柽柳对滨海盐渍土的改良作用及其应用

以山东省威海市高区环海路上的柽柳为研究对象,在其根系附近采集实验组土样并在其周围的空白地面上采集对照组土样,测定几组能够说明其土质的数据,如土壤中生物的分类与计数、有机质的含量、土壤的pH值、土壤中空气的体积以及土壤颗粒的贮水能力.通过将实验组与对照组的比较,分析得出在滨海盐渍土上栽植柽柳不但可增加土壤中微生物的含量,而且可增加土壤中的空气和有机质的含量,提高土壤颗粒的贮水能力,还可降低土壤的pH值,增加观赏性.因此,根据所测的各项指标得出柽柳对滨海盐渍土具有改良作用的结论,为推动与利用柽柳在滨海盐渍土上的种植提供理论依据.     

砂引草对滨海盐渍沙质土壤改良作用的研究

以山东省威海市高区国际海水浴场的砂引草种群为研究对象,在其根系附近采集实验组土样并在周围的空白地面上采集对照组土样,测定几组能够说明其土质的数据,如土壤中空气的体积、土壤储水能力、有机质含量、土壤pH值等.通过将实验组与对照组进行比较,分析得出在滨海盐渍沙质土生长的砂引草可增加土壤中的空气和有机质含量,提高土壤颗粒的贮水能力,降低土壤pH值,同时还有绿化美观的效果,可为滨海的土质改良和绿化提供帮助.     

盐生植物单叶蔓荆对盐碱地的修复效应研究

以盐生植物单叶蔓荆为研究对象,在威海高区海水浴场的沙滩边缘提取实验组与对照组土样,然后分别测定几组能够描述土壤质量的数据,如土壤颗粒中空气的体积、贮水能力、有机质含量以及pH值等,最后通过比较实验组和对照组中土壤颗粒的空气体积、贮水能力、有机质含量以及pH值的不同,从所得实验结果中分析得出盐生植物单叶蔓荆对盐碱土具有修复效应的结论,并结合威海的实际情况讨论了在海边盐碱地上种植单叶蔓荆的意义。     

不同农艺措施对黑麦草修复土壤中Cd的影响

以黑麦草为研究对象,通过盆栽试验模拟施用有机肥、秸秆还田、间作3种农艺措施对黑麦草修复cd污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明,在土壤中加入一定比例牛粪可提高黑麦草对cd的吸收效率,非根际土中cd含量由14．56mg·k^-1降低至14．11mg·kg^-1,同时根际土中Cd含量由6．75mg·kg。提高至13．33mg·kg^-1,黑麦草体内吸附cd的含量也有一定程度的增加;在土壤中加入一定比例秸秆可促进cd向根际土壤的迁移,非根际土中cd含量由14．56mg·kg^-1降低至13．27mg·kg^-1,根际土中cd含量由6．75mg·kg^-1增加至13．46mg·kg^-1,且土壤与秸秆以5：2的比例混合时效果更明显;黑麦草与小麦间作处理根际土中cd含量显著增加,由6．75mg·kg^-1提高至14．77mg·kg^-1,同时黑麦草体内cd含量有大幅度降低。说明土壤中加入一定比例的牛粪、秸秆均可提高黑麦草吸收土壤中cd的能力,提高黑麦草对cd污染土壤的修复效率;小麦间作能抑制黑麦草对土壤中cd的吸收。     

青海省西宁地区水、土、植物微量元素与环境问题

人体营养元素来源于大气、水、土壤和食物,各种因素造成的环境介质中元素丰度的不均衡,会导致某些元素在某些地区营养链环节上的过量或不足,从而导致生态环境上的相应变化。动植物的生存又依赖于自然环境,受环境各因子的制约。探索和正确认识周围的环境,是保证开发建设中植物生态平衡的必要基础。本文着重对西宁市的水、土、植物间的Fe、Mn、B、Cu、Zn、Se、Pb、Hg、As、Cd十种微量元素与环境问题进行讨论。样品采集及测试土壤采样由方格网控制,采样深度0—30厘米。西宁市区及近郊区为1点/4平方公里,其它地区为1点/8—16平方公里。每个样点采样时,从多处采集组合成样以增强代表性。部分样点采集达60—80厘米的深     

盐生小藜对碱性土壤的修复作用研究

以碱性植物小藜为研究对象,在威海市高区玛珈山上提取实验组与对照组的土壤,分别测定能够描述土壤性质数据,通过比较实验组、对照组以及培养组中土壤颗粒关于空气体积、贮水能力、有机质含量、pH值之间的不同,分析得出盐生植物小藜对盐碱土具有修复作用.结合实际情况讨论在海边盐碱地上种植小藜的意义,为其他盐生植物的研究提供依据.     

城市生活垃圾堆肥—紫色土蔬菜种植试验研究

盆栽试验结果表明城市生活垃圾堆肥施入紫色土中,可增加土壤的氮肥潜能,降低作物中Ｈｇ、Ｃｒ、Ｐｂ的含量;但施量过大会影响作物生长,造成作物减产,品质下降。本次土培试验初步提供了紫色土和垃圾的较适比为１∶１。     

吉林省镍矿区玉米体内重金属累积分布规律及其与土壤重金属全量的关系

矿山开采和冶炼可对矿区土壤造成不同程度的重金属污染。为了明确吉林省镍矿区耕地土壤/植物体系中重金属的迁移累积规律,在吉林省镍矿区采集了27个区域的土壤和玉米植株样品。结果表明,吉林省镍矿区土壤p H为5.00~6.82,有机质的含量为2.79%~7.93%,部分采样点的Cd和Pb超出吉林省土壤背景值,大部分采样点的Cu和Ni超出吉林省土壤背景值,所有采样点的Zn超出吉林省土壤背景值。玉米籽粒中Cd和Pb未检出,玉米茎中Cd未检出,27个采样点中有23个采样点的玉米籽粒Ni含量超过我国粮食及制品中重金属限量标准(NY 861-2004),而仅有4个采样点的籽粒Zn含量超过我国限量标准,所有采样点的籽粒Cu含量明显低于我国限量标准。随土壤重金属全量增加,玉米根Cd,Cu,Ni,Pb和Zn含量均呈增加趋势,其中根Cd,Cu,Ni含量与土壤重金属Cd,Cu,Ni全量呈显著正相关,而根Pb和Zn含量与土壤重金属Pb和Zn全量相关性不显著。     

铜陵铜官山矿区土壤重金属污染状况研究

通过野外调查和室内分析,研究了铜陵铜官山铜矿区土壤重金属含量,并采用单因子指数法和内梅罗指数法对铜官山土壤污染程度进行评价.研究结果表明,研究区土壤Cu、Zn、As、Hg平均含量高于当地的土壤背景值,土壤已受Cu、Zn、As重污染,受Hg轻污染.不同样点土壤重金属含量存在较大差异,其中处于选矿厂附近的9到16号样点土壤重金属污染情况较其它样点相对较重,15和16号样点的重金属单项污染指数和综合污染指数都很高,污染状况在所有样点中最为严重.     

河北省海岸带土壤盐渍化研究

在当今土地资源日益短缺的年代,作为一种土地资源,盐渍化土地越来越重要,越来越受到社会的普遍关注。本文通过分层采集土样,对整个河北省海岸带的土壤盐渍化进行了研究,在借鉴国内外先进经验的基础上,提出了土壤盐渍化防治和综合利用应视各国、各地具体情况而定,并指出盐渍土未来的研究趋势应以利用新技术、探寻新的改良方法及与农业生态和环境保护研究密切线合这三个方面为主。     

Revegetation of an abandoned uranium millsite on the Colorado Plateau, Arizona

We attempted to restore native plants on disturbed sites at a former uranium mill on the Colorado Plateau near Tuba City, AZ. Four-wing saltbush [Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.] was successfully established in compacted caliche soil and in unconsolidated dune soil when transplants were irrigated through the first summer with 20 L/plant/wk. The caliche soil was ripped before planting to improve water-holding capacity. The diploid saltbush variety, angustifolia, had higher survival and growth than the common tetraploid variety, occidentalis, especially on dune soil. The angustifolia variety grew to 0.3 to 0.4 m3 per plant over 3 yr even though irrigation was provided only during the establishment year. By contrast, direct seeding of a variety of native forbs, grasses, and shrubs yielded poor results, despite supplemental irrigation throughout the first summer. In this arid environment (precipitation = 100 to 200 mm/yr), the most effective revegetation strategy is to establish keystone native shrubs, such as four-wing saltbush, using transplants and irrigation during the establishment year, rather than attempting to establish a diverse plant community all at once.     

Small-scale spatial variability of atrazine and dinoseb adsorption parameters in an alluvial soil

Soil sorption processes largely control the environmental fate of herbicides. Therefore, accuracy of sorption parameters is crucial for accurate prediction of herbicide mobility in agricultural soils. A combined experimental and statistical study was performed to investigate the small-scale spatial variability of sorption parameters for atrazine and dinoseb in soils and to establish the number of samples needed to provide a value of the distribution coefficient (K(d)) next to the mean, with a given precision. The study explored sorption properties of the two herbicides in subsurface samples collected from four pits distributed along a transect of an alluvial soil; two to four samples were taken at about 30 cm apart at each sampling location. When considering all the data, the distribution coefficients were found to be normally and log-normally distributed for atrazine and dinoseb, respectively; the CVs were relatively high (close to 50% for dinoseb and 40% for atrazine). When analyzed horizon by horizon, the data revealed distribution coefficients normally distributed for both herbicides, whatever the soil layer, with lower CVs. The K(d) values were shown to vary considerably between samples collected at very short distance (a few centimeters), suggesting that taking a single soil sample to determine sorption properties through batch experiments can lead to highly unrepresentative results and to poor sorption/mobility predictions.     

土壤有机质含量测定方法的改进研究

通过研究改进了土壤有机质含量的测定方法。首先称取适量土壤置于长管消解系统中进行消解,然后采用全自动电位滴定仪进行滴定,直接获得土壤的有机质含量。使用该方法测定的土壤标准样品的有机质含量均在保证值以内,同时对实际样品进行精密度测试,得到相对标准偏差为1．03％。该方法降低了土壤有机质含量检测的实验成本,减少了环境污染,同时提高了实验数据的准确度与精密度,值得推广。     

平行双样对天然气中硫化物采样的质量控制

为了研究平行双样对天然气中硫化物采样质量控制措施的可靠性,对现场采集的８对硫化物平行样用对氨基二甲基苯胺光度法进行测定。对测定结果及相对偏差进行Ｗ（Ｓｈａｐｉｒｏ－Ｗｉｌｋ）检验,检验结果说明平行双样相对偏差服从正态分布,数据的一致性较好,说明用平行双样对采样进行质量控制是可行的。文中还用Ｇｒｕｂｂｓ检验法计算出在该实验条件下测定天然气中硫化物平行双样的相对偏差质量控制范围为１．９３％±１２．５％。     

HERBICIDE CONTAMINATION BY THE 1993 GREAT FLOOD ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI RWER1

ABSTRACT: The Great Flood of 1993 inundated more than 355,000 ha of illinois cropland, creating great concern for the possible contamination of farmland by herbicides. The objective of this study was to assess the herbicide contamination of floodwaters and farmland due to the great flood of 1993. Floodwater samples were collected between August 5 and December 20, 1993, at the Horseshoe Lake State Game Reserve in Alexander County, Illinois, USA. Water and suspended sediment were tested separately for the more commonly used herbicides in Illinois and the midwestern USA: alachior, atrazine, and cyanazine. These herbicides were detected in the floodwater samples, but concentrations were all below the health advisory concentration of 3 μg/L established for drinking water by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. No herbicides were detected in the suspended sediment. After the recession of the flood, soil samples from flooded and non-flooded corn fields were collected for comparison. Soil samples taken from two out of three sampling locations had a 0.4 to 0.8 μg/kg increase in atrazine at the flooded verses the non-flooded sites. Concentrations were 500 to 1,000 times lower than the recommended 1 mg/kg rate at which this herbicides typically applied to soil.     

Variability of soil-water quality due to Tsunami-2004 in the coastal belt of Nagapattinam district, Tamilnadu

In this study, the Tsunami-caused deterioration of soil and groundwater quality in the agricultural fields of coastal Nagapattinam district of Tamilnadu state in India is presented by analyzing their salinity and sodicity parameters. To accomplish this, three sets of soil samples up to a depth of 30cm from the land surface were collected for the first six months of the year 2005 from 28 locations and the ground water samples were monitored from seven existing dug wells and hand pumps covering the study region at intervals of 3 months. The EC and pH values of both the soil and ground water samples were estimated and the spatial and temporal variability mappings of these parameters were performed using the geostatistical analysis module of ArcGIS((R)). It was observed that the spherical semivariogram fitted well with the data set of both EC and pH and the generated kriged maps explained the spatial and temporal variability under different ranges of EC and pH values. Further, the recorded EC and pH data of soil and ground water during pre-Tsunami periods were compared with the collected data and generated variability soil maps of EC and pH of the post-Tsunami period. It was revealed from this analysis that the soil quality six months after the Tsunami was nearing the pre-Tsunami scenario (EC< 1.5dSm(-1); pH<8), whereas the quality of ground water remained highly saline and unfit for irrigation and drinking. These observations were compared with the ground scenarios of the study region and possible causes for such changes and the remedial measures for taking up regular agricultural practices are also discussed.     

Plains cottonwood's last stand: can it survive invasion of Russian olive onto the Milk River, Montana floodplain?

Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) was introduced in 1950 onto one site on the Milk River floodplain, northern Montana, 10 km downstream from the Canada/United States border. To analyze dispersal of Russian olive from the point source between 1950 and 1999, we compared distribution, numbers, size structure, and mortality of Russian olive and plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides Marsh:) on an unregulated reach of the Milk River floodplain in southeastern Alberta and north-central Montana. Within 50 years, Russian olive in this reach has moved upriver into Alberta and downriver to the Fresno Reservoir. It is now present on 69 of the 74 meander lobes sampled, comprising 34%, 62%, and 61% of all Russian olive and plains cottonwood seedlings, saplings, and trees, respectively. On some meander lobes, Russian olive has colonized similar elevations on the floodplain as plains cottonwood and is oriented in rows paralleling the river channel, suggesting that recruitment may be related to river processes. Breakup ice had killed 400 Russian olive saplings and trees and damaged >1000 others on 30 of the meander lobes in 1996. Nevertheless, Russian olive now outnumbers cottonwood on many sites on the Milk River floodplain because its seeds can be dispersed by wildlife (particularly birds) and probably by flood water and ice rafts; seeds are viable for up to 3 years and germination can take place on bare and well-vegetated soils; and saplings and trees are less palatable to livestock and beaver than plains cottonwood. Without control, Russian olive could be locally dominant on the Milk River floodplain in all age classes within 10 years and replace plains cottonwood within this century.     

A novel method to determine buffer strip effectiveness on deep soils

Unfertilized buffer strips (BS) generally improve surface water quality. High buffer strip effectiveness (BSE) has been reported for sloping shallow aquifers, but experimental data for plain landscapes with deeply permeable soils is lacking. We tested a novel method to determine BSE on a 20-m-deep, permeable sandy soil. Discharge from soil to ditch was temporarily collected in an in-stream reservoir to measure its quantity and quality, both for a BS and a reference (REF) treatment. Treatments were replicated once for the first, and three times for the next three leaching seasons. No significant BSE was obtained for nitrogen and phosphorus species in the reservoirs. Additionally, water samples were taken from the upper groundwater below the treatments. The effect of BS for nitrate was much bigger in upper groundwater than in the reservoirs that also collected groundwater from greater depths that were not influenced by the treatments. We conclude that measuring changes in upper groundwater to assess BSE is only valid under specific hydrogeological conditions. We propose an alternative experimental set-up for future research, including extra measurements before installing the BS and REF treatments to deal with spatial and temporal variability. The use of such data as covariates will increase the power of statistical tests by decreasing between-reservoir variability.