磁场与微生物固定技术处理酸性镀铜废水

实验采用磁场与微生物固定技术结合的方法处理酸性镀铜废水,将磁场存在条件下经酸性镀铜废水驯化后的微生物固定在磁性载体表面处理酸性镀铜废水。设计正交实验研究气水比、磁场强度、水力停留时间、进水初始浓度4因素影响下铜离子的去除效果,各因素对实验结果的影响程度由大到小依次为:气水比> 磁场强度> 水力停留时间> 初始浓度。进出水的pH值测定发现,处理后出水pH值由原来的2.50左右上升至4.00~5.00。机理研究表明,菌体对Cu2+的去除作用包括菌体细胞的表面吸附、跨细胞膜的主动运输和积累等作用。     

钢渣粒子电极的制备及其在三维电催化氧化除藻中的应用

为进一步提升电催化氧化除藻效果,制备出钢渣粒子电极,构建了三维电催化氧化系统并用以处理普通小球藻藻液,进而对除藻机理进行了探索。利用钢渣、蒙脱石和锯末在高温煅烧条件下制备钢渣粒子电极,通过制备条件的优化,获得了具有良好除藻性能的钢渣粒子电极。考察普通小球藻经过三维电催化氧化后,藻细胞密度、SOD、光合活性和叶绿素a的变化特征。结果表明：钢渣、蒙脱石、锯末的配比为60%∶28%∶12%,在800 ℃煅烧60 min制备出的钢渣粒子电极在三维电催化氧化系统8 V、60 min条件下,对初始浓度为4×10⁹~6×10⁹ cells·L⁻¹小球藻的去除率为97.10%;处理1 m³藻液的耗电量为3.78 kWh;经过10 min三维电催化氧化处理的藻细胞,其SOD活性会出现短暂升高,藻细胞的光合活性减弱、叶绿素a浓度下降,藻细胞的光合系统的抑制效应可维持较长时间。综合上述结果,应用钢渣粒子的三维电催化氧化系统能够高效除藻,并可长久抑制藻细胞的光合活性。     

海南火山岩滤料曝气生物滤池工艺优化研究

本研究基于上向流曝气生物滤池污水处理系统,研究了该工艺不同气水比、不同水力停留时间、不同滤料高度层、反冲洗强度对污染物的处理效能的影响。结果表明,气水比为4∶1、水力停留时间2 h时,BAF出水中COD、NH+4-N和SS指标达到最佳;沿程污染物去除率随着滤料层高度的增加逐渐增大,当滤料高度大于1.6 m时趋于稳定,COD、NH+4-N和SS平均去除率分别达到80%、99%和80.3%。建议曝气生物滤池的反冲洗推荐程序为:先气冲(18 L/(m2·s)),单独气洗2~3 min;再气冲(18 L/(m2·s))加水冲(5 L/(m2·s)),联合反冲洗3~5 min;最后水冲(5 L/(m2·s)),漂洗5~8 min。     

好氧颗粒污泥自生动态膜生物反应器处理碱减量印染废水

自生动态膜生物反应器(SFDMBR)接种颗粒污泥启动,研究溶解氧浓度和水力停留时间对该反应器处理碱减量印染废水的影响。自生动态膜生物反应器形成稳定的动态膜后,出水浊度小于10 NTU,系统对浊度的去除率在90%以上,溶解氧和水力停留时间对反应器出水浊度基本无影响。系统对废水色度的去除率随着溶解氧浓度的提高和水力停留时间的延长而增加,但是系统对色度的去除效率一般不超过40%。溶解氧浓度由0.3 mg/L逐渐增大至2.4 mg/L,COD的去除率由40%提升至80%,而当溶解氧浓度大于1.0 mg/L后,UV254的去除率达到95%。水力停留时间在8~48 h时,COD去除效率由65%逐渐上升至85%左右;水力停留时间在8~32 h,UV254去除效率为68%~93%,超过32 h后水力停留时间对UV254去除效率的影响已不明显。     

水力空化耦合电解抑藻工艺性能的初步研究

采用水力空化与电解耦合的工艺去除水体中的藻类。初步探索了包括空化管径和电解时间在内的处理工艺参数,改善了处理装置结构。试验选用天然水体优势藻种——铜绿微囊藻和水华鱼腥藻为研究对象,在优化后的水力空化条件下,水头压力0.33 MPa,电流密度为2.13 mA/cm²,处理10 L密度为3.0×106 mL^-1的铜绿微囊藻藻液。结果表明,该装置具有显著的抑藻效果,处理30 min的水样在处理后培养3 d可以达到76.9%的抑藻率,4 d后抑藻率上升到到97.5%。而对藻液分别进行单独空化30 min和单独电解30 min后培养4 d的抑藻率分别为27.7%和27.8%,表明空化耦合电解具有协同作用。通过比较该装置对不同藻种以及处于不同生长阶段的藻种的处理效果,发现装置对铜绿微囊藻的抑藻率显著优于水华鱼腥藻;对于铜绿微囊藻而言,处于对数生长期的藻细胞比稳定生长期更易被除去。     

动态电化学反应器还原硝基苯废水的效能分析

以石墨电极为阴极、钌铱电极为阳极,建立了动态电化学应器用以处理硝基苯模拟废水。考察了水力停留时间、电流密度、电解质浓度和初始pH等因素对硝基苯去除率、苯胺生成率和库伦效率的影响规律,从能耗角度探讨了动态处理方式的优势及其原因。结果表明：动态处理效果明显优于静态处理。当水力停留时间为1 min,电流密度为15 mA·cm-2,电解质浓度为0.05 mol·L-1时,反应20 min硝基苯转化为苯胺的库伦效率为4.15%,比相似条件下的静态处理效果增大2.58倍;反应60 min去除硝基苯和生成苯胺所需能耗分别为10.09 kWh·kg-1和19.53 kWh·kg-1,比静态分别减少45.22%和62.09%;反应120 min硝基苯去除率可达97.3%,苯胺生成率达53.1%,比静态分别提高22.8%和39.2%。     

微气泡气浮清除水体中暴发藻类的试验研究

微气泡气浮(微气浮)是快速高效清除水体暴发藻类的一条新途径。在不投加絮凝剂前提下利用微气浮技术清除藻水中的藻细胞。结果表明,气浮装置在进气量0.2~0.3mL/min、溶气水流量400L/h、压力0.65~0.70MPa时,气浮时间较长,微气泡直径最小。以自来水作为溶气水时,微气浮技术对藻水叶绿素a的去除率为62.0%~73.0%,产生的藻渣含水率为96.5%~98.8%。利用微气浮技术进行实际水体除藻时,宜将气浮装置进水口布设在藻类暴发层以下的清水层。综合考虑处理能耗成本及处理效果,溶气水和藻水体积比宜控制在1.4左右,藻类最佳气浮时间为3~6min,藻渣最佳收集时段为微气浮完成后的14min内。     

大气压等离子体射流对水中铜绿微囊藻的灭活作用

以铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,将空气源大气压等离子体射流(APPJ)引入到液相,构建新型的大气压等离子体射流液相反应体系,考察了不同APPJ处理方式对铜绿微囊藻的灭活效率,观察了放电处理的藻细胞形态,分析了培养基pH的变化和液相产生的主要活性物质(H2O2和O3)对藻灭活的作用,并探讨了APPJ灭活铜绿微囊藻的作用机理。研究结果表明,当电压为7 kV,空气气体流速为4 L/min,藻液吸光度约为0.200,铜绿微囊藻的灭活率达到99.16%;处理后的藻发生细胞变形和破裂;处理后的藻液中产生H2O2和O3等活性物质,同时产生大量的NO3-和NO2-离子,导致液相pH迅速下降。通过考察主要活性物质(H2O2和O3)及藻液pH因素发现,单一因素灭活效果不佳,主要活性物质(H2O2和O3)和pH的组合因素是APPJ灭活水中铜绿微囊藻的主要原因。     

超声波去除铜绿微囊藻研究

研究了超声波机械效应对铜绿微囊藻的即时去除,发现超声波可以安全、高效地去除藻类。超声作用9min即可降低藻细胞浓度25%左右,去除过程符合一级动力学反应规律,速率常数为0 .03006min-1。在80kHz的频率下,超声处理的最佳功率为80W,最适宜温度为24~33℃。在输入总能量相同的条件下,增加处理频次,可提高藻的去除效率。     

不同烟气流速下线板式电除尘器中磁场效应验证

为进一步提高线板式静电除尘器(ESP)的除尘效果、减少细微颗粒物随烟气的逃逸,将磁场引入其中,模拟了特征颗粒粒径2.5 μm、工作电压50 kV条件下的除尘效率,探究了不同烟气流速下磁场对细微颗粒物捕集性能的影响。结果表明：磁场能有效改变带电颗粒的运动轨迹,大幅度提高细微颗粒物的除尘性能;颗粒在低烟气流速条件下,偏向收尘板的趋势更明显,更有利于颗粒物的捕集;外加磁场在高烟气流速时对除尘效率提升作用更显著,且这一提升幅度随着磁感应强度的增大而不断增大并趋于平缓;随着磁感应强度不断减小,烟气流速降低除尘效率的幅度逐步增大,直至无磁场环境时达到最大。以上研究结果可为磁场在静电除尘器的应用提供参考,对改善ESP的除尘性能具有重要意义。     

交流电场频率对柳树-东南景天混栽修复镉污染土壤的影响

单一植物吸收的方法修复镉 (Cd) 污染土壤效果欠佳,交流电场联合植物可以更好地提高土壤Cd污染的治理效率。通过优化电场频率等参数可以提高土壤Cd的移动性,促进植物吸收土壤Cd。采用土壤盆栽试验的方法,研究交流电场频率 (50、300 Hz) 对竹柳3号和东南景天混种条件下土壤理化性质、Cd有效性、植物生长和Cd吸收积累能力的影响。与对照 (没有施加电场) 相比,300 Hz电场处理的土壤pH值显著降低了0.13。电场频率的提高显著提升了土壤Cd的有效性,300 Hz频率电场处理的土壤有效态Cd质量分数显著高于对照35.00%。交流电场促进了植物生长,柳树和东南景天的株高、生物量、叶片SPAD值及根系形态指标在外加50、300 Hz交流电场时均得到提高。交流电场降低了柳树各部分和东南景天地下部Cd质量分数,其中50 Hz处理柳树叶片、枝条、树干、根系和东南景天地下部Cd质量分数较对照分别降低22.16%、29.82% (P<0.05) 、1.49%、15.91% (P<0.05) 、31.81% (P<0.05) 。相反,电场频率的提高有利于东南景天地上部Cd质量分数增加,50、300 Hz处理东南景天地上部Cd质量分数较对照分别增加43.37%、55.18% (P<0.05) 。交流电场提高了植物对土壤Cd吸收积累,但不同的电场频率对植物Cd修复效率影响不同,50、300 Hz交流电场下植物地上部分总Cd积累量较对照分别显著增加24.04%、21.24%。从这2种植物上看,50 Hz交流电场更能提高柳树Cd修复效率,300 Hz交流电场更提高能东南景天Cd修复效率。本试验装置成本较低,修复效果较好,对于电场频率增强植物修复Cd效率具有很大参考价值,有较好的应用前景。     

脉冲磁场对电厂循环冷却水中异养菌的灭活

为了控制微生物繁殖对电厂循环冷却水系统造成的危害,研究了脉冲电源发生器与线圈绕组相连产生的脉冲磁场对循环水中异养菌的灭活影响,并对灭活关键因素进行了分析。实验结果表明,脉冲磁场对电厂循环冷却水中的异养菌有灭活作用;灭活率对频率和输出电压有选择性,并且随着作用时间和温度的升高而升高;在扫频范围100～1000 Hz、输出电压3 V、单次作用时间为15 s,温度45℃时,异养菌灭活率达到78.8%。     

Monitoring the magnetic field in houses under 50 Hz high-voltage overhead transmission lines

This paper deals with a one-week monitoring of the 50 Hz magnetic field on the ground floor and the first floor of houses under 150, 220 and 380 kV high-voltage overhead three-phase AC transmission lines. The field strength varied with the current intensity, the conductor height, and the storey of the house. Because current intensity varies with time the magnetic field depended on the time of day and the day of the week. The recorded magnetic field ranged from 0.1 µT to 4.5 µT. The maximum value was at least 20 times weaker than the 100 µT exposure level recommended by the guidelines of the International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA) and about 140 times smaller than the 640 µT of the European Prestandard (CENELEC). The B-field was, for 99.9% of the measuring time, larger than the 0.2 µT cut-off point used to define categories of exposed and unexposed subjects in EMF epidemiological studies and, for 99.3% of the time, was greater than the 0.3 µT level used by US private engineering companies as the 'prudent avoidance' exposure limit. The weakest average magnetic field was at least 40 times larger than the 0.02 µT background value.     

生物磁分离新技术处理含铬废水最佳条件的研究

为了探索新工艺"趋磁细菌-磁分离法"处理含铬废水的最佳条件,首先进行了趋磁细菌对铬离子的去除影响因素试验,研究了pH、温度、时间和微生物量对吸附的影响;其次进行了趋磁细菌的分离试验,考查了磁分离器中悬丝摆放位置和磁场强度对溶液中菌体的去除效果的影响.试验结果表明,体系的pH值对铬离子的去除效率影响最大,pH值的最佳范围为5～11;在室温范围内,温度对吸附的影响不大;随着菌量的增加,菌对Cr(Ⅲ)的去除率略有提高,而单位质量菌的吸附量却有明显下降.在分离趋磁细菌时,磁场强度为100高斯时分离效果很高,而超过100高斯以后,效果不明显;另外,分离器中的金属丝和磁场方向垂直放置要比平行放置效果好,并用扫描电镜放大5 000倍观察了金属丝上被捕集的趋磁细菌的形态和结构.     

Assessment of manure-application effects upon the runoff water quality by algal assays and chemical analyses

The effects of manure-application mode, rate to soil, and rainfall characteristics on the quality of agricultural runoff water have been assessed by means of the algal-growth-potential test (AGPT) and chemical analyses. This study used two modes of manure application (i.e. surface mode and incorporation mode), three manure-application rates (0, 150, 300 kg N ha(-1)), and two rainfall intensities and times (i.e. 11 mm h(-1) for 142 min and 22 mm h(-1) for 71 min). The effects of the dilution of runoff water on algal growth were also examined. The algal yields obtained with runoff from soil with the incorporated manure mode are similar to those from soil without manure application and are lower than those with the surface mode of manure application. A higher manure-application rate increases the load of nutrients in the runoff and subsequently the algal yield. The dilution of runoff water can stimulate or limit the algal growth, depending on the concentration of toxicants, N (nitrogen) and P (phosphorus) from runoff and in the aquatic diluting medium. A lower rainfall intensity plus a longer rainfall time increases algal productivity. This study showed that N is the limiting factor to algal growth at low dilution but that, at high dilution or with the incorporation mode of manure application, P becomes the limiting factor to algal growth.     

稻秆对铜绿微囊藻抑制作用的研究

研究了稻秆浸出液对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用.研究表明,稻秆浸出液中含有的化学物质抑制了铜绿微囊藻的生长繁殖.稻秆浸泡时间的延长,有利于提高浸出液的抑藻效果,但浸泡时间过长则无益于抑藻效果提高,浸泡时间为15 d时,抑制率能高达75.99%.稻秆浸出液投加量达7.5%以上具有显著的抑藻效果.不同部位的水稻秸秆浸出液对铜绿...     

超声辅助对污泥电脱水的特性改进

采用自制的超声波辅助电场污泥脱水装置进行实验,考察了超声波声强和作用时间等因素对污泥含水率的影响。结果表明,在固定频率20 kHz条件下,在相同电场(电压60 V,作用时间5 min)和压力场(压力0.1 MPa,作用时间5.5 min)作用下,通过变换超声波声强和作用时间,得出最优处理条件为声强0.255 W/cm2,作用时间3.5 min。为了消除初始含水率与系统误差的影响,将脱水率作为比较各作用工况的重要指标。在上述最佳工艺条件下, 污泥含水率由83.26%降低至72.90%,与单纯电渗透脱水相比,脱水率由4.88%增大到12.44%,同时减缓电流衰减的速率,增加电渗流量上升速率,增强了电渗透脱水效果。     

A new protocol to measure the effects of toxicants on daphnid-algae interactions

Inhibition of zooplankton grazing by toxicants present at sublethal concentrations in freshwater ecosystems can lead to uncontrolled algal growth and consequently exacerbate eutrophication problems. Short-term measurements of cladoceran grazing inhibition have been reported for some toxicants, but these studies do not mimic the actual interactions between microalgae, daphnids and toxicants, since algal growth is not allowed. On the opposite, algal blooms in complex microcosm or mesocosm assays have been interpreted as consequences on zooplankton, but effects on grazing, survival, growth or reproduction could not be easily discriminated. In this study, a simple assay with daphnids and microalgae is proposed to measure effects on grazing in dynamic conditions (algal growth over 6 days), and applied to copper and lindane. In the same time, direct effects on algal growth can be shown and taken into account. Results are compared with daphnid response measured with different endpoints (immobilization test and static grazing assay). For both toxicants, effects at sublethal concentrations were demonstrated. Copper impaired daphnid grazing at 10 microg/l (60% inhibition) in the 48 h-static test and 15 microg/l (40% inhibition) in the 6 day-dynamic test, whereas 48 h-EC50 for daphnid mobility was 47 microg/l. The EC50s for lindane were 50 microg/l for daphnid grazing (48 h-static and 6 day-dynamic tests) and 383 microg/l for the immobilization test (48 h).     

Assessing the toxicity of organophosphorous pesticides to indigenous algae with implication for their ecotoxicological impact to aquatic ecosystems

This study aimed to determine the toxicity of three organophosphorous pesticides, chlorpyrifos, terbufos and methamidophos, to three indigenous algal species isolated from local rivers and algal mixtures. The diatom Nitzschia sp. (0.30–1.68 mg L^?1 of EC₅₀ -the estimated concentration related to a 50% growth reduction) and the cyanobacteria Oscillatoria sp. (EC₅₀ of 0.33–7.99 mg L^?1) were sensitive to single pesticide treatment and the chlorophyta Chlorella sp. was the most tolerant (EC₅₀ of 1.29–41.16 mg L^?1). In treatment with the mixture of three pesticides, Chlorella sp. became the most sensitive alga. The antagonistic joint toxic effects on three indigenous algae and algal mixtures were found for most of the two pesticide mixtures. The results suggested that mixture of pesticides might induce the detoxification mechanisms more easily than the single pesticide. The synergistic interactions between terbufos and methamidophos to algal mixtures and between methamidophos and chlorpyrifos to Nitzschia sp. indicated methamidophos might act as a potential synergist. Differential sensitivity of three families of algae to these pesticides might result in changes in the algal community structures after river water has been contaminated with different pesticides, posing great ecological risk on the structure and functioning of the aquatic ecosystem.