美国跨界大气环境监管经验对中国的借鉴

大气污染因其污染因子易受气候变化等影响,可进行长距离跨界传输,是典型的跨行政边界问题。我国地域辽阔,行政区域众多且与多个国家接壤或比邻,跨界污染问题研究十分必要。近年来,我国区域性大气污染问题明显,管理手段落后,缺乏相应管理体制和机制。美国在跨界大气环境管理方面取得了显著的成果,积累了丰富的经验,这对我国大气环境管理,尤其是跨界大气环境管理工作具有重要的借鉴意义。本文首先以美国大气跨界污染治理为例,结合具体实例,主要从机构设置、职能职责、运作方式三个方面详细分析了州内、州与州与之间以及跨国界三个层次跨界大气环境监管体系;其次,从上述几方面对我国与美国跨区域大气环境监管机制进行逐项比较分析;再次,对我国跨区域大气环境监管体系障碍分析认为,统分结合的环境管理体制和尚未建立区域联防联控机制是借鉴发达国家跨界大气环境监管经验的主要障碍;在此基础上,针对我国的跨区域大气环境管理工作提出5个方面的建议,即成立跨区域的权力机构;加强政府区域间协调合作;强化依法治理;多种管理手段综合应用;加强信息公开和公众参与。     

连云港市大气、水环境污染经济损失初步估算

实行环境核算并将其纳入国民经济核算体系。是实施可持续发展战略的重大措施。本文对连云港市的大气、水环境污染损失进行估算并将其纳入到国民经济核算体系中。结果显示：1996—2000年连云港市大气、水污染损失年均分别为51623．4万元和135215．7万元，占GDP比重的2．2％和5．2％。合计高达7．4％。这表明大气和水污染损失的严重性。以GDP为主要衡量指标的现行国民经济核算体系过高地估计了连云港市的经济增长水平。掩饰了环境的退化，不利于可持续发展的科学决策和环境的管理。     

The relationship between socio-economic indicators and air pollution in England and Wales: implications for environmental justice

This paper investigates the distribution of three common air pollutants, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and fine particulates (PM₁₀), in England and Wales with respect to social class, ethnicity and population density. A multilevel model is used to demonstrate regional differences in the social distribution of pollution. The results show that, allowing for ethnicity and population density, there are different relationships between socio-economic status and exposure to air pollution within different regions in England and Wales. These differences suggest that national legislation introduced to reduce air pollution levels may give rise to environmental injustice, with geographical and social differences in the costs and benefits arising to the population due to such legislation. Received: 24 February 1999 / Accepted: 2 September 1999     

我国经济增长与环境污染关系研究

环境库兹湮茨曲线假说提出经济增长与环境污染之间存在倒U型的关系。大量研究试图得到不同国家不同发展阶段的经济增长与环境污染之间的具体关系。找到环境破坏逆转的拐点；但该理论仅仅是从经验出发得到的．是否具有普遍性并未得到证实。我国近年来经济的高速增长带来了严重环境污染问题。采用全国的数据进行的实证研究表明：我国目前处于环境污染恶化阶段。没有证据点示我国已经存在环境库兹涅茨曲线现象，但也不排除目前我国处于环境库兹涅茨曲线的上升阶段的可能。只有通过积极的环境政策干预才可以使环境保护与社会经济的发展相协调。     

China’s Import of Wastes and Its Implications

The trade of wastes in the world has been increasing and China has become the largest importer of wastes. This paper examines the import trend of different wastes and finds out that the total import volume to China approved by the Chinese government keeps increasing and the illegal trade can not be banned despite repeated prohibitions; therefore, China is not only ＂a world factory＂, but actually ＂a global garbage dump＂. In order to well understand the implications of wastes import, this paper further analyzes the resource and environmental effects and risks of different wastes imports as well as the strong driving force of wastes imports. Based on these detailed analysis and solid data, policy recommendations are put forward to reduce the demand for raw materials, to further strengthen the inspection of and supervision over the international trade of the wastes that can be used as raw materials by using the life cycle analysis and risk analysis, to improve the environmental standards and strengthen the disposal capacity, to re-export the raw materials produced from the imported wastes, to develop the long-term planning for the import of wastes and to promote international cooperation.     

China’s Import of Wastes and Its Implications

Abstract

The trade of wastes in the world has been increasing and China has become the largest importer of wastes. This paper examines the import trend of different wastes and finds out that the total import volume to China approved by the Chinese government keeps increasing and the illegal trade can not be banned despite repeated prohibitions; therefore, China is not only “a world factory”, but actually “a global garbage dump”. In order to well understand the implications of wastes import, this paper further analyzes the resource and environmental effects and risks of different wastes imports as well as the strong driving force of wastes imports. Based on these detailed analysis and solid data, policy recommendations are put forward to reduce the demand for raw materials, to further strengthen the inspection of and supervision over the international trade of the wastes that can be used as raw materials by using the life cycle analysis and risk analysis, to improve the environmental standards and strengthen the disposal capacity, to re-export the raw materials produced from the imported wastes, to develop the long-term planning for the import of wastes and to promote international cooperation.     

中国的能源工业及其污染防治

能源工业是我国的基础工业,也是经济发展的战略重点,同时又是重要的污染源。由于我国能源以煤炭为主,所以能源工业的污染主要是煤的开采利用带来的。因此,应当把煤炭开采、利用造成的污染作为防治重点,从节能降耗、提高燃烧效率、改善能源结构、消除煤炭开采、利用中产生的污染等几个方面入手,从根本上解决能源工业的环境问题,努力处理好经济发展和环境保护的关系,实现能源与环境的协调发展和经济的持续增长。     

减污降碳协同路径研究：典型国家驱动机制及对中国的启示

中国生态文明建设进入以降碳为重点战略方向、推动减污降碳协同增效、促进经济社会发展全面绿色转型、实现生态环境质量改善由量变到质变的关键时期。但通过何种路径才能实现减污降碳的协同治理,推动达成协同治理的内在驱动力又是什么？发达国家是否已经实现了协同？其经验教训中国是否可以借鉴？基于此,该研究首先采用协同控制效应坐标系法,判断不同国家减污降碳协同治理所处的阶段,绘制典型发达国家减污降碳的历史路径并挖掘其演变规律及不同类型背后的驱动机制。其次,从硫碳减排量变化情况、能源结构、居民受教育程度及产业结构等维度出发,对我国碳污协同治理所处阶段进行识别,分析得出我国当前与德国二十世纪八九十年代的协同状况较为类似,即从碳增硫减进入协同防控的波动阶段。但由于社会制度、减排目标、资源禀赋、经济体量等的差异,应辩证地看待德国能源转型、碳市场建设以及环境立法历程,选择性地借鉴他国经验。针对如何实现减污降碳的协同治理提出建议：①促进能源转型,转变能源结构,从根本上实现减污降碳。②利用碳市场突破减污瓶颈,将市场调节与政府干预相结合,在完善碳市场监管体系的同时,制定具有中国特色的配额分配机制和价格控制措施。③减少碳污“分而治之”,增强有意识协同,以提高碳污同治的效率;制定大气污染治理政策时兼顾气候变化的应对,并将排污权与排放权进行一定程度的整合。④明确环境规制边界与政府职责,保障协同防控措施实施的有效性。     

“十一五”期间贵州省大气污染减排绩效评估

利用环境经济学方法,对贵州省“十一五”大气污染减排的成本和效益进行定量分析的基础上,对其“十一五”期间大气污染SO2减排绩效进行评估。结果显示：（1）贵州省“十一五”期间SO2减排政策实施后,大气环境质量有所改善,尤其是酸雨pH值上升明显,许多城市的酸雨频率已降低到零;（2）“十一五”期间,贵州省SO2的减排成本为228亿元,SO2的减排收益为27亿元,SO2减排效益大于成本,污染减排约束性指标的倒逼、引导、推动作用开始显现,能源利用效率有所提高,经济结构趋于优化和升级;（3）贵州省火力发电的脱硫装置安装率已达90%以上,表明其大气污染SO2的工程减排空间有限,今后要实现贵州省大气污染减排的刚性约束目标,更多的要从结构减排和管理减排的角度进行     

The emission inventory of atmospheric industrial pollution sources of the five cities in Zhejiang Province

The amount of several air pollutants emitted in some cities including Hangzhou,Ningbo,Huzhou,Shaoxing and Jiaxing of Zhejiang Province is based on pollution source census data of Zhejiang Province in 2010.This paper focused on the release of air pollutants such as NO_(x2),SO_2,CO,PM2.5,PM10 and VOC,and calculated the total amount of those air pollutants.It analyzed air pollutant emission factors and found that the electricity and heat production industry released the largest amount of pollutants.     

Response of the pigment system of conifers to long-term industrial air pollution

To estimate the response of conifers to long-term industrial air pollution at the pigment system level, the dynamics of photosynthetic pigments have been studied in needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) growing at different distances from the emission source (a pulp and paper mill). It has been shown that the pigment apparatus of spruce. The results show that in spruce, unlike in pine, the pigment apparatus remains unchanged under the effect of weak pollution. Long-term exposure at high levels of industrial emission results in suppression of chlorophyll and carotenoid syntheses in pine but stimulates pigment production in spruce. An increase in the contents of pigments in the needles of conifers growing in the impact zone of the pulp and paper mill reflects a compensatory mechanism of adaptation of their pigment system to long-term stress exposure.     

北京环境库兹涅茨曲线假设的验证

城市在我国国民经济和社会发展中的地位举足轻重,其高速的经济增长带来了巨大的资源消耗与环境压力。2005年北京人均GDP突破5000美元,处于工业化中期和重化工阶段。在这一特定发展阶段和北京举办奥运会的背景下,如何通过综合决策。推动北京的资源消耗和污染排放同经济增长尽快达到解耦具有重要的现实意义。针对上述问题,本文利用环境库兹涅茨曲线（Envirommental Kunznets Curve。EKC）假设,以北京为例验证EKC假设及其条件。本文采用北京市1990—2004年闾的序列数据建立计量模型。解析十类环境指标的EKC演变轨迹和阶段特征。验证表明：除工业废气排放量和工业固体废弃物产生量呈N形外。其它环境指标虽下降或倒U形。即已跨越了EKC顶点正逐步实现解耦。本文引入了“强度EKC曲线簇”,通过确定不同城市在该坐标系中的相对位置来比较城市间的耦合状态。在此基础上,本文利用PSR（Press-State-Response）政策分析框架。从环境政策、产业结构和技术进步探讨了北京EKC演变的驱动因子。     

城市区域大气环境与各天气状况下的辐射特征

以低纬高原城市昆明为研究对象,分析了各种天气状况下城市内,外不同波长辐射的分布特征,变化规律及其差异,得出１．造成城内外差异的主要原因午前是大气污染状况,而在污染程度较小的午后,则是天气状况;２．各波长辐射日总量对午前总量的分配率受大气环境和天气状况的影响,城内外差异十分显著;３．红外和紫外辐射的百分率值均大于大气上界的百分率值,而可见光则反之;各辐射百分率城内外差值午前午后显相反分布。     

空气污染对劳动供给与人力资本效能发挥的影响及路径

在空气污染问题尚未得到有效解决的背景下,理清空气污染与劳动者劳动供给行为及人力资本效能的关系,有助于为优势人力资本发挥、环境规制政策制定、环境治理投资收益评价提供参考。研究利用2014、2016和2018年中国劳动力动态调查（CLDS）数据及空气质量指数（AQI）,采用多层次回归模型从微观视角考察了空气污染对个体劳动供给和人力资本效能发挥的影响,并利用逐步检验法、bootstrap法等分析方法检验了三者之间的机制关系。研究结果表明：①空气污染会显著抑制劳动者劳动供给,但收入的增加会在一定程度上降低空气污染带来的负面影响。②空气污染对不同群体劳动者劳动供给行为的影响具有显著的异质性特征。老龄劳动者、低人力资本水平劳动者及非城市户籍劳动者会因空气污染的加重更多地降低劳动供给。③通过进一步机制检验发现,空气污染会显著降低个体劳动生产率,并负作用于劳动力集聚,进而阻碍人力资本效能的发挥,降低个体劳动供给,这种影响机制在不同群体劳动者间呈现出明显差异性。④劳动供给模型拓展方面,个人社会保障程度、所在家庭主事者是否是独生子女等因素都是影响个体劳动供给的重要因素。个人受社会保障的程度越高,个体劳动供给越倾向于降低;所在家庭主事者是独生子女的劳动者会倾向于减少其劳动供给。因此,继续推进环境规制,优化城市空气质量,并合理处理环境规制与就业之间的关系,不仅有助于缓解人口老龄化带来的劳动供给不足压力,还将有助于推动中国劳动力资源的合理流动,促进人力资本效能的发挥,助推中国经济的高质量发展。     

技术进步和税收在区域大气污染治理中的作用

频繁且大面积的雾霾天气不仅严重影响了人们的身心健康和正常的生产生活,而且已成为社会各界广泛关注的重大问题,因此雾霾治理已成为当务之急。为了从经济学视角为雾霾治理决策提供理论支持,本文首先将全国分为东北、京津、北部、东部、南部、中部、西北和西南八大区域,进而建立了中国动态多区域可计算一般均衡模型,用以研究技术进步(能源利用效率和能源清洁技术)和税收(二氧化硫税)在大气污染治理中的作用及其对区域经济发展的影响。在数据方面,本文综合使用了2015年发布的GTAP9.0数据库和最新的区域间投入产出表数据。在情景设置方面,本文对直至2030年中国经济、社会的发展趋势进行了基准情景设定,同时设定了2 000元/t和5 000元/t的硫税情景、能效提高情景、清洁技术进步情景,以及包含三者的综合情景。研究发现:①征收5 000元/t的硫税能够使全国总体和绝大部分区域的PM_(2.5)浓度在2030年达到空气质量二级标准,但会给经济增长带来一定的负面影响;②改进能源清洁技术进一步巩固了治理大气污染的政策效果;③提高能源利用效率对空气污染的影响较小,但配合其他政策使用时能有效地降低对宏观经济的负面影响。根据研究结论,本文提出了相关的政策建议:首先,加强大气污染相关法制建设,只有完善的法制基础才能保障污染治理政策的有效实施;其次,适时提高排污税税率,并分地区、分行业制定不同的排污标准和税收标准;再次,加速发展科学技术,大幅提高与治理大气污染有关的科研投入;最后,区域间应建立生态补偿机制,并加强联防联控工作。     

Seeking for Your Own Sake: Chinese Citizens’ Motivations for Information Seeking About Air Pollution

Based on data from a Qualtrics panel, this study examines Chinese citizens’ motivations for information seeking about air pollution. Results from structural equation modelling indicate that information insufficiency, negative affect, attitudes toward seeking, and perceived information gathering capacity are positively related to information seeking. Informational subjective norms, however, were not significantly related to information seeking. Further, participants with more knowledge and higher risk perception were more likely to desire more information about air pollution. These results suggest that communication campaigns should highlight individuals’ personal risks and self-efficacy to encourage greater information seeking about air pollution among Chinese citizens. Emotional appeal may serve as an effective strategy as well.     

Estimate on spillover effect of environmental pollution between peripheral areas

ABSTRACT

Interaction of environmental pollution between peripheral areas has become a central topic in the field of resources and environment but little is known about the actual impact on peripheral areas in the current literature. This paper sets out a simultaneous equation model to investigate the spillover effect of environmental pollution between China’s peripheral areas utilizing the panel data of 218 cities in China. Making use of indicators for measuring the impact on environmental pollution, it identifies that environmental pollution between cities of China has a significant two-way spillover effect. After standardization of variables, it is found that the spillover effect of peripheral areas on urban environmental pollution cannot be neglected. Nearly, a third of the environmental pollution level in a city is induced by the environmental pollution in peripheral areas. If the indicator of environmental pollution in peripheral areas is missing, wrong conclusions will be drawn. Therefore, government should shift the emphasis of environmental regulation from local to global, and improve the overall environmental quality through coordinated management of regional environment.