郊野游憩资源开发背景下的上海城市森林景观格局动态

以上海郊野森林为研究对象,共选择森林样地64个,通过解译判读2000年、2006年和2012年的相航空遥感影像,分析了上海郊野森林12年来的景观空间格局及其动态变化特征。结果表明:林地始终是上海郊野森林的主体景观类型,且林地面积一直呈增加趋势,其他各景观类型面积随着时间的推移呈不同程度的增减;非林地景观类型的主要转出类型均为林地,且主要发生在新建的外环林地、外环公园和森林公园区域;森林景观的破碎化程度减弱,景观异质性下降,景观优势度和连接性增加,景观多样性降低。     

基于RS与GIS的莱州湾南岸滨海湿地景观类型与破碎化分析

应用Landsat--7遥感数据和GIS技术对莱州湾南岸滨海湿地类型、面积和分布现状进行了调查,并对滨海湿地景观特征及景观破碎化程度进行了分析.结果表明,研究区景观类型以盐田、滩涂和养殖池为主,人工湿地面积占整个湿地面积的78.22%.该区主要受人为干扰活动影响,区域景观斑块破碎化程度较高,对研究区湿地产生了严重的影响,因此合理调控人类干扰活动是改善莱州湾南岸滨海湿地环境的根本途径.     

秦皇岛市生态环境景观生态学研究

运用景观分类与评价、景观结构与功能分析、景观生态安全格局判断等景观生态学原理和方法对秦皇岛市生态环境进行了研究,结果表明:秦皇岛景观类型丰富独特,景观空间格局对主要生态过程有重要影响,对1986～1996年间景观变化定量分析的结查显示由于人工干扰指数的提高,使自然景现类型数量减少,并出现破碎化,从而降低了景观多样性和景观优势度,易导致系统的生产力、稳定性、自维持性趋向于降低。     

豫西黄河流域土地利用景观空间格局分析

运用景观生态学原理,借助GIS技术,选取景观指数对豫西黄河流域土地利用景观格局进行分析。结果表明,林地和以旱地为主的农业景观是豫西黄河流域的主体景观类型;各景观类型间斑块密度值差距较大,斑块形状指数差异较明显,总体上较简单;研究区域景观异质性和多样性较高,各景观类型所占比例差异较大,农田和林地占有较大优势。该区域景观破碎化程度较小,特别是西部地区地形起伏较大,人类干扰活动相对较小。     

武汉市湿地破碎化对生态系统服务价值的影响研究

以湖泊资源丰富的武汉市为例,通过景观格局指数测定该市湿地破碎化程度,借助GIS技术评估该市湿地生态系统服务价值,并探讨了城市湿地破碎化对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明:①2000—2015年武汉市湿地总体破碎化趋势有所缓和,但人工湿地相较于自然湿地破碎化程度要高,特别是2010—2015年湿地总面积下降了2.80%,而斑块密度上升了4.12%,湖泊破碎化程度较高。②2000—2015年,武汉市湿地ESV增长了323.27亿元,各类型湿地的生态系统服务价值表现为湖泊>水库坑塘>河流>沼泽。③湿地景观破碎化与部分调节性、支持性和文化性服务功能存在着显著相关关系。     

惠来县景观格局与动态变化分析

在GIS技术和卫星遥感资料的支持下,利用景观格局分析软件FRAGSFATS3．3分析了揭阳市惠来县1994-2001年的土地景观格局的动态变化,并分别在类型水平上和景观水平上选择了部分景观指数。计算结果表明,破碎度趋向加深,景观结构和斑块形状复杂性增加（尤以林地和其它用地严重）;景观稳定性增加,优势度减少;景观多样性有所提高,受人类干扰程度加深,说明惠来县城市化速度快,处于城市发展的初期;各景观要素又有不同的景观动态特征。     

水西景区景观格局及土地利用结构分析

景观格局与土地利用空间结构密切相关.运用景观多样性、优势度、均匀度和破碎度等景观生态学指标,对水西景区景观格局及其用地现状进行了分析.结果表明:水西用地类型多样性较高,以林地占优势,林地破碎度低,森林景观较完整,但空闲地和建筑用地受人类活动干扰大,破碎度高,在一定程度上影响了水西的景观格局.     

基于3S技术的庄河市滨海湿地景观格局演变研究

庄河市位于黄海北部沿海地区,自然海岸线长达285km,拥有丰富的滨海湿地资源,对区域经济的发展具有显著的促进作用.以庄河市2000年和2010年的Landsat TM（或ETM）遥感影像获取研究区的滨海湿地斑块图形数据,选用生态意义较明确的景观特征指数,对庄河市滨海湿地的景观格局变化进行研究.研究结果表明,2000-2010年,庄河市滨海湿地总面积不断缩减,由2000年的131252.60hm2减少到2010年的121489.16hm2,减少幅度为7.44％;湿地斑块数不断增加,由2000年的3425块增加到2010年的3563块;湿地景观多样性指数（H）和景观形状指数（LSI）呈增加趋势,分别由2000年的0.6315和14.0分别增加到2010年的0.8554和18.7;景观优势度指数呈下降趋势,由2000年的0.8359下降到2010年的0.7364,表明庄河市滨海湿地的景观破碎化程度越来越严重.     

玛多县土地利用与景观格局分析及预测

土地利用/土地覆盖变化研究是全球环境变化和可持续发展的热点问题。文章选取了青海省玛多县2005年、2009年和2013年Landsat卫星影像数据,利用GIS技术和景观格局分析软件相结合的方法,对玛多县近九年来该区土地利用/土地覆盖变化、景观结构与格局进行分析,并结合Markov模型,预测玛多县未来十几年间土地利用景观格局演变特征。结果表明,草地是玛多县最主要的土地利用类型;2005~2013年,玛多县草地和人工用地面积增加,人工用地动态度最大;土地利用/覆盖类型总变化面积为12 983.87km2。2005~2009年玛多县景观异质性不断减小,空间连接性增加,景观团聚程度高,各类型斑块分布较集中;2009~2013年玛多县景观异质性增强,景观破碎化程度高、团聚程度低;景观趋于多样化和丰富化。     

基于RS和GIS的赛里木湖流域景观格局动态研究

基于RS和GIS的技术方法,运用景观格局指数对赛里木湖流域近25a来的景观格局变化综合分析。结果表明:1986-2010年,赛里木湖流域疏林地、灌木林地和中覆盖度草地面积增加,有林地、高覆盖度草地面积减小。整体上,景观斑块总数增加,景观破碎化指数、景观类型形状指数和景观多样性指数升高,均匀度指数有所减少。由此可以看出,该区域内由于自然或人为因素干扰所导致的景观斑块类型逐渐变得复杂,景观遭到破坏,土地利用向着多样化和非均匀化的方向发展,景观斑块分布变得很不均匀。     

Comparing forest fragmentation and its drivers in China and the USA with Globcover v2.2

Forest loss and fragmentation are of major concern to the international community, in large part because they impact so many important environmental processes. The main objective of this study was to assess the differences in forest fragmentation patterns and drivers between China and the conterminous United States (USA). Using the latest 300-m resolution global land cover product, Globcover v2.2, a comparative analysis of forest fragmentation patterns and drivers was made. The fragmentation patterns were characterized by using a forest fragmentation model built on the sliding window analysis technique in association with landscape indices. Results showed that China’s forests were substantially more fragmented than those of the USA. This was evidenced by a large difference in the amount of interior forest area share, with China having 48% interior forest versus the 66% for the USA. China’s forest fragmentation was primarily attributed to anthropogenic disturbances, driven particularly by agricultural expansion from an increasing and large population, as well as poor forest management practices. In contrast, USA forests were principally fragmented by natural land cover types. However, USA urban sprawl contributed more to forest fragmentation than in China. This is closely tied to the USA’s economy, lifestyle and institutional processes. Fragmentation maps were generated from this study, which provide valuable insights and implications regarding habitat planning for rare and endangered species. Such maps enable development of strategic plans for sustainable forest management by identifying areas with high amounts of human-induced fragmentation, which improve risk assessments and enable better targeting for protection and remediation efforts. Because forest fragmentation is a long-term, complex process that is highly related to political, institutional, economic and philosophical arenas, both nations need to take effective and comprehensive measures to mitigate the negative effects of forest loss and fragmentation on the existing forest ecosystems.     

Landscape Trends in Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States Ecoregions

Landscape pattern and composition metrics are potential indicators for broad-scale monitoring of change and for relating change to human and ecological processes. We used a probability sample of 20-km × 20-km sampling blocks to characterize landscape composition and pattern in five US ecoregions: the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain, Southeastern Plains, Northern Piedmont, Piedmont, and Blue Ridge Mountains. Land use/land cover (LULC) data for five dates between 1972 and 2000 were obtained for each sample block. Analyses focused on quantifying trends in selected landscape pattern metrics by ecoregion and comparing trends in land cover proportions and pattern metrics among ecoregions. Repeated measures analysis of the landscape pattern documented a statistically significant trend in all five ecoregions towards a more fine-grained landscape from the early 1970s through 2000. The ecologically important forest cover class also became more fine-grained with time (i.e., more numerous and smaller forest patches). Trends in LULC, forest edge, and forest percent like adjacencies differed among ecoregions. These results suggest that ecoregions provide a geographically coherent way to regionalize the story of national land use and land cover change in the United States. This study provides new information on LULC change in the southeast United States. Previous studies of the region from the 1930s to the 1980s showed a decrease in landscape fragmentation and an increase in percent forest, while this study showed an increase in forest fragmentation and a loss of forest cover.     

Habitat, Landscape and Bird Composition in Mountain Forest Fragments

The study attempts to separate the effects of forest fragmentation related to landscape (patch area, isolation) and habitat (altitude, vegetation structure) on bird community composition in a mountain pine forest. Bird composition was related, using a multivariate approach (canonical correspondence analyses), to either habitat or to landscape, eliminating the effect of habitat statistically. Bird composition and species richness varied with patch area and isolation from large pine stands, but this effect could be assigned principally to variation in vegetation structure and altitude. Another effect, that of increasing occurrence and numbers of Anthus trivialis with decreasing distance to nearest low-altitude forest, could be assigned to both habitat (grass cover) and landscape (connectivity effects). Management implications are drawn from the results.     

基于县域尺度的土地利用景观格局特征及其影响因素研究——以江苏省丰县为例

从类型水平、景观水平两个维度选取8个景观指数定量分析了江苏省丰县土地利用景观格局特征,探讨其影响因素.研究表明,耕地作为丰县景观基底,其景观结合度水平较高;耕地和园地景观的聚集度高、破碎度低、连接度高,而其他农用地和林地则相反;距离交通线路越近,斑块密度、景观多样性、均匀度等景观指数越大;经济较发达镇的斑块密度较大,景观分散度和分离度指数较高,聚集度指数较低;距县城越远,景观类型分布越集中且较单一.     

A GIS Approach to Prioritizing Habitat for Restoration Using Neotropical Migrant Songbird Criteria

Restoration efforts to increase wildlife habitat quality in agricultural landscapes have limited funding and are typically done on a first come, first serve basis. In order to increase the efficiency of these restoration efforts, a prioritized ranking system is needed to obtain the greatest increase in habitat quality possible for the fewest amount of hectares restored. This project examines the use of a GIS based multi-criteria approach to prioritize lands for reforestation along the Kaskaskia River in Illinois. Loss of forested area and corresponding increase in forest fragmentation has decreased songbird habitat quality across the Midwestern United States. We prioritized areas for reforestation based on nine landscape metrics: available agricultural land, forest cover gaps, edge density, proximity to river, 200 m corridor area, total forest core area, fringe core area, distance to primary core value, and primary core area. The multi-criteria analysis revealed that high priority areas for reforestation were most likely to be close to the riparian corridor and existing large blocks of forest. Analysis of simulated reforestation (0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 10.0, 25.0, and 50.0% of highest priority parcels reforested) revealed different responses for multiple landscape metrics used to quantify forest fragmentation following reforestation, but indicated that the study area would get the greatest rate of return on reforestation efforts by reforesting 10.0% of the highest priority areas. This project demonstrates how GIS and a multi-criteria analysis approach can be used to increase the efficiency of restoration projects. This approach should be considered by land managers when attempting to identify the location and quantity of area for restoration within a landscape.     

Effects of habitat and landscape fragmentation on humans and biodiversity in densely populated landscapes

Landscape fragmentation has often been seen as an only ecological problem. However, fragmentation also has a societal perspective, namely, in how humans perceive landscape fragmentation and in how landscape fragmentation potentially influences human well-being. These latter aspects have rarely been addressed so far. The inter-relationship of ecological and human dimensions of landscape fragmentation becomes especially evident when looking at the landscape where most people in industrial countries live, namely in suburban and urban areas. In these areas, landscape planners and environmental managers are confronted with the problem that landscapes should fullfil various functions, often with conflicting goals, e.g. nature reserves to enhance species richness vs. recreational areas for city-dwellers. We reviewed the ecological and sociological literature relevant for fragmentation in suburban and urban landscapes. In an interdisciplinary approach, we evaluated whether there are similarities and dissimilarities between the ecological and the human aspects of landscape fragmentation. We found important similarities. An example is that for both, humans and biodiversity, the loss of semi-natural areas has more drastic effects than the fragmentation of these areas per se. However, there are also relevant differences. We concluded that in densely populated landscapes a shift from responsive planning to an intentional design of environments is therefore needed.     

Landscape Changes in the Mullica River Basin of the Pinelands National Reserve,New Jersey,USA

In 1979, the Pinelands Commission was established as a regional land-use planning and regulatory agency charged with the implementation of a Comprehensive Management Plan (CMP) for the Pinelands National Reserve (New Jersey, USA). The CMP was created to balance land preservation and development interests in the Reserve. Because water-quality degradation from developed and agricultural landscapes is associated with changes in the composition of biological communities, monitoring landscape changes provides one of the most direct measures of the impact of land-use policies on the Pinelands ecosystem. In this study, we prepared detailed, land-cover maps within randomly selected aerial-photograph plots for a major watershed in the Reserve. We used these land-cover maps to quantify changes in landscape composition and structure (i.e., patch size, patch area, and number of patches) and characterize land-cover transitions in the basin between 1979 and 1991. Because the study period represented the first 12 years of the regional-planning effort in the Reserve, we evaluated the relationship between land-cover transitions and Commission management-area designations which permit different land-use intensities. Although the landscape composition was similar in 1979 and 1991, we found an increase in the total area and number of developed-land, managed-grassland, and barren-land patches. An increase in the number of patches and a decrease in the total area and median and third-quartile patch sizes for forest land and for all patches regardless of cover type indicated that fragmentation of forest land and the landscape as a whole occurred during the study period. The major land-cover transitions that occurred during the period were the loss of forest land to development and associated cover types and the conversion of one agricultural type to another. Overall, land-cover transitions during the period were found to be consistent with the Commission management-area designations, which indicated that the regional-planning effort has been successful in directing human activities to appropriate areas of the basin.     

重庆市河堰村景观改变对水环境的影响

为了研究农村景观改变对水环境的影响,选取重庆市河堰村为研究对象,运用SWMM水文模拟软件,分析了研究区域的景观变迁与水量、水质变化的相互关系;通过访谈当地居民,分析了土地利用与景观变化对水环境的影响机制。认为(1)散点状的居民点分布模式与"村村通公路,户户通水泥"的农村道路建设以及庭院硬质化导致农村不透水表面面积迅速增加,缩短了雨水汇流时间并加速了污染物向水体的转移。(2)山体开发和现代农田水利工程的建设,如水库、山坪塘和排灌沟渠等的建设导致水体自净能力降低,加重了水体污染。(3)地表硬质化与河床沟渠化加速了水过程从而加速水环境的破坏。(4)人水关系由"我"、"你"变成"我"、"它",农民在卫生意识上升的同时缺乏相应的环保意识。     

Impacts of changes in land use and fragmentation patterns on Atlantic coastal forests in northern Spain

Changes in forested landscapes may have important consequences for ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation. In northern Spain, major changes in land use occurred during the second half of the 20th century, but their impacts on forests have not been quantified. We evaluated the dynamics of landscape and forest distribution patterns between 1957 and 2003 in Fragas do Eume Natural Park (northwestern Spain). We used orthoimages and a set of standard landscape metrics to determine transitions between land cover classes and to examine forest distribution patterns. Eucalypt plantations showed the greatest increase in area (197%) over time. Furthermore, transitions to eucalypt plantations were found in all major land cover classes. Forest showed a net decline of 20% in total area and represented 30% of the landscape area in 2003. Forest losses were mainly due to eucalypt plantations and the building of a water reservoir, while forest gains were due to increases in shrubland, meadows and cultivated fields which had been recolonised. Forest patch size and core area decreased, and edge length increased over time. In turn, increases were obtained in mean distance between forest patches, and in adjacency to eucalypt plantations and to a water reservoir. These results suggest an increase in forest fragmentation from 1957 to 2003, as well as a change in the nature of the habitat surrounding forest patches. This study shows that land use changes, mostly from eucalypt plantation intensification, negatively affected forested habitats, although some regeneration was ongoing through ecological succession from land abandonment.