增大可燃气体爆炸火焰传播速度得到明显的增大。为障碍物对可燃气体爆炸传播规律的影响的进一步研究提供了理论依据。     

双(对羧苯基)苯基氧化膦阻燃改性聚酯的热解和燃烧特性实验研究

本文以双(对羧苯基)苯基氧化膦为阻燃单体,合成了阻燃共聚酯(COPET)。通过热失重分析和锥形量热分析,研究了阻燃共聚酯的热降解行为和燃烧特性,并对阻燃剂的阻燃机理进行了简单的讨论。实验结果表明,阻燃剂双(对羧苯基)苯基氧化膦是适于聚酯的较好阻燃剂,但其发烟量有待抑制。     

Utilisation of chromic waste in the sodium chromate (VI) production process

This work presents research results on the utilisation of chromic waste in the production of sodium chromate (VI). The optimal parameters of the sodium chromate (VI) process which make it possible to select the best technological solution were determined. This allowed the values useful for a practical estimation of the process, such as mass balances, technological figures and especially the quantity of the produced chromic waste, to be determined. Research on the on-site recycling of the chromic waste from old chromic heaps resulted in working out of the dry enrichment method of the waste stream which was returned to the sodium chromate process. Satisfactory enrichment resulted in the separation of the fraction 63–200 μm, where the enrichment rate was 1.27 at a separation degree of 0.32.     

Calculation of Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) value for the Dow Guide taking credit for the loss control measures

The Dow Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI) is universally used in evaluating the hazard category of a process plant, area of exposure, expected losses in case of fire and explosion, etc. In the current procedure, the effects of the loss control measures (LCMs) on the F&EI value are not taken into account. This makes the plant look more hazardous, makes it more spread out, requires more elaborate emergency measures and alarms the public and the civil administration more than is necessary. It also affects the insurance premium.We suggest taking the effects of the LCMs into account in the F&EI value. We call this the ‘Offset F&EI’ value. It favorably affects all the above items, and other related ones. To do this, we have developed the relevant equations and have proved the efficacy of the Offset F&EI by means of an example.     

Taking Credit for Loss Control Measures in the Plant with the Likely Loss Fire and Explosion Index (LL-F&EI)

This communication proposes a new relationship for estimation of the damage factor (DF) used in the Dow Fire and Explosion Index (F&EI). The proposed new relation more clearly shows how the damage factor depends on other factors in the F&EI, such as material factor (MF) and Process Unit Hazards Factor, and leads to the definition of a new index which accounts for loss control measures implemented in the plant, and thus gives a measure of risk. Analysis shows that three types of relations exist between DF and Process Unit Hazards Factor depending on the size of the MF—low, medium or high. Further analysis shows, that the procedure in the current F&EI Guide may overestimate the DF for a very low MF and moderate to high Process Unit Hazards Factor.The analysis leads to the definition of the Likely Loss Fire & Explosion Index, which provides an estimate of risk of losses from fires and explosions as well as degrees of risk similar to the estimate of hazards and degrees of hazard associated with the Fire & Explosion Index.     

矿难救生球系统在瓦斯爆炸冲击波作用下的动态响应

介绍矿难救生球系统(简称球)的原理及结构,构建巷道空间和球的分析模型,运用数值分析的方法,分别选择3种球体材料和3种球体厚度进行计算,对该系统在瓦斯爆炸冲击波作用下的动态响应进行研讨,分析冲击波作用下球表面的变形、等效应力、等效塑性应变以及球体材料、厚度等因素对球动态响应的影响。结果表明:运用数值分析的方法,可以为救生球系统设计建立一个仿真的实验环境,为优化系统设计、提高设计效率提供参考数据。