网购供应链库存与运输联合优化模型研究

以网购供应链为研究对象,建立了网购供应链库存与运输联合优化模型。研究发现,ITIO联合优化过程中存在信息不安全、利润分配难、订单分散与大批量运输矛盾难以调和、售后服务难、制约了ITIO利润增加、同质化竞争加剧了成本节约的压力等障碍因素。从建立信息保障机制、合理设计利润分配制度、平台商搭桥做好各方库存与运输整合、各家企业协作共建售后服务网点、以联合优化的差异化破解同质化困局等方面提出相应的对策和建议。     

基于安全可靠度的云南松茸冷链物流库存策略优化

安全可靠度对冷链物流库存策略优化起着至关重要的作用.以云南松茸为研究对象,将安全可靠度纳入冷链物流库存操作流程中,建立基于安全可靠度的冷链物流库存理论模型,从安全可靠度管理产生的高额成本等方面分析存在的困难,据此提出应从实施联合库存管理、基于安全可靠度的冷库软硬件优化升级等方面对基于安全可靠度的云南松茸冷链物流库存策略进行优化.     

危险废物转移实时监控成本优化分析与研究

对危险废物转移实时监控是实现其全过程管理的重要保证。针对国内外危险废物管理信息化发展和研究现状,指出城市危险废物转移安全监管存在的问题,提出有别于传统自建监控中心做法的基于商业平台监管危险废物转移的成本优化实施方案,实现对运输车辆的内外网两级安全监管。以广州市固废中心为案例,基于商业平台的危险废物监管系统在实现相同功能的前提下不仅大幅度降低系统建设和运营成本,还提高了事故应急响应速度,为我国各城市危险废物安全监管提供参考。     

城市生活垃圾收集与运输路线的优化

城市生活垃圾收运系统是生活垃圾管理的重要组成部分,收运费用占垃圾处理处置费用的40%～50%,为降低收运系统成本,减少环境污染与社会影响,需对垃圾车的收运路线进行合理优化。本文在参考国内外大量文献的基础上,评述了国内外城市生活垃圾收集与运输路线的优化模型与方法及其研究进展,通过各种模型与方法的对比,指出它们的优点与存在的问题。借鉴已有的研究思路与方法,引出作者对优化城市生活垃圾收运路线的思路并给出深入研究的建议。     

基于安全可靠度的云南松茸冷链物流配送优化CSSCI

基于安全可靠度的云南松茸冷链物流配送优化,以云南松茸为研究对象,将安全可靠度纳入到松茸冷链物流配送过程中,建立优化配送的理论模型。然而,将安全可靠度引入松茸冷链物流配送环节的实施仍较困难,究其原因是安全可靠度带来的高额成本、信息不对称、软硬件设施落后等一系列问题和障碍。针对这些问题,从实施安全可靠的共同配送模式、建立安全可靠度的冷链信息共享平台、合理布局冷链配送网点等方面对松茸冷链物流配送进行了优化配置。     

基于安全可靠度的云南松茸冷链物流配送优化

基于安全可靠度的云南松茸冷链物流配送优化,以云南松茸为研究对象,将安全可靠度纳入到松茸冷链物流配送过程中,建立优化配送的理论模型。然而,将安全可靠度引入松茸冷链物流配送环节的实施仍较困难,究其原因是安全可靠度带来的高额成本、信息不对称、软硬件设施落后等一系列问题和障碍。针对这些问题,从实施安全可靠的共同配送模式、建立安全可靠度的冷链信息共享平台、合理布局冷链配送网点等方面对松茸冷链物流配送进行了优化配置。     

甘肃省兰州市特色农产品物流库存控制模型探讨

结合现代物流库存管理思想及其运作实践,以追求最优物流服务质量,求得库存利润最大时的最优经济批量为目标,建立库存控制新模型.模型引入直接影响物流服务质量的参数:及时交货率和安全交货率.设定假设,确定相关参数:单位库存成本、单位缺货成本、产品需求函数、库存收入、库存利润,建立模型并实践应用.对此模型进行分析讨论,并提出具体的对策建议,以便更好地实现兰州市特色农产品物流库存控制目标.     

采油作业区节能减排探索与实践

H作业区经过对节能减排中问题的总结,实施了哈得四联合站放空气回收轻烃外输、哈得一联合站二段气回收、污水闭路循环回收利用、淡化水流程优化等节能减排工程,促进了节能减排,减少了碳排放,实现了清洁生产,取得了较好的经济效益和环境效益。     

中原油田原油稳定系统绿色低碳优化研究

针对中原油田原油稳定系统进行绿色低碳优化研究,按照"压缩规模、优化工艺、提高系统效率"的原则,分析和论证了"在柳屯油库新建1座年处理量100万t原油稳定系统,替代目前6座联合站原油稳定系统进行生产"的可行性,可以有效解决地面集输系统中存在的上述问题,提高系统整体能效水平,促进绿色企业行动建设。     

氮肥的真实成本

一直以来,氮肥在生产、运输、使用环节中产生和造成的食品安全问题等负外部性基本被忽视了。本文通过分析氮肥的真实成本,在回顾国内外治理农业面源污染经验的基础上,对发展生态农业防治农业污染提出了政策建议,希望为农业的长足发展和环境治理提供参考。     

Transportation energy in global cities: sustainable transportation comes in from the cold?

The energy, environmental and social benefits of sustainable transportation, i.e. public transit, biking and walking, have long been recognized but are now mainstream in global and local transportation policy debates. However, the economic value of sustainable transportation has always been seen as secondary, unless many external costs were included. The results of a new global study show that cities with significant sustainable transportation systems have reduced costs on road construction and maintenance; better operating cost recovery and fuel-efficiency; fewer road accidents and less air pollution. In overall terms, the percentage of city funds going to transportation is reduced. The data show that cities with the most roads have the highest transportation costs and the most rail-oriented cities have the lowest. Further, the most sprawling cities have the highest direct and indirect costs for transportation. Thus, strategies to contain sprawl, to reurbanize, to build new rail systems into car-dependent suburbs with focussed sub-centers, and to facilitate biking and walking, not only will improve energy efficiency but will reduce costs to the economy of a city. Strategies that build freeways and add to sprawl will do the opposite. Trends indicate that moves toward sustainable urban patterns are beginning. The need to operationalize sustainable transportation strategies in planning and engineering practice and in the politics of infrastructure funding remains a major challenge. Some cities are showing how this can be done.     

THE EFFECTS OF RISK AND RELIABILITY ON OPTIMAL RESERVOIR DESIGN1

A chance-constrained linear programming model, which utilizes multiple linear decision rules and is useful for river basin planning, is used to evaluate the effects of risk and reliability on optimal reservoir design. Streamflow forecasts or predictions can be explicitly included in the linear program. The risk associated with the predictions is included in the model through the use of cumulative distribution functions (CDF) of streamflows which are conditioned on the predictions. A multiple-purpose reservoir on the Gunpowder River in Maryland is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the model. In order to provide the decision makers with complete and useful information, trade-off curves relating minimum reservoir capacity (a surrogate for dam costs), water supply and flood control targets, and the reliability of achieving the targets are developed. The trade-off curves may enhance the decision maker's ability to select the best dam capacity, considering technological and financial constraints as well as the trade-offs between targets, risks, and costs.     

基于GIS的城市土地利用与交通网络一体化模型

在蓬勃发展的城市化进程中,一方面,城市交通需求迅速增长,交通运输供给能力不足成为制约区域经济快速发展的瓶颈;另一方面,在城市化进程中突出的景观标志--土地利用的变化包含着城市极其丰富的信息量,城市交通网络设计必然要求将城市土地利用与交通网络设计整合考虑.概述了土地利用与交通网络设计的关系,构建了一个基于GIS的城市土地利用与交通网络设计一体化模型 (LTGIS) ,同时对模型中的系统设计进行了论述,表明城市土地利用与交通网络设计是密切相关的.基于GIS的城市土地利用与交通网络设计一体化模型(LTGIS)的提出具有理论与实践的双重意义.     

Solid waste management in urban areas: Development and application of a decision support system

A decision support system (DSS) developed to assist the planner in decisions concerning the overall management of solid waste at a municipal scale is described. The DSS allows to plan the optimal number of landfills and treatment plants, and to determine the optimal quantities and the characteristics of the refuse that has to be sent to treatment plants, to landfills and to recycling. The application of the DSS is based on the solution of a constrained non-linear optimization problem. Various classes of constraints have been introduced in the problem formulation, taking into account the regulations about the minimum requirements for recycling, incineration process requirements, sanitary landfill conservation, and mass balance. The cost function to be minimized includes recycling, transportation and maintenance costs. The DSS has been tested on the municipality of Genova, Italy, and the results obtained are presented.     

Order 636 and the U.S. natural gas industry

An intent of the U.S. Federal Regulatory Commission's Order 636, promulgated in April 1992, was to promote competition and efficiency in the transportation sector of the natural gas industry. Additionally, the Order altered the roles of the traditional players in the industry by increasing not only their options for purchase and sale of natural gas, but also their risks. Increased options have the potential of increasing competition and efficiency, not only in the transportation sector, but also in the distribution sector. This paper examines impacts of Order 636. Using annual, aggregate, U.S. price data, a Wilcox rank sum test is employed to test for statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-636 eras. Results indicate median revenues attributable to the transportation sector have declined since the implementation of Order 636.¹ Although there are naturally a number of factors that may affect transportation revenues, the decline in median price can be attributed, at least in part, to increased competition, increased efficiency, or both. At this level of aggregation the effects can not be segregated. Results also indicate that although decreased costs of transportation have at least partially been passed on to final consumers, local distribution companies have not significantly altered their business practices when dealing with customers.     

Risk-based economic decision analysis of remediation options at a PCE-contaminated site

Remediation methods for contaminated sites cover a wide range of technical solutions with different remedial efficiencies and costs. Additionally, they may vary in their secondary impacts on the environment i.e. the potential impacts generated due to emissions and resource use caused by the remediation activities. More attention is increasingly being given to these secondary environmental impacts when evaluating remediation options. This paper presents a methodology for an integrated economic decision analysis which combines assessments of remediation costs, health risk costs and potential environmental costs. The health risks costs are associated with the residual contamination left at the site and its migration to groundwater used for drinking water. A probabilistic exposure model using first- and second-order reliability methods (FORM/SORM) is used to estimate the contaminant concentrations at a downstream groundwater well. Potential environmental impacts on the local, regional and global scales due to the site remediation activities are evaluated using life cycle assessments (LCA). The potential impacts on health and environment are converted to monetary units using a simplified cost model.A case study based upon the developed methodology is presented in which the following remediation scenarios are analyzed and compared: (a) no action, (b) excavation and off-site treatment of soil, (c) soil vapor extraction and (d) thermally enhanced soil vapor extraction by electrical heating of the soil. Ultimately, the developed methodology facilitates societal cost estimations of remediation scenarios which can be used for internal ranking of the analyzed options. Despite the inherent uncertainties of placing a value on health and environmental impacts, the presented methodology is believed to be valuable in supporting decisions on remedial interventions.     

Environmental portfolio analysis: An integrated strategic approach to environmental management

As businesses strive to reduce costs and become more competitive, environmental costs and potential future liability issues continue to raise overhead expenses. The decision process is further challenged by the various interpretations of existing laws and the uncertainty of future applicable regulations and their interpretation. To make more informed business decisions and bridge the gap between the environmental and business perspective, organizations need to be able to see the overall environmental picture and how it affects the current and future business operation. This article presents a systematic approach to developing an organization's integrated baseline “environmental portfolio” with various business risk levels and expected costs. Utilizing computer simulation, sensitivity iterations are performed to show the results of different scenarios. These scenarios can include various probabilities of cost levels, permitting strategies, and litigation, as well as the success of new technologies. Management can then focus attention on the main driving factors and avoid spending too much attention on lesser items. An additional benefit to this process is that communication between the various segments of an organization are enhanced since their perspectives are clearly articulated as part of the analysis. Sensitivity analysis also provides the framework for a sanity check of the process and results. Are projected levels of success reasonable? What levels would be required to change the decision, and how likely are they to occur? What level of overall business risk associated with environmental issues is prudent? In addition this article shows how computer modeling and simulation can bring a valuable perspective to the decision-making process.     

Distributed travel time savings of a multiscale transportation access management program

Access management in transportation planning can save travel time, reduce crashes, and increase route capacities. The planning literature suggests a need for performance metrics and a decision-aiding framework to guide access management programs across large corridor networks and diverse time horizons. This paper describes a quantitative framework to support access management programs, applying multicriteria analysis and cost-benefit analysis with parameter uncertainties. The metrics used to assess relative priorities at existing access points include the following: travel time delay index, traffic exposure, value of time, and costs of typical access management activities. Uncertain parameters that influence the estimates of the potential benefits and costs are identified and treated via a numerical interval analysis. The framework is demonstrated at several geographic scales and locations including 7,000 km of highway arterials of a 110,000 square-kilometer region and several sub-regions. The results assist decision makers to identify route segments that should be addressed sooner by eliciting additional information, reserving right-of-way, closing access points, planning new alignments, facilitating development proffers, etc. The approach is transferable to other topics involving resource allocation for preservation and improvement of multiscale infrastructure systems.     

Developing decision support systems for integrated coastal management in the tropics: is the ICM decision-making environment too complex for the development of a useable and useful DSS?

Integrated coastal management in the tropics requires the conservation of vulnerable and diverse ecosystems such as coral reefs and mangroves as well as the management of land and marine-based human activities. Decision-making for integrated coastal management involves multiple decision-makers and multiple stakeholders often with conflicting needs and interests. Decision support systems can be developed to improve our understanding of the inter-relationships between the natural and socio-economic variables and hence result in improved decision-making. The question is whether this decision making environment is actually too complex for the development of useful and useable decision support systems. This paper describes the components of the decision making environment and the components of a decision support system. It also explores the various techniques available to deal with different modelling needs, the constraints of inadequate data and the multi-objective decision making environment. In addition, different techniques of developing decision support systems can play important roles within integrated coastal management. Three coastal decision support systems are evaluated in terms of their design and role in integrated coastal management and are used to evaluate the potential to develop decision support systems for integrated coastal management.     

An Open Source GIS‐Based Decision Support System for Watershed Evaluation of Best Management Practices

Economic costs, water quantity/quality benefits, and cost effectiveness of agricultural best management practices (BMPs) at a watershed scale are increasingly examined using integrated economic‐hydrologic models. However, these models are typically complex and not user‐friendly for examining the effects of various BMP scenarios. In this study, an open source geographic information system (GIS)‐based decision support system (DSS), named the watershed evaluation of BMPs (WEBs), was developed for creating BMP scenarios and simulating economic costs and water quantity/quality benefits at farm field, subbasin, and watershed scales. This DSS or WEBs interface integrated a farm economic model, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), and an optimization model within Whitebox Geospatial Analysis Tools (GAT), an open source GIS software. The DSS was applied to the 14.3‐km² Gully Creek watershed, a coastal watershed in southern Ontario, Canada that drains directly into Lake Huron. BMPs that were evaluated included conservation tillage, nutrient management, cover crop, and water and sediment control basins. In addition to assessing economic costs, water quantity/quality benefits, and cost effectiveness of BMPs, the DSS can be also used to examine prioritized BMP types/locations and corresponding economic and water quantity/quality tradeoffs in the study watershed based on environmental targets or budget constraints. Further developments of the DSS including interface transfer to other watersheds are also discussed. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on SWAT Applications for Emerging Hydrologic and Water Quality Challenges. See the February 2017 issue for the introduction and background to the series.