基于STIRPAT模型的甘肃省环境影响分析

能源短缺已成为全球资源环境的主要问题之一,辩明人类活动各因素对能源消费的影响程度,并据此制定和实施可持续的能源消费政策是当前的研究热点。以STIRPAT模型为分析工具,以甘肃省1991～2009年能源消费总量为环境影响指标,分解了人文因素对环境影响的作用大小。结果表明,富裕程度的提高和城市化进程的推进都能够加剧环境的恶化,而且城市化对环境影响的弹性系数是富裕对环境影响弹性系数的278倍。在观测数据范围内,尚未出现环境Kuznets曲线的拐点,仍然处于曲线的上升段。居民消费结构的多样化有利于降低能源消费,其对环境影响的抑制作用略低于富裕对环境影响的加剧作用。最后讨论了STIRPAT模型的优缺点,并指出甘肃省主要相关因子对环境影响的作用机理还有待更深一步的研究     

基于STIRPAT模型的武汉市环境影响驱动力分析

面对日益严重的环境问题,不仅要了解导致环境问题的各种驱动力,更应建立模型来精确描述环境影响与驱动力之间的关系。以武汉市为例,应用SPSS软件、以STIRPAT模型为依据,建立了描述环境影响与各驱动力之间精确关系的数个模型。模型计算结果表明:人口总量的增长和人类发展指数的上升是最主要的环境影响驱动力,城市化率、人均GDP等因素对环境也有影响;第三产业比重的上升有助于减小环境影响;基尼系数对环境几乎没有影响。以此为据,就如何改变这些影响因素,以减小环境影响提出了建议。除了人口总量等常规指标,还分析了人类发展指数、城市化率、基尼系数等指标,充实了环境影响驱动力指标体系,更客观反映了造成武汉市环境问题的原因。     

可持续发展科技初探

1　科学技术对可持续发展的支撑作用世界科学技术的迅猛发展为可持续发展提供了技术支撑 ,极大地推动了可持续发展战略的贯彻和实施。1.1控制人口数量增长 ,提高人口素质避孕、节育、优生等技术的开发应用 ,使人口增长得到了控制 ,使人类能够实现自我控制 ,缓解对自然环境的压力。 2 0多年来 ,我国人口控制取得了令全世界瞩目的成效 ,由原来的“高出生、高死亡”逐步转变为“低出生、低死亡” ,没有计划生育科技的支撑是不可能的。医药卫生科技的进步与普及提高了人们的身体素质和健康水平 ;现代教育技术的进步则为提高人口文化素质提供了有…     

中国对外贸易的环境影响综合效应分析

在全面提高开放型经济水平的背景下,需要深入分析对外贸易规模、外贸经济布局对环境影响的综合效应,全面探索对外贸易的环境效应规律。理论分析主要考察了对外贸易发展对环境影响综合效应的作用机制,在污染的需求和供给函数基础上,将环境因素分别引入对外贸易的生产者函数、消费者函数、政府税收函数,构建对外贸易环境总效应实证模型,模型分析表明,对外贸易对环境影响的规模效应体现为环境污染在不同禀赋和收入水平国家间转移;对外贸易对环境影响的结构效应体现为出口产品结构的改变,但是由于不同的比较优势,该结构效应在各经济体间的正负影响各不相同;资本积累会带来更多的污染,技术进步则会降低污染水平,二者相互作用究竟产生正面还是负面的影响效果,关键看资本积累和技术进步是否带来污染密集型产品的生产。同时基于我国29个省(市)的动态面板数据,实证检验了我国经济总量、外贸规模、外贸经济布局对环境影响的综合效应。研究表明,经济增长导致的收入效应和规模效应使污染物排放量呈现先下降然后增长的变化,而外商投资在短期内会增加环境污染,但从长期来看,正的技术效应使污染排放量呈现逐渐降低的趋势,同时受到产业结构的约束,外贸经济布局的产品效应及结构效应呈现显著的负效应。我国对外贸易对环境影响负效应产生的现实基础来源于我国的外贸结构与模式等特征的国情基础,改善我国的外贸对环境影响的负效应需要通过继续深化外贸体制改革,转变外贸增长方式,完善环境经济政策,加强国际多边合作等综合手段来实现。     

北京城市发展中的能源消耗影响因素分析

城市发展不仅是生产部门规模的扩大,更重要的是城市综合服务功能的强化和第三产业的发展壮大,尤其是大城市人口的增加、居民生活条件的改善,都在能源消费中占居主要份额.本文综合考虑城市经济增长、人口规模扩大和空间扩张等三方面因素,选取北京市市辖区的统计数据,采用LMDI指标分解方法,将能源消耗分解为经济规模、单位产值能耗、人均能耗、人口密度和能源空间支持系数等五项指标,分析各因素对城市能源消耗的贡献.从经济、人口和空间三个方面所体现的城市发展综合来看,经济因素对能源消耗的贡献最大;人口因素所消耗的能源约占能源总消耗的一半;紧凑型空间可以在很大程度上减少能源消耗.结论认为,城市经济增长和居民生活水平的提高依然是能源消耗的主要因素,技术进步也依然是城市节能减排的主要途径;但是,紧凑型空间正在成为城市节能减排的有效途径,低碳生产与生活方式对实现节能减排具有更大潜力.     

近50年来呼伦贝尔草原沙漠化主要影响因素的定量分析

选取气温、降水因子以及反映人类社会经济活动的人口、耕地、牲畜等影响因子的相对指标为分析因子,利用主成分分析与相关分析相结合的方法,定量分析近50年(1953-2004)来各影响因子与综合影响因素对内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原沙漠化的作用强度.结果表明:在当地近50年的沙漠化过程中,驱动因素、抑制因素与影响因素的综合作用力与沙漠化指数的相关系数分别为0.889 9,～0.403以及0.600 5;草原沙漠化程度呈现出随人类活动强度增加日益加剧的趋势,其中牲畜结构对草原沙漠化变化趋势的改变有着重要作用;影响因素的综合作用力与沙漠化指数的相关系数只有0.600 5,这是由于生态经济系统各因素之间存在非线性作用机制,相关分析的线性假设在一定程度上低估了其作用强度,同时人类活动和自然因子的波动对草地生态系统的影响存在一个滞后期.     

地方政府竞争、环境规制与中国城市空气污染

中国空气污染格局受到政策因素的深刻影响,财政分权和政绩考核背景下的地方政府竞争能够激励污染性产业发展进而加剧环境污染。政府层面的环境规制和企业层面的技术进步则减少了单位产能污染排放。两种力量的相互制约塑造了中国城市空气污染的格局。本文基于2003—2013年地级以上城市数据,以综合污染指数刻画空气污染程度,使用面板数据模型和空间杜宾模型探讨空气污染影响因素及其空间效应。结果表明:(1)在研究时段空气污染和污染性产业空间动态一致,均有向东部地区转移的趋势,污染性产业的存量对污染的加剧作用比增量更为显著。(2)地方政府竞争能够显著增加本地和周边地区空气污染。环境规制是抑制空气污染的重要方式,但本地的高规制将造成周边地区污染加剧。技术进步能够有效降低空气污染,且不具有显著的空间效应。(3)抑制空气污染的因素(环境规制、技术进步)比加剧污染的因素(地方政府竞争、污染性产业增长)作用效力更强,在一定程度上解释了污染产业发展的同时空气污染程度降低的现象。文章启示调整政府主导的经济发展方式,贯彻环境规制的科学制定与严格执行,促成企业创新驱动是减轻空气污染的重要途径。     

武汉市能源消费碳排放因素分解与低碳发展研究

本文以2010—2015年武汉市三次产业和居民生活能耗碳排放数据为基础,运用LMDI模型从人口规模、经济水平、三次产业结构、能耗强度、能源结构、碳排放系数六个方面对武汉市能源消费的碳排放进行因素分解。分解结果表明,人口扩张和经济增长是促进武汉市碳排放增长的主要因素,贡献率为38.7%和198.52%;能耗强度降低、能源结构优化和能源碳排放系数变化是抑制武汉市碳排放增长的主要因素,贡献率为-99.14%、-24.22%和-14.13%。经分析发现,人口扩张和经济增长在未来一段时间内将继续成为促进武汉市碳排放增长的最大贡献点;产业结构调整在经过2012-2013年间出现的碳排放效应促进-抑制转折点后将逐步成为抑制武汉市碳排放增长的重要影响因素;在继续保持第二产业能耗强度下降的同时,加大对第三产业能耗强度控制力度是武汉市现阶段碳排放控制工作的重点方向。     

城镇化率、要素禀赋对全要素碳减排效率的影响

基于超越对数生产函数,并运用产出距离函数建立以资本、劳动力和能源为投入要素,以GDP和CO2排放为产出要素的随机前沿模型,分别测度全国30个省区1995-2010年期间全要素CO2的排放效率。在此基础上,从城镇化水平、要素禀赋、人口规模、产业结构、技术因素等五个维度出发,运用Tobit面板模型对影响全要素碳减排效率的因素及其显著程度进行了实证分析。主要结论表明,从全国层面看,城镇化率、资本深化程度与全要素碳减排效率均呈非线性影响关系,随着城镇化率的提高、资本的逐步深化,碳减排效率经历了先下降后上升的趋势;能源密集度本身对碳减排效率无显著作用,但对城镇化水平促进碳减排效率提高有放大效应;人口规模的减小、二产占比的下降与能源强度的降低均会促使碳减排更有效率,人口规模因素对碳减排效率的影响系数为0.049,略高于产业结构因素和技术因素,相关系数分别是0.030 6和0.014 2。进一步将全国样本按照要素禀赋异质性分为资本密集型省区、能源密集型省区、劳动密集型省区,对三个子样本的回归结果显示只有能源密集型省区的城镇化率与全要素碳减排效率之间在5%的显著性水平上存在相关关系。由以上结论得到的启示是,政府面对国际碳减排和全面推进城镇化建设双重压力下,要注意从不同省份要素禀赋的异质性出发,通过建立碳市场等措施倒逼能源型省份控制城镇化进程;疏通资本密集型省区资源向节能资源研发部门流动的通道;充分发挥劳动密集型省区的人口红利作用和第三产业对第二产业的挤出效应。     

中国仍应严格控制人口增长——论人口增长与经济增长的关系

在中国人均资源贫乏、人口对生态系统压力增大、经济落后、有效需求不足以及失业严重的情况下 ,人口过快增长既不能促进资本增长 ,也不能促进技术进步 ,它只能会减缓人均收入的提高。因此 ,为了促进人均收入的提高 ,必须尽可能降低人口增长速度     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.