邢台市颗粒污染物变化特征和后向轨迹分析

为深入了解邢台市PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度变化情况和气流后向轨迹,对邢台市2013—2016年环境大气颗粒污染物监测数据进行了分析,同时利用HYSPLIT模型计算出逐日72 h后向气流轨迹。结果表明:邢台市的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度在2013—2016年间呈逐年下降趋势,PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度高值出现在冬季(296μg/m~3和192μg/m~3),最低值出现在夏季(140μg/m~3和80μg/m~3),PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度在日变化上均呈"双峰双谷"型分布;后向轨迹的季节聚类分析表明,春季大气颗粒物污染以粒径2.5～10μm的颗粒污染物为主,夏季、秋季和冬季的大气颗粒物污染以PM_(2.5)为主;逐日聚类分析表明,在路径为西北偏西向的、途经多个沙源地的气流影响下,邢台市的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度处于一个相对高值;来源于偏南向的气流由于化合反应,污染物积聚导致PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)质量浓度也处于相对高值;在来源于西北向和偏北向的、水汽含量相对较低的气流影响下,邢台市的PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)质量浓度出现一个明显的下降。     

沈阳市冬季重污染过程PM2.5浓度变化及成因分析

利用多种污染物浓度数据、气象观测数据,结合HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式,对2015年11月6—10日发生在沈阳的一次较长时间重污染天气过程,从大气浓度变化、天气形势特征及成因机制等方面进行综合分析。结果表明,重污染期间日空气质量指数均超过重度污染限值200,首要污染物PM_(2.5)最高小时质量浓度达到1 326μg/m3,为沈阳市监测PM_(2.5)以来的历史峰值。此次空气污染是气象及人为因素共同作用的结果,重污染过程时段内高空场不利于气流上升运动的发展,地面倒槽、稳定的大气层结不利于污染物的扩散。此次重污染过程与大范围秸秆集中燃烧、大量污染物排放有一定关系。通过后向轨迹计算分析,发现颗粒物长距离输送对区域污染产生一定影响。     

崇明岛PM2.5中硫酸根、硝酸根及其前体物变化特征及来源

2016年8月1日—2017年7月31日在上海市崇明岛森林公园空气质量观测站进行了为期1年的大气气体污染物、PM_(2.5)水溶性成分在线监测。各项常规大气污染物在该站浓度均较低,但污染物极值较高,说明崇明地区仍有显著的区域污染现象。PM_(2.5)中硝酸根平均浓度(10. 0μg/m~3)高于硫酸根(6. 8μg/m~3),2种成分均在冬季出现最高值。崇明地区PM_(2.5)污染中污染物区域传输是主要贡献因子,但夏季硫酸根二次生成较为明显。风速风向及后向气流轨迹分析表明,南通工业区及城区是崇明地区PM_(2.5)二次无机成分气态前体物的重要贡献来源,而来自山东中部、江苏北部及长三角苏锡常地区的污染传输过程亦对硫酸根、硝酸根浓度有显著贡献。     

克拉玛依市空气质量特征分析

为研究克拉玛依市空气质量特征,对2015年克拉玛依市空气自动站监测数据进行分析。结果表明,克拉玛依市空气质量整体较为清洁,优良天数占有效监测天数的91.5%,PM_(2.5)平均浓度为31μg/m~3,PM_(10)平均浓度为64μg/m~3,PM_(2.5)在PM_(10)中占比近半;SO_2和NO_2浓度相对不高,NO_2/SO_2比值为2.4,流动源问题相对突出;对各项污染物的综合指数分担率分析发现,克拉玛依市PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)为综合指数分担率最高的因子,不足四分之一,O_3排第三位,超过五分之一,SO_2最低,仅为3.6%。     

新疆大气颗粒物的时空分布特征

基于2015年新疆12个城市的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)地面监测数据,并结合同期气象观测数据,分析了新疆PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度的时空分布特征及其与气象要素的关联性。结果表明:新疆大气颗粒物年均质量浓度呈现南高北低特征,南疆各城市的年均PM_(10)质量浓度为150～262μg/m~3,年均PM_(2.5)质量浓度为50～118μg/m~3。北疆各城市的质量浓度相对较低,年均PM_(10)质量浓度为28～139μg/m~3,年均PM_(2.5)质量浓度为13～74μg/m~3。从时间变化来看,在春季和夏季,新疆以粗颗粒物污染为主,冬季以细颗粒物污染为主。此外,在南疆各城市3月PM_(10)质量浓度突然大幅升高与相对湿度明显下降、风速增大直接相关,沙尘天气是导致该区域春季高PM_(10)质量浓度的重要原因。     

福州市大气污染空间分布特征分析

利用2015年福州主城区6个大气国控点的6种主要大气污染物逐时监测数据、气象数据及空间基础数据等,通过增设站点后进行空间插值的方法分析大气污染物浓度的空间分布特征。结果表明:福州市大气中PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)最高值分别为35.57μg/m~3和62.35μg/m~3,高浓度区域集中在主城区中心和近郊区,其中台江区污染程度相对较高;O_3最高值为94.85μg/m~3,较高浓度主要集中在晋安区内海拔较高的森林地区;CO、SO_2和NO_2最高浓度低于一级标准浓度限值,高浓度区域分布在主城区中心。     

北京昌平某地冬季大气PM2.5元素污染特征分析

以北京昌平区某地大气PM_(2.5)和重金属污染状况为研究对象,应用射线法与XRF技术相结合的分析技术,对PM_(2.5)浓度和其重金属组分浓度进行同步监测,以重金属元素为污染物示踪因子进行污染特征分析。结果表明,监测期间该区域PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度达92μg/m~3,Ca、Fe、K元素含量较高。通过主成分分析该区域PM_(2.5)元素影响因素主要为工业和生活燃料燃烧、冶金工业废气、扬尘3类,贡献比分别为52.42%、26.82%、13.10%。     

盐城市秋冬季节PM2.5污染特征及来源分析

于2019年10月—2020年2月在盐城市开展大气PM_(2.5)离线监测,对PM_(2.5)的浓度变化、质量平衡、组分及来源进行了分析。结果表明,监测期间盐城市ρ(PM_(2.5))月均值为43.32～62.59μg/m~3,其中1月最高;监测期间ρ(PM_(2.5))平均值为54.25μg/m~3,质量重建后该值为52.38μg/m~3,与实测值的相关性达到0.98; PM_(2.5)占比最多的成分是硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐(SNA); m(NO_3~-)/m(SO_4~(2-))的平均值为2.16,说明监测期间盐城市机动车相比固定源对NO_2和SO_2有更高的贡献;通过主成分因子分析,可知盐城市秋、冬季节PM_(2.5)主要来源于土壤和扬尘源、燃烧源以及二次无机源。     

烟花爆竹燃放对北京市空气质量的影响研究

结合常规污染物浓度和PM_(2.5)化学组分浓度,分析了2015年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对北京市空气质量的影响。结果表明:烟花爆竹燃放会在短时间内造成严重的大气污染,其中对SO2、PM_(2.5)和PM10的影响最为显著。除夕夜间良乡、官园和怀柔3个监测站点的PM_(2.5)质量浓度峰值分别达730.5、343.4、762.2μg/m~3,为2月17—25日和3月4—8日(观测期间)平均值的5.2、3.1、7.1倍。烟花爆竹燃放对PM_(2.5)组分中的SO_4~(2-)、K+和Cl-的影响最为显著,除夕夜间监测中心点位的SO_4~(2-)、K~+和Cl~-质量浓度峰值分别达92.2、95.6、57.4μg/m~3,为观测期间平均值的4.5、10.5、6.8倍。烟花爆竹燃放产生的气态前体物和NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH+4、OC等PM_(2.5)二次化学组分在不利的气象条件下会发生化学反应和物理积累,造成PM_(2.5)浓度升高,产生持续性的大气污染。根据各污染物与NH+4的质量浓度比推算得出,除夕、"破五"和元宵节3个时段烟花爆竹燃放对K~+、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、SO_2和PM_(2.5)浓度的平均贡献率分别为78.4%、61.1%、37.4%、38.7%和30.1%。     

不同季节常州市气团来源差异性研究

利用NCEP全球再分析资料和HYSPLIT4模式,计算了2014年常州市不同季节的气流后向轨迹。结合聚类分析方法和常州市PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2和O_3监测数据,分析了各季节不同类型气团来源对各污染物浓度的影响。结果表明,常州市的气团来源具有明显的季节性特征,春季以东北偏东方向的气团为主,西南气流对应的PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)平均值较高,分别为93和157μg/m3;夏季受海洋型气团影响为主,东南气团对应的O_3平均值较高,为90μg/m3。秋季西北气流增多,其对应的PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)平均值较高,分别为71和107μg/m3,东南气团对应的SO_2和NO_2平均值较高,分别为40和43μg/m3;冬季受大陆型气团影响更显著,京津冀等北方气团和杭州湾方向的南面气团对应的PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)值较高,分别在100和150μg/m3以上。冬季随着空气污染加重,本地和本区域的气团逐渐占主导地位,说明加强长三角区域内的污染物协同管控,对于改善空气质量会具有明显的效果。     

河流沉积物中有机污染物的分析研究进展

总结了近年来河流沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展 ,集中评述了国内有关沉积物中多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析研究现状 ,包括样品采集、样品前处理和样品分析 ,并对今后河流、湖泊及水库沉积物中污染物的分析工作作了展望     

HPLC法测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D 3 和维生素E

建立了以w(C2H5OH)=95 %乙醇直接提取,高效液相色谱仪在波长280 nm和254 nm处连续测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D3和维生素E的方法.色谱柱为大连依利特Hypersil ODS C18(25 cm×4.6 mm×5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水,流速为1.2 mL/min.维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E的质量浓度分别在1.0 mg/L～20.0 mg/L、0.5 mg/L～15.0 mg/L 、2.5 mg/L～50.0 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限分别为0.3×10-6 μg、0.04×10-6 μg、5.0×10-6 μg,相对标准偏差分别为1.6 %、2.7 %、2.4 %,平均回收率分别为99 %、102 %、98 %.     

Trends in Nitrogen Transport in Swedish Rivers

Concern about nitrogen loads in marine environments has drawn attention to the existence and possible causes of long-term trends in nitrogen transport in rivers. The present study was based on data from the Swedish environmental monitoring programme for surface water quality; the continuity of these data is internationally unique. A recently developed semiparametric method was employed to study the development of relationships between runoff and river transport of nitrogen since 1971; the observed relationships were then used to produce time series of flow-normalised transports for 66 sites in 39 river basins. Subsequent statistical analyses of flow-normalised data revealed only few significant downward trends (p 0.05) during the time period 1971–1994, and the most pronounced of these downward trends were caused by reduced point emissions of nitrogen. The number of significant upward trends was substantially larger (15 for total-N and 18 for NO₃-N). Closer examination of obtained results revealed the following: (i) the most pronounced upward trends were present downstream of lakes, and (ii) observed increases in nitrogen transport coincided in time and space with reduced point emissions of phosphorus or organic matter. This indicated that changes in the retention of nitrogen in lakes were responsible for the upward nitrogen trends. The hypothesis that nitrogen saturation of forest soils has caused a general increase in the riverine export of nitrogen from forested catchments in Sweden was not confirmed. Neither did the results indicate that improved agricultural practices have reduced the export of nitrogen from agricultural catchments.     

Fluoride in groundwater in selected villages in Eritrea (North East Africa)

A study was undertaken to estimate fluoride content in thegroundwater in certain parts of rural Eritrea, North-East Africa,along the River Anseba. Standard procedure was adopted for fluoride detection. Results indicate elevated concentration offluoride in groundwater. The highest concentration was found tobe 3.73 mg L^-1, well above the safety level for consumption.Geological basis for the high concentration of high fluoride hasbeen established; it is presumed to be the pegmatite intrusion hosted by a granitic batholith. Extensive dental fluorosis has been observed in the population exposed to drinking water of highfluoride content.     

丽水市空气中Pb污染调查

为调查丽水市空气中Pb污染现状，在机动车相对集中的市区布设5个测点，测点高度1．2m；监测周期为1a，每星期采样1d或2d，每天采集1个样，每次采样6h；监测项目为TSP、Pb；评价标准采用GB3095—1996《环境空气质量标准》。结果表明，丽水市各测点空气中Pb最大的季均值、年均值均未超标；常规测点和交通路口测点之间TSP、Pb质量浓度值均存在显著的差异性。     

Organochlorines and Mercury in Waterfowl Harvested in Canada

Samples of breast muscle from 32 species of waterfowl collected from 123 sites across Canada were analyzed for chlorobenzenes (CBz), chlordane-related compounds (CHL), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH), DDT, mirex, dieldrin, PCBs and mercury. ΣDDT, ΣCBz and ΣPCB were the compounds most frequently found above trace levels. ΣHCH and ΣMirex were detected the least often. Mercury was detected in all of the mergansers, over 50% of dabbling, bay and sea ducks, and in less than 2% of the geese analysed. The highest levels of contaminants were generally found in birds feeding at higher trophic levels such as sea ducks and mergansers. With the exception of a few samples of mergansers and long-tailed ducks from eastern Canada, which contained ΣPCB concentrations of 1.0–2.4 mg kg⁻¹, ΣPCB levels were less than 1 mg kg⁻¹ wet weight. Only one merganser from eastern Canada had a ΣDDT concentration (2.6 mg kg⁻¹ ww) which was greater than 1 mg kg⁻¹ ww. The highest ΣCHL (0.10 mg kg⁻¹ ww) was also found in mergansers from eastern Canada. Levels of total mercury in breast muscle were either low (< 1 mg kg⁻¹ ww) or below detection limits with the exception of a few samples of mergansers from eastern Canada which contained mercury concentrations of 1.0–1.5 mg kg⁻¹ ww. Health Canada determined that the organochlorine and mercury levels found in samples of breast muscle of ducks and geese analysed in this study did not pose a health hazard to human consumers and therefore these waterfowl were safe to eat.     

兰州市冬季和春季PM2.5金属元素浓度水平与分布

为了解兰州市大气PM2.5中金属元素的污染水平和分布,于2013年冬季和春季在兰州市区4个在线监测点进行PM2.5样品采集,利用ICP-MS分析金属元素浓度。结果表明,Pb、B元素含量高于200 ng/m3,V、Fe元素含量在100~200 ng/m3,其余元素含量低于100 ng/m3,其中Pb含量最高,平均含量达到373.8 ng/m3.各监测点元素含量在冬季和春季各有不同,整体上是冬季高于春季。金属元素在兰州市区的空间分布与兰州市工业排放和气象因素有关,工业排放为主导因素。     

中国1998年度环境质量状况

对我国１９９８年度的环境空气质量,酸雨,主要流域水质,近岸域海水水质,地下水水位与水质,城市声环境、射环境质量,典型区域生态环境的状况进行了综述了与分析,指出了我国的环境污染问题主要是城市空气污染,地面水体污染和城市噪声污染。     

天津市空气颗粒物中酞酸酯的分布特征

采用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)对天津市空气颗粒物中15种酞酸酯(PAEs)夏季和冬季的浓度进行了分析测定,研究了酞酸酯污染水平的季节变化,不同季节酞酸酯的功能区差异,15种酞酸酯在颗粒物中的分布特征,以及DBP和DEHP在夏冬两季中的污染特点,分析了产生上述结果的原因,基本说明了天津市空气颗粒物中酞酸酯的污染状况和特点。     

Pesticides residues in vegetables in and around Delhi

This article presents the development of a multiresidue method forthe estimation of 30 insecticides, 15 organochlorineinsecticides and 6 organophosphorus insecticides, 9 syntheticpyrethriods and 2 herbicides and their quantificationin vegetables. The monitoring study indicates that though allthe vegetable samples were contaminated with pesticides, only31% of the samples contained pesticides above the prescribedtolerance limit.