国外资料:带尘屑收集器的车刀

为了车削加工脆性材料 (木材、塑料和青铜等).苏联塔甘洛卡联合收割机厂试制成功带尘屑收集器的车刀。这种车刀(见图1)有刀杆1,管状刀头2(切削部分),支撑螺母3,接管4和螺钉5。 在对刀时,可用螺母3来调节刀头2对刀杆1的高度。如加工阶梯形工件时,该车刀还备有管状底座的菱形刀头(见图2)。 刀杆1紧固在刀架上。接管4套有与抽气装置联接的帆布橡胶软管,能环绕轴线旋转。刀头可在刀杆中心线上的圆孔卸换。 在加工过程中,气流吸住尘屑,将其送入专用收集器中。同时,气流也能使刀头冷却。在车削木材和塑料 (夹布酚醛塑料和纸质胶木等)时,气流能从工…     

高速车辆／列车控制中无线数据传输的可靠性， 可用性分析分析

无线通信技术快速地发展，使得利用无线技术 传送车、地信息成为可能。该技术在车辆／列车控制系统中应用时的关键问题是无线传输的可靠性、可用性，特别是在高速情况下，无线传输的误码率能否满足车辆／列车控制系统的要求。笔者分析了高速环境下无线信道的特性；分析无线传输用于高速车辆／列车控制系统的可靠性、可用性，建立信道模型；分析了车辆／列车速度对无线信息传输误码率的影响；结合环境特点提出改进无线 链路性能的具体措施。最后，还提出了高速环境下判断无线传输能否满足车辆／列车控制要求的具体方法。     

"跳"出煤矿抓安全

作为三明历史上第一支高速交警队，新单位年青民警多，有相当部分还是刚参加工作的。面对一群生龙活虎的年青人，让人感受到充满活力的青春朝气，但欣喜之余还有一丝隐忧：年青的肩膀能否承受起神圣职责赋予的重任？     

基于模糊FMEA法的乏燃料剪切机剪切装置风险评估

为了有效控制乏燃料后处理立式送料剪切机剪切装置在运行过程中的风险,采用基于模糊理论的故障模式及影响分析(FMEA)对剪切装置的故障模式进行风险评价。首先将风险优先指数(RPN)的3个评价指标视为模糊变量并模糊化,接着采用专家打分的方式对各故障模式进行模糊评价,采用重心法解模糊化,计算得出各故障模式的模糊风险优先指数(FRPN),从而确定机械设备中各故障模式的风险控制顺序。利用模糊FMEA法对乏燃料立式送料剪切机剪切装置的故障模式进行了风险评估,结果表明,吊篮焊接件裂纹、主刀体破损、刀具退刀固定档板变形为风险较大的故障模式,分析结果与工程实际较吻合。     

高速涡流镁粉机组粉尘爆炸危险性评估

阐述了高速涡流镁粉机组的生产工艺流程及其构造、分析表明，在正常生产情况下不会发生粉尘爆炸事故。     

数字播报

20亿 一旦发生破坏性地震,在地震波到达前,电视、广播、手机会第一时间自动发布预警信息,并将紧急制动高速列车、学校鸣响警铃、核电站关闭核反应堆的触发装置等,     

龙门刨液压抬刀装置

龙门刨床加工T形槽时,一般因机床本身抬刀高度不够,都得用人力抬刀,劳动强度很大,很不卫生,还容易碰坏刨刀、工件甚至机床 为了解决上述问题,我在领导和技术人员的支持与帮助下,经过几年的试验,制作了用于龙门刨床垂直刀架上的DYT-2型液压自动抬刀装置,代替了人工抬刀。它的特点是:不需要改动原机床部件;体积较小,重量较轻(自重15公斤),不妨碍刀架上手轮的操作;可调整抬刀的高度;可以根据工作需要,控制它不抬刀或抬起后不落刀;可以在各种规格龙门刨床的垂直刀架上应用。安装上这一装置后,劳动强度大大减轻,又安全卫生,有利于提高工作效率…     

福州燃油又涨价

出行福银高速福州段辖区（全长约102公里），要小心危险的5个路段：美菰林隧道 全长约5．6公里，是目前我国已开通的最长公路隧道。由于隧道长，隧道内行车视线差，容易发生追尾等事故。     

紧急事故应对技巧

刹车失灵 行驶中突然发生刹车失灵，应沉着地迅速脱开高速挡轰一脚空油，将高速挡换入低速挡，利用发动机的牵引阻力作用降低车速．在换低速挡的同时，结合使用手刹，注意手刹不能一次拉紧不放，也不能拉得太慢。     

“珍珠”好听却暴虐 台风雨中保安全——漳州高速交警第二大队抗击台风“珍珠”侧记

5月18日凌晨，漳州高速交警第二大队在抗击今年第1号台风“珍珠”中，根据省交警总队、高速交警支队指示要求，提前排查摸底、消除交通安全隐患，周密布署，保障辖区无人员伤亡及过往车辆受损的良好局势，确保台风过后迅速恢复正常通行，为灾后中央、省、市级政府部门赶赴受灾县市进行抢险救灾提供安全的道路通行。     

固体可燃物易点燃性标准的探讨

可燃性固体的引燃和熄灭与辐射到其表面的临界热能量和产生挥发分所必需的表面温度有关。探讨固体可燃物易点燃性标准,燃怀标准,对防火和灭火在理论上有一定的指导意义。本文在理论分析的基础上,提出了一种用固体挥发分的临界质量通量量化解释引燃和熄灭条件的方法,给出了易点燃性的标准。     

Prediction of the self-ignition temperature in lagging fires by means of isothermal calorimetry

Under certain circumstances, contamination of a porous insulation material by a combustible liquid may result in a lagging/insulation fire. In the current study, a method based on isothermal calorimetry and modelling to estimate the risk of a lagging fire, or a maximum insulation thickness for a certain system temperature, is presented. The studied system was a combination of mineral wool and rapeseed oil. Full-scale tests were performed to determine suitable ignition criteria and to validate the results from the isothermal calorimetry tests and modelling. We contaminated the lagging using two methods – a direct method and a solvent method. These methods were evaluated in the full-scale tests. The solvent method resulted in more repeatable results than the direct method, where the contaminant was poured on the insulation. Using the calorimetric measurements, we estimated the parameters for the kinetic equation. This result was used to estimate the self-ignition temperature of contaminated lagging installed on a pipe. We found that a temperature increase of 40 °C was a reasonable ignition criterion when modelling.     

Potential risks at an industrial site: A wind tunnel study

A gaseous dispersion over a complex urban area after an accident with a leakage of chlorine in a chemical factory is investigated experimentally in a wind tunnel experiment under neutral conditions by using a Laser Doppler Anemometer and Analyser IREX. Diffusion fields in a turbulent boundary layer are simulated using a model of a landscape surrounding the factory at a scale of 1:1000. The obtained results indicate that morphology is one of the important parameters in studying atmospheric diffusion. The strong turbulent mixing inside the urban surface layer has created a rapid decrease in the surface concentrations. Moreover, the diffusion measured in these experiments may be used to develop and evaluate operational models to predict the dispersion of chlorine in a chemical factory.     

Analytical characterization of movements of the spinal column and risk assessment due to repeated movements of the upper limbs of building painters

Manual activities of construction workers may induce musculoskeletal disorders. This study on a group of painters aimed to analytically characterize movements of the spinal column by both lumbar motion monitor and television cameras and to determine, using the Occupational Repetitive Actions (OCRA) Index method, the risk exerted by repeated movements of the upper limbs. The main results are: painting with a roller generally exposes workers to a lesser risk for upper limbs than painting with a brush; a roller-stick fixed at the wrong length can lead to stretching of the back at lumbar and cervical levels; to remain within the range of ‘acceptable risk’ (OCRA Index evaluation), a worker should not paint a vertical wall for over 3 h if using a roller and 2.5 h if painting with a brush; and, on average, a painter who paints for 5 h in a day lifts the bucket about 120,140 times.     

Valuing lives equally in a benefit-coast analysis of safety projects: A method to reconcile theory and practice

A value of statistical life (VSL) is used in cost-benefit analysis (CBA) as a monetary measure of the benefits to people from small risk reductions that arise from safety projects. Despite its widespread use in a number of countries, the concept of a VSL remains controversial, not least because it implies acceptance of the underlying ethical assumptions of CBA together with the idea that ‘social welfare’ can be measured and aggregated in some manner. In addition, to comply with theory, variable VSLs for different groups within society would be advocated. However, without fail, empirically, it is the case that those countries that employ a willingness to pay based approach to cost-benefit analysis of a safety project appraisal tend to use a single value for that accident context that is independent of the per capita income level, or indeed other personal characteristics, of the sub-group in society to which the safety improvement will actually apply. This article presents a straightforward, but theoretically justified adaptation to the calculation of a VSL which allows empirical practice by policymakers i.e. the application of a “common” VSL for any particular hazard within a given society, to be compatible with a CBA decision making approach.     

Aspects of Tests and Assessment of Filtering Materials Used for Respiratory Protection Against Bioaerosols. Part II: Sweat in the Environment,Microorganisms in the Form of a Bioaerosol

The second part of the article presents the results of a study of antimicrobial activity of filter nonwovens with an addition of biocides, as a function of the presence of sweat in the environment and the method of microbe deposition on a nonwoven in the form of a liquid and a bioaerosol. At the same time, the filtration efficiency of nonwovens against microorganisms in the form of a bioaerosol was tested with the dynamic method. The results showed that the addition of sweat on the surface of a nonwoven resulted in an insignificant decrease of biological activity that still remained high. Moreover, an active nonwoven showed biostatic and biocidal activity only when microbes were deposited on the surface in the form of a solution. The nonwoven did not show any biological activity after deposition of microorganisms with the dynamical method in the form of a bioaerosol.     

Investigation of the use of a closed pressure vessel test for estimating condensed phase explosive properties of organic compounds

Following the indications of earlier work, the use of a closed pressure vessel test (a mini-autoclave system) to estimate the explosive properties of organic compounds has been investigated. The dependent variable was an explosivity ranking derived from the results of a propagation of detonation test, a heating under confinement test and a deflagration test. Tentative criteria have been derived to allow the following conclusions:• Not detonable• Not Class 1• No explosive properties with respect to transport classificationThe criteria are based upon the maximum rate of pressure rise observed in the mini-autoclave and the temperature at which this occurs. They offer a more efficient screen than the decomposition energy criteria which are currently used for initial assessment of explosive properties. The importance of event temperature suggests that existing classification tests may be underestimating heating under confinement and deflagration hazards. In this case, maximum rates of pressure rise from a closed pressure vessel test might be a better basis of classification, at least for supply if not transport. Further work is necessary to test the proposed screening criteria and to assess the use of a closed pressure vessel test as a means of classification.     

Incorporating organizational factors into probabilistic risk assessment of complex socio-technical systems: Principles and theoretical foundations

The current generation of Probabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA), particularly those for technical systems, does not include an explicit representation of the possible impacts of organization and management on the safety performance of equipment and personnel. There are a number of technical challenges in developing a predictive model of organizational safety performance. There is a need for a widely accepted and theoretically sound set of principles on which models of organizational influences could be developed and validated. As a result of a multidisciplinary effort, this paper explores the feasibility of developing such principles and proposes a set of principles for organizational safety risk analysis. Then, as a realization of the proposed modeling principles, a safety risk framework, named Socio-Technical Risk Analysis (SoTeRiA), is developed. SoTeRiA formally integrates the technical system risk models with the social (safety culture and safety climate) and structural (safety practices) aspects of safety prediction models, and provides a theoretical basis for the integration. A systematic view of safety culture and safety climate leaves an important gap in modeling complex system safety risk, and SoTeRiA, describing the relationship between these two concepts, bridges this gap. The framework explicitly recognizes the relationship among constructs at multiple levels of analysis, and extends the PRA framework to include the effects of organizational factors in a more comprehensive and defensible way.     

Workstations for people with disabilities: an example of a virtual reality approach

This article describes a method of adapting workstations for workers with motion disability using computer simulation and virtual reality (VR) techniques. A workstation for grinding spring faces was used as an example. It was adjusted for two people with a disabled right upper extremity. The study had two stages. In the first, a computer human model with a visualization of maximal arm reach and preferred workspace was used to develop a preliminary modification of a virtual workstation. In the second stage, an immersive VR environment was used to assess the virtual workstation and to add further modifications. All modifications were assessed by measuring the efficiency of work and the number of movements involved. The results of the study showed that a computer simulation could be used to determine whether a worker with a disability could access all important areas of a workstation and to propose necessary modifications.