柴油污染包气带的气相抽提影响因素

气相抽提(SVE)是一种经济、高效的土壤原位修复技术。为了研究介质、介质含水率和通风方式对SVE去除效率的影响,并探讨实验运行过程中包气带不同深度柴油浓度的变化规律,实验利用了有机玻璃柱模拟包气带环境,开展柴油污染的SVE实验。结果表明,对于不同介质,SVE去除粗砂中柴油的效率高于中砂;不同含水率,含水率为1%的粗砂中柴油的去除率大于含水率为12%的粗砂;不同的通风方式,连续通风的效率大于间歇通风。此外,不同深度介质均出现柴油浓度先升高后降低的趋势。     

生物通风技术修复柴油污染土壤的土柱模拟实验

生物通风技术是将土壤气相抽提和生物降解结合起来的原位强迫氧化降解方法,对于修复因地下储油罐泄漏引起的土壤污染具有广阔的应用前景。通过室内土柱模拟柴油泄漏污染土壤,分析了不同历时残余总石油烃(total pe-troleum hydrocarbon,TPH)的平衡分布规律以及土壤中不同深度柴油量、总柴油量的变化。结果表明:(1)各柱残余TPH剖面分布差异的原因受土柱的初始装填情况的影响较大;(2)残余TPH平衡分布曲线呈双峰型的土柱,柴油的去除主要以挥发作用及生物降解作用为主;(3)挥发作用主要是由通风孔隙体积数及土壤含水率来影响的;重力作用则主要是由初始油浓度、土壤含水率、C∶N∶P影响的;除通风方式外,其余4个因素都对生物降解作用有影响;(4)初始油浓度较大,土壤含水率较小的柱8和柱11,生物降解作用最明显,柴油去除效果最好。该成果可为生物通风过程的强化提供理论依据。     

土壤气相抽提法去除红壤中挥发性有机污染物的影响因素研究

土壤气相抽提技术(SVE)是一种安全、经济、高效的土壤治理技术,广泛应用于不饱和土壤中挥发性有机污染物的去除.本实验以我国南方典型土壤红壤(粘性较大的土壤)为实验土样,选用最常见的挥发性有机物苯作为污染物,采用一维土柱通风模拟SVE过程,研究了通风流量、土壤含水率以及间歇操作对苯污染红壤去污过程的影响.结果表明,在各土柱垂向气相中苯浓度变化趋势一致,通风初期浓度迅速降低后进入长时间的拖尾阶段,拖尾阶段初期进行间歇操作可降低能耗达到较经济的治理效果.通风流量与土壤含水率是影响净化时间和修复效果的重要因素,两者均存在最佳值.当通风流量为600 mL/min,含水率为17.2%时本实验净化时间降低为36 h,去除率为99.9%,达到了最佳的治理效果.     

土壤气相抽提技术去污规律及土层压力变化特征分析

土壤气相抽提(SVE)技术可有效去除包气带土壤中挥发性有机污染物(VOCs),是一种经济高效的土壤原位修复技术.对北京市某化工厂内进行SVE技术的现场应用,去除污染土壤中的VOCs,研究污染物的消减规律以及土层压力的变化特征.结果表明,抽出气体的污染物浓度随SVE的运行不断降低,群井抽气初期,VOCs浓度迅速下降,之后...     

响应曲面法优化微波修复二甲苯污染土壤工艺参数

目前土壤污染问题得到越来越多的关注,污染土壤修复技术的研究更加受到重视。通过单因素和响应曲面法优化实验,研究了含水率、处理量、辐照时间和微波功率对二甲苯去除效果的影响,并且对不同敏化剂的作用进行了实验研究。结果表明,微波功率、辐照时间和含水率对二甲苯的去除率均有显著影响。模型优化结果显示,微波修复二甲苯污染土壤的最佳工艺参数为:微波功率530W,辐照时间3.4min,含水率32%,去除率可达到79.75%,实验验证结果与预测值之间相对误差为1.89%。活性炭在反应过程中主要起吸附作用,粉煤灰的添加对二甲苯的去除有非常显著的作用,去除率最高可达到98.42%。     

活化过硫酸钠去除长期污染土壤中的TPH

探讨了利用过硫酸钠氧化修复实际污染场地长期高浓度石油类(TPH)污染土壤的可行性。研究了过硫酸钠的活化方式、添加量、添加方式、土壤初始p H等因素对TPH降解效率的影响,并采用探针化合物研究了活化过硫酸钠对TPH的氧化去除机制。结果表明:Fe~(2+)活化方法对TPH去除效果最好,反应24 h最高去除率达40.8%;碱活化效果次之,去除率可达35.2%;过氧化氢活化效果一般,去除率为21%左右;热活化效果较差,去除率仅为15.6%。Fe~(2+)活化过硫酸钠去除土壤中TPH的反应在5 min内基本完成,最佳过硫酸钠用量为2.5 mmol·g-1土,过硫酸钠/硫酸亚铁/柠檬酸投加量之比为4∶1∶1,一次添加氧化剂的方式较多次添加效果好。实验场地土壤初始p H对TPH降解效果影响不大,自由基探针实验证实反应中硫酸根自由基、羟基自由基、还原性物质的存在。对于本场地污染土壤的修复,利用Fe~(2+)活化过硫酸钠修复是较为有效、快速的方法。     

矿化垃圾修复石油污染土壤的影响因素及污染物的去除机制

利用矿化垃圾对石油污染土壤进行修复研究,以期在低成本、易操作、修复效果好的前提下达到以废治废的目的。分别研究了矿化垃圾与石油污染土壤的混合比例、土壤含盐量、含油量和含水率对矿化垃圾修复石油污染土壤的影响,并通过3D-EEM(三维荧光)和GC-MS(气相-质谱)技术分析了体系石油污染物的去除特性。结果表明:矿化垃圾对石油污染土壤具有较好的修复效果,在矿化垃圾与石油污染土壤的混合比例为6:4、土壤不添加盐分、含油量为4%、含水率为30%的条件下,运行94 d后土壤中石油去除率最高可达58.61%;同时,基于3D-EEM分析发现土壤中石油类物质的荧光峰位置在处理前后均出现在Ex/Em=300 nm/330 nm处,其去除率为44.89%,表明矿化垃圾床对三环及其同系物和单环及其同系物的芳烃去除效果较好;另外,基于GC-MS技术分析得出,经矿化垃圾修复后,土壤中石油总去除率为66.57%,除正十八烷去除率(19.84%)较低外,其他烷烃的去除率均高于56.8%。     

射频加热强化土壤气相抽提技术的应用

热强化土壤气相抽提技术是一种高效的土壤治理技术,广泛应用于包气带土壤中挥发性有机污染物的去除。在天津某有机污染场地开展射频加热强化土壤气提技术应用研究,研究了射频阳极连接方式对场地加热效果的影响,并考察了该技术对实验场地的实际修复效果。结果表明,射频阳极采用并联方式连接对场地的加热效果较好,加热10 d后,场地温度升高约40℃;随着SVE系统工作时间的延长,场地温度逐渐下降,土壤气中TVOCs的浓度逐渐下降;经过约2个月的修复,中浅层土壤中污染物的总去除率约90%,氯仿去除率达95%,深层土壤中的污染物去除率约64%。     

白腐真菌对受喹啉污染模拟土壤的生物修复研究

通过引入白腐真菌对受喹啉污染的模拟土壤进行生物修复.结果表明,白腐真菌对受喹啉污染土壤的生物修复是可行的;土壤含水率升高,喹啉去除率提高;投菌量越大,喹啉的去除效果越显著;不同pH土壤中的白腐真菌对喹啉降解差异不大,添加木屑能为白腐真菌提供额外的营养源,对土壤中喹啉的降解起到了促进作用.     

微波强化高级氧化降解土壤中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯

为探究微波强化高级氧化对土壤有机污染物的去除效果,以土壤邻苯二甲酸二丁甲酯(DBP)为处理对象,过碳酸钠(SPC)为氧化剂,通过单因素实验探索微波强化高级氧化降解土壤有机污染物的主要影响因子,比较MW/SPC、水浴/SPC和单独MW 3种反应体系对DBP去除的效果,通过自由基猝灭实验分析体系主要活性物种,研究DBP去除途径及MW在体系中所起的作用。结果表明:微波强化高级氧化降解有机污染物的主要影响因素有SPC投料比、含水率、反应温度和微波辐照时间;在SPC/DBP(摩尔比)为800,含水率为80%,反应温度为80℃的最佳反应条件下处理初始质量浓度为21.7mg·kg~(-1)的DBP 40 min后,DBP的去除率达到85.14%;土壤的初始p H对DBP去除率影响不显著,MW/SPC体系中主要活性物种是HO·;DBP去除途径主要是氧化降解。     

Model analysis of mechanisms controlling pneumatic soil vapor extraction

The efficiency of traditional soil venting or soil vapor extraction (SVE) highly depends on the architecture of the subsurface because imposed advective air flow tends to bypass low-permeable contaminated areas. Pneumatic SVE is a technique developed to enhance remediation efficiency of heterogeneous soils by enforcing large fluctuating pressure fronts through the contaminated area. Laboratory experiments have suggested that pneumatic SVE considerably improves the recovery rate from low-permeable units. We have analyzed the experimental results using a numerical code and quantified the physical processes controlling the functioning of the method. A sensitivity analysis for selected boundary conditions, initial conditions and parameters was carried out to examine how the method behaves under conditions different from the experimental set-up. The simulations show that at the laboratory level the pneumatic venting technology is superior to the traditional technique, and that the method is particularly efficient in cases where large permeability contrasts exist between soil units in the subsurface.     

土壤气相抽提去除土壤中汽油烃污染物柱试验研究

原位处理土壤石油污染对于土壤和地下水的有机污染控制具有极其重要的现实意义.通过砂土柱试验研究了原位物理通风的主要工艺形式及运行参数,并初步分析了汽油烃在砂土柱中的迁移和通风去除机制.结果表明,顶部真空抽提与底部注气两种通风方式相比,顶部真空抽提效果较好,砂土柱汽油烃初始质量浓度为2.937 mg/g时,经过104.5 h通风,砂土柱中汽油烃去除率达80.49%.土壤汽油烃初始浓度影响其在土壤中的迁移和去除,土壤汽油烃初始浓度越大,相同通风条件下,物理通风方法去除土壤中挥发性有机物的效率越低.通风及通风方式对砂土中的汽油烃的去除影响很大,连续通风可在砂土柱中形成稳定的负压环境,在汽油烃初始质量浓度为35.730 mg/g时,连续真空抽提264 h,砂土柱中的汽油烃平均去除率达89.29%;间歇通风在砂土柱中形成的负压环境不稳定,但也可以去除砂土柱中的汽油烃.初步分析认为,汽油烃存在负压作用下的向上挥发和重力作用下的向下迁移两个过程,其综合作用的结果导致汽油烃在砂土柱中的分布状况.     

Effect of soil layering on NAPL removal behavior in soil-heated vapor extraction

Soil heating has been proposed as a method to enhance the vapor extraction of NAPLs from contaminated soils. Three-dimensional fluid flow and heat transfer simulations have been performed for soil-heated vapor extraction to determine the transient system performance for a hypothetical configuration. Soil layering has been considered in evaluation of the initial non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) distribution and in evaporation and transport to the vapor extraction location. Results from this layered model are compared with results for a homogeneous system with an initially uniform NAPL, indicating the influence of layering, the initial NAPL distribution, the type of NAPL, and the possibility of enhanced vapor diffusion. Not only is the NAPL removal time reduced significantly with the addition of heat, but the uncertainty in the removal time owing to a number of difficult to characterize in situ factors, such as layering and the initial NAPL distribution, is much less than for standard soil vapor extraction without heating, owing to the rise in temperature and increase in NAPL vapor pressure with time.     

Electrokinetic remediation of a Cu contaminated red soil by conditioning catholyte pH with different enhancing chemical reagents

The effect of enhancement reagents on the efficiency of electrokinetic remediation of Cu contaminated red soil is evaluated. The enhancement agents were a mix of organic acids, including lactic acid+NaOH, HAc-NaAc and HAc-NaAc+EDTA. The soil was prepared to an initial Cu concentration of 438 mgkg(-1) by incubating the soil with CuSO4 solution in a flooded condition for 1 month. Sequential extraction showed that Cu was partitioned in the soil as follows: 195 mgkg(-1) as water soluble and exchangeable, 71 mgkg(-1) as carbonate bound and 105 mgkg(-1) as Fe and Mn oxides. The results indicate that neutralizing the catholyte pH maintains a lower soil pH compared to that without electrokinetic treatment. The electric currents varied depending upon the conditioning solutions and increased with an increasing applied voltage potential. The electroosmotic flow rate changed significantly when different conditioning enhancing reagents were used. It was observed that lactic acid+NaOH treatments resulted in higher soil electric conductivities than HAc-NaAc and HAc-NaAc+EDTA treatments. Ultimately, enhancement by lactic acid+NaOH resulted in highest removal efficiency (81% Cu removal) from the red soil. The presence of EDTA did not enhance Cu removal efficiencies from the red soil, because EDTA complexed with Cu to form negatively charge complexes, which slowly migrated toward the anode chamber retarding Cu2+ transport towards the cathode.     

Axi-symmetric simulation of soil vapor extraction influenced by soil fracturing

Fracturing, either pneumatic or hydraulic, is a method to improve the performance of soil vapor extraction (SVE) in relatively low permeability soils (< 10(-5) cm/s). A two-dimensional model is presented to simulate trichloroethylene (TCE) soil vapor extraction modified by fracturing. Flow and transport is modeled using mobile macropore and micropore networks, which also have been identified in the literature as dual porosity, dual permeability, or heterogeneous flow models. In this model, fluids can flow in both the macropore and micropore networks. This represents a more general model compared to immobile micropore, mobile macropore models presented thus far in the literature for vapor flow and transport in two dimensions. The model considers pressure- and concentration-driven exchange between the macropore and micropore networks, concentration-driven exchange between the gas and sorbed phases within each network, and equilibrium exchange between the gas and water and a sorbed phase within each network. The parameters employed in an example simulation are based on field measurements made at a fractured site. Considered in the simulations were the influence of the volume percentage of fractures, the length of fractures, the relative location of the water table, and the influence of pulsed pumping. For these simulations, internetwork concentration-driven exchange most significantly affected mass removal. The volume percentage of fractures more significantly influence flow and mass removal than the length of fractures. The depth of the water table below the contamination plume only significantly influenced flow and mass removal when the water table was within 60 cm of the bottom of the contaminated soil in the vadose zone for the parameters considered in this study. Pulsed pumping was not found to increase the amount of mass removed in this study.     

Modelling the extraction of soil contaminants with supercritical carbon dioxide

Extractions of volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) in contaminated soil from petroleum site were performed with supercritical carbon dioxide at different temperatures, pressures, extraction times, solvent flow rates, soil moisture contents and soil acidity. Three soil systems were investigated in order to compare the best parameters for extraction. A central composite rotatable design has been used to evaluate the influence of operation conditions on the extraction efficiency to generate model equations representing the types of soil. The results indicate that at least 70-80% of the initial amount of VOC’s can be removed at moderate temperatures even at very high moisture content. Supercritical extraction is best suited to silt type soils which have a low adsorption capacity. VOC’s recoveries from the artificial contaminated soil samples were higher in comparison with real contaminated soils. At moderate temperatures, the extraction efficiency for real soils is low because pollutants bind strongly to the soil.     

鼠李糖脂对不同菌株降解柴油污染物的影响

通过一系列实验分析了鼠李糖脂对柴油污染物生物降解的影响。单菌株柴油降解实验结果表明,在添加生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂后,各菌株细胞表面疏水性均发生不同程度的增加,并且对柴油的降解率均有所提高。在混合菌的柴油污染物降解实验中,发现当向土壤中添加了200 mg/L鼠李糖脂时,对柴油的降解才有较大的提高;而当添加100 mg/L的鼠李糖脂到水体中时,对柴油的降解就有较大的提高,而当鼠李糖脂浓度提高为200 mg/L时,柴油的降解率却没有进一步明显的提高。这说明鼠李糖脂对柴油降解的影响程度不仅与环境介质有关,还与添加的鼠李糖脂浓度有关。进一步分析表明,添加适当浓度的鼠李糖脂不仅可以提高对柴油的降解率,而且可加速其降解速度,缩短生物修复所需时间。     

利用UVC去除低浓度苯的实验研究

探讨了不同实验参数对苯的UVC去除效果的影响,获得了苯的去除率与苯的初始浓度、气体流量、相对湿度和氧气含量等参数之间的关系。数据表明,在实验条件范围内,苯的去除率的倒数与苯初始浓度、气体流量之间为线性关系;苯的去除率随相对湿度的增加呈现先升高后缓慢降低的关系,最佳相对湿度值在30%～50%之间;苯的去除率随氧气量的增加而缓慢增加;波长为185+254 nm的UV与254 nm的UV相比净化效果更为理想。还分析了苯降解产生的中间产物,探讨了苯的降解机理。     

表面活性剂对黄土中石油污染物的解吸影响研究

研究了用表面活性剂去除黄土中柴油类污染物。选用阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠和十二烷基硫酸钠 (LAS和SDS)和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵 (CTAB)对污染的土壤进行解吸实验 ,表明阴离子表面活性剂浓度从 0 .1%增加到 1.0 %时 ,其柴油的去除率可达 2 0 % ,而阳离子表面活性剂去除作用不甚明显。利用摩尔增溶比MSR值求得LAS和SDS的logKm 值为 4.5 5 2和 3 .63 0 ,这和理论的计算值很接近