以碳交易市场促进我国节能减排目标的实现

碳排放权交易市场形成的前提条件包括碳减排边际成本差异与强制性节能目标,必要条件为有效的制度设计。分析国内的现实状况,由于受到能源结构、产业结构等方面的影响,不同省份和地区之间的碳减排成本存在明显差异,一些经济发达的城市,必须借助碳交易方式才能完成减排任务。由此得出,我国建立碳排放权交易市场不仅具有可行性,而且将成为部分地区实现约束指标的必要手段。     

袋式除尘用滤料集尘性能的冷态测定及分析

对袋式除尘常用的针刺毡、基布覆膜、梯度针刺毡三类滤料进行集尘状况下压力损失冷态实验测试。结果表明:清洁滤料压力损失由大到小分别为基布覆膜滤料、梯度针刺毡、常规针刺毡;清洁滤料的压力损失与过滤速度呈正比线性变化关系,集尘后与过滤时间、粉尘负荷呈正比二次方变化关系,并通过分析给出滤料在不同集尘负荷下阻力与过滤风速、粉尘负荷间的计算关系。     

NOx reburning in oxy-fuel combustion: A comparison between solid and gaseous fuels

In the development of oxy-fuel combustion, reburning of nitrogen oxides, recycled with the flue gases, has been investigated for primary NO_x control. Reduction of between 50 and 80% of the recycled nitrogen oxides has been measured. The present work evaluates the performance of gaseous and solid fuels as agents for reduction of nitrogen oxides by comparing experimental and modelling work performed at Chalmers University of Technology with different fuels. It is shown that the reduction is similar during propane and lignite firing, but that the lignite has slightly higher reduction efficiency. Differences in combustion temperature and heterogeneous effects are possible explanations.     

Sectoralization of an Integrated Coastal Management Programme: A Case Study in Madagascar

This paper focuses on integrated environmental management and shows why emphasis should be put on implementation issues. The authors take the example of integrated coastal management (ICM) and analyse a case study they recently conducted in Madagascar, where an ambitious ICM programme is being implemented. They explain a strong perverse mechanism called sectoralization, which appears to threaten many integration efforts and is a good example of what is at stake with the implementation of the integration concept. They conclude especially that integrated environmental management should not be considered as the only modern form of environmental action, and that a certain type of case study is now needed to analyse existing environmental management systems before designing integration programmes.     

迁西县南部地区非金属矿产的开发布局与规划

本文介绍了迁西县南部地区非金属矿产的资源优势与潜力，提出了该区域非金属矿产的开发方向与布局，以及其开发对策与措施。     

南昌市名特优农产品生产基地布局规划

本文通过对南昌市名特优农产品资源、生产现状和市场条件的综合分析，确立了发挥地区资源优势，重点发展的名特优农产品，并进行了科学合理的规划和布局。     

Imputing Unknown Market Values: A Different Perspective on the Disparity Between WTP and WTA

In the process of economic development, governments often expropriate private property and compensate the owners accordingly. Using the application of environmental regulation, this paper suggests a method to impute the price of an expropriated good when the price is not available, due to the lack of markets.     

Market structure and bargaining power: A study of three international mineral markets

This paper considers how differences in the structure and arrangements between the international markets for bauxite, iron ore and copper affect the bargaining strength and division of benefits between buyers and sellers. After describing the characteristic features of each market, and noting the absence of appropriate economic theory to disentangle the issue at hand, an attempt is made to clarify the problem by considering the difference between the markets in terms of five factors - degree of concentration, ability of the parties to inflict losses on each other, varying shares of the raw material in final product prices, structure of the market in which the final products are sold, and the process of trade negotiation.     

Management of Water Shortage in the Colorado River Basin: Evaluating Current Policy and the Viability of Interstate Water Trading1

Wildman, Richard A., Jr. and Noelani A. Forde, 2012. Management of Water Shortage in the Colorado River Basin: Evaluating Current Policy and the Viability of Interstate Water Trading. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 411-422. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2012.00665.x Abstract: The water of the Colorado River of the southwestern United States (U.S.) is presently used beyond its reliable supply, and the flow of this river is forecast to decrease significantly due to climate change. A recent interim report of the Colorado River Basin Water Supply and Demand Study is the first acknowledgment of these facts by U.S. federal water managers. In light of this new stance, we evaluate the current policy of adaptation to water shortages in the Colorado River Basin. We find that initial shortages will be borne only by the cities of Arizona and Nevada and farms in Arizona whereas the other Basin states have no incentive to reduce consumptive use. Furthermore, the development of a long-term plan is deferred until greater water scarcity exists. As a potential response to long-term water scarcity, we evaluate the viability of an interstate water market in the Colorado River Basin. We inform our analysis with newly available data from the Murray-Darling Basin of Australia, which has used interstate water trading to create vital flexibility during extreme aridity during recent years. We find that, despite substantial obstacles, an interstate water market is a compelling reform that could be used not only to adapt to increased water scarcity but also to preserve core elements of Colorado River Basin law.     

太湖流域水污染权交易制度比较分析——基于环湖六市的调研

太湖流域作为全国经济发达的地区之一,水环境污染成为制约太湖流域可持续发展的重要因素。同时作为水污染权交易制度实施最早的流域,该制度在太湖流域理论与实践层面探索经验的总结对排污许可制度的应用和排污权交易的推广有着重要的理论意义和紧迫的现实意义。本文通过对嘉兴、湖州、苏州、无锡、常州及上海地方经验的调研,从制度设计、产权界定、信息披露、制度效率等方面进行比较分析,发现市场主导型的水污染权交易模式可以显著提高政策绩效,而交易市场的规模是交易制度推广实施的关键,最后,提出建立太湖流域统一水污染权交易市场等的政策建议。     

A numerical study on the effects of EGR and spark timing to combustion characteristics and NOx emission of a GDI engine

EGR is one of the most significant strategies for reducing especially nitrogen oxides (NO_x) emissions from internal combustion engines. The thermal efficiency of spark ignition engines is lower than compression ignition engines because of its lower compression ratio. If the compression ratio is increased to obtain higher thermal efficiency, there may be a knocking tendency in spark ignition engines. EGR can be used in order to reduce NO_x emissions and avoid knocking phenomena at higher compression ratios. In-cylinder temperature at the end of combustion is decreased and heat capacity of fresh charge is increased when EGR applied. Besides EGR, spark timing is another significant parameter for reducing exhaust emissions such as nitrogen oxides, and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC). In this study the effects of EGR and spark timing on spark ignition engine were investigated numerically. KIVA codes were used in order to model combustion process. The combustion process has been modeled for a single cylinder, four stroke and gasoline direct injection (GDI) spark ignition engine. The results showed that in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate decrease as EGR ratio increase. In-cylinder pressure increases with the advancing of spark timing. Advancing spark timing increases the heat release rate and in-cylinder temperature. The simulation results also showed that EGR reduced exhaust gas temperature and NO_x emissions.     

我国排污权交易政策及完善对策研究

排污权交易在环境管理领域里正受到越来越多的关注。回顾了我国近年来的排污权交易政策,并对排污权交易试点实施效果进行了阐述,同时结合目前排污权交易在我国应用和研究现状,对排污权交易制度在实践过程中仍存在法律政策落后、初始分配公平与效率缺乏保障、市场体制欠缺以及监测监督力度不够等主要问题进行分析,并从排污立法、市场培育、政府监管3个方面提出政策建议。     

Brazil's Alcohol Programme: From an Attempt to Reduce Oil Dependence in the Seventies to the Green Arguments of the Nineties

The paper describes and analyses: the events, motivations, policies and forces that led to the introduction of ethanol as fuel in Brazil; the recent decision to continue with the programme; and draws important lessons that might be relevant for other regions and countries as they contemplate a transition away from petroleum transportation fuels. The alcohol programme began in the late 1970s; by 1986, as a result of large subsidies, 76% of all new cars were built to be fuelled by alcohol, but by 1996 that was down to less than 1%. It is shown that the pursuit of ethanol fuel in Brazil was not based on long term plans with deep-set values, but has been an ad hoc response to a particular set of circumstances, including a depressed sugar industry, an ambitious attempt to reduce oil dependence and more recently a range of 'green' arguments.     

Market power and cost efficiency: the case of the US aluminum industry

The purpose of this paper is to construct and empirically test a model designed to determine the link between market concentration and price with separate effects of market-power and cost-efficiency in change of industrial concentration. The analysis is conducted within the context of a single oligopoly, specifically, the US primary aluminum industry. Using time-series data, the model indicates that both market-power and cost-efficiency effects are significant resulting in unwavering prices despite diminishing market concentration in the industry throughout the sample period.     

Mixed signals: market incentives, recycling, and the price spike of 1995

Environmental economics assumes that reliance on price signals, adjusted for externalities, normally leads to efficient solutions to environmental problems. We explore a limiting case, when market volatility created ‘mixed signals’: prices of waste paper and other recycled materials were suddenly extremely high in 1994–1995, then plummeted back to traditional low levels in 1996. These rapid reversals resulted in substantial economic and political costs. A review of academic and business literature suggests six possible explanations for abrupt price spikes. An econometric analysis of the prices of wood pulp and waste paper shows that factor which explained price changes in 1983–1993 contribute very little to understanding the subsequent price spike. From the econometric analysis and from other sources, we conclude that speculation must have played a major role in the price spike, perhaps in combination with modest effects from changes in government policy and in export demand. If speculatively driven price spikes can disrupt an environmentally important industry such as recycling, what is the appropriate role for public policy? When price volatility is sufficiently disruptive, then measures to control or stabilize prices, rather than interfering with the market, might help to make it more efficient.     

Environmental Attitudes and Behavior of Primary and Secondary Students in Asian Cities: An Overview Strategy for Implementing an Eco-schools Programme

Environmental education is essential to the success of Agenda 21. Yet currently it is without focus and effectively side-lined. This paper presents the results of preliminary investigations on the environmental attitudes and knowledge of Indian and Filipino primary and secondary school students, and their readiness to engage in pro-environmental behavior that could involve some change in their personal lifestyle. For the most part, environmental education efforts are embedded mainly into various science subjects. The relationship between environmental education and environmental awareness is analyzed to examine whether schools' environmental education could contribute to the shaping of environmental attitudes. A strategy and accompanying methodology for establishing environmental education is supplied.     

文博旅游客源市场分析——以桂林市为例

利用对桂林游客的抽样调查数据,运用SPSS统计软件对游客行为特征进行了研究,解析出我国文博旅游客源市场的发展规律与时代特点,并试图寻找未来文博市场开发的突破口.     

中国国家温室气体自愿减排交易机制优化途径初探

2012年以来,我国逐步建立完善了国家温室气体自愿减排交易管理机制,在制度体系、登记管理、交易管理等方面取得积极进展,备案了1315个温室气体自愿减排项目,项目产生的核证自愿减排量（CCER）实现全国交易,形成初具规模的二级交易市场。研究表明,受到国家主管部门在2017年暂缓自愿减排项目备案等因素影响,现有国家温室气体自愿减排交易管理机制已无法适应国家“双碳”目标下充分发挥市场机制作用的新要求,以及实现CCER在全国碳排放权交易市场和国际航空减排市场履约抵销等新形势,亟须在制度设计、平台支撑、市场建设、能力保障等各方面优化重塑,以重启为契机,加快推动我国温室气体自愿减排交易机制在新形势下深入发展。