Arsenic and chromate removal from water by iron chips-Effects of anions

The purpose of this study is to estimate the removal efficiency of As and Cr (VI) by one kind of industrial waste — iron chips, as well as to estimate the effects of typical inorganic anions (sulfate, phosphate, and nitrate), and typical organic anions (citrate, oxalate, and humate) on As or Cr (VI) removal. The results showed that 98% of As (V) and 92% of As (III) could be removed from aqueous phase by the iron chips within 60 min. Compared with As species, Cr (VI) was removed much more rapidly and efficiently with 97% of Cr (VI) being removed within 25 min. The removal efficiency for arsenic was in the order: As (III) (sulfate), As (III) (nitrate) or As (III), As (III) (humate), As (III) (oxalate), As (III) (citrate), As (III) (phosphate), and for chromate was in the order: Cr (VI) (sulfate), Cr (VI) (phosphate) or Cr (VI) (nitrate) or Cr (VI) (oxalate), Cr (VI), Cr (VI) (citrate), Cr (VI) (humate). In all the treatments, pH level increased with time except for As (III), the removal of which was either without anions or in the presence of humate or nitrate.     

不同pH条件下As还原对砷释放的影响实验研究

通过考察不同pH条件下Fe(Ⅲ)-A(sⅤ)体系和Fe(Ⅲ)-As(Ⅲ)体系各Fe形态、As形态、以及体系ORP的变化,考察不同pH条件下As还原对砷释放的影响。实验结果表明:在pH为3⁵左右范围内,Fe(Ⅲ)-A(sⅤ)体系和Fe(Ⅲ)-A(sⅢ)体系中的Fe(Ⅲ)均发生部分絮凝沉淀,在水样pH为65左右范围内,Fe(Ⅲ)-A(sⅤ)体系和Fe(Ⅲ)-A(sⅢ)体系中的Fe(Ⅲ)均发生部分絮凝沉淀,在水样pH为6¹0范围内,Fe(Ⅲ)-As(Ⅲ)体系中Fe(Ⅲ)的絮凝沉淀较Fe(Ⅲ)-As(Ⅴ)体系明显。Fe(Ⅲ)-As(Ⅴ)体系与Fe(Ⅲ)-A(sⅢ)体系中As总随pH的变化趋势基本一致,但是Fe(Ⅲ)-A(sⅢ)体系As总的浓度水平要比Fe(Ⅲ)-A(sⅤ)体系的浓度水平要高。结果表明:同等pH环境条件下,如果A(sⅤ)被还原成A(sⅢ),则Fe(Ⅲ)-As体系中就会出现As的释放,且不同pH条件下对应的As总的差值即可反映出当A(sⅤ)还原成A(sⅢ)时Fe(Ⅲ)-As体系中所释放的砷的量。     

A comparative investigation of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) and Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) (x: 0-0.4) for NO decomposition

A series of single-phase T-structured NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) with oxygen vacancies and T'-structured Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) (x:0-0.4) with oxygen excess were prepared using ultrasound-assisted citric acid complexing method, and characterized by means of techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis and NO temperature-progranuned desorption (NO-TPD). The catalytic activities of these materials were evaluated for the decomposition of NO. It was found that the NdSrCut_xCoxO4_b catalysts were of oxygen vacancies whereas the Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) ones possessed excessive oxygen (i.e., over-stoichiometric oxygen); with a rise in Co doping level,the oxygen vacancy density of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) decreased while the over-stoichiometric oxygen amount of Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ)increased. The NO-TPD results revealed that NO could be activated much easier over the oxygen-deficient perovskite-like oxides than over the oxygen-excessive perovskite-like oxides, with the NdSrCuO_(3.702) catalyst showing the best efficiency in activating NO molecules. Under the conditions of 1.0% NO/helium, 2800 hr~(-1), and 600-900℃, the catalytic activity of NO decomposition followed the order of NdSrCuO_(3.702)> NdSrCu_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_(3.736) > NdSrCu_(0.6)Co_(0.4)O_(3.789) > Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(0.6)Co_(0.4)O_(4.187)> Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_(4.104)> Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CuO_(4.045), in concord with the sequence of decreasing oxygen vacancy or oxygen excess density. Based on the results, we concluded that the higher oxygen vacancy density and the stronger Cu~(3+)/Cu~(2+) redox ability of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) account for the easier activation of NO and consequently improve the catalytic activity of NO decomposition over the catalysts.     

Fenton试剂对垃圾渗滤液中腐殖酸的去除特性

采用Fenton试剂处理反渗透浓缩渗滤液,通过腐殖酸相对含量(UV₂₅₄),COD_Cr,TOC,腐殖酸对COD_Cr去除的贡献比(α)及氧化/混凝去除率比(φ)等表征手段,比较不同初始pH,H₂O₂投量〔c(H₂O₂)〕和Fe2+投量〔c(Fe2+)〕对渗滤液COD_Cr和UV₂₅₄的去除效果. 结果表明:在试验范围内,UV₂₅₄去除率(48.5%～78.2%)高于COD_Cr去除率(40.3%～62.5%);腐殖酸对COD_Cr去除的贡献比(α>0.77)远高于反应前(α_〖WTBZ〗00.61),说明腐殖酸的降解影响和控制着整个体系COD_Cr的去除. 混凝作用(COD_{Cr coag},UV254 coag)受氧化作用(COD_{Cr oxid},UV254 oxid)的影响并与之拮抗,氧化作用越大混凝作用越小. 当c(H₂O₂)/c(Fe2+)>2时,氧化作用占优势;当c(H₂O₂)/c(Fe2+)<1.2时,混凝作用占主导. 当初始pH为4.0,c(H₂O₂)为240 mmol/L,c(Fe2+)为40 mmol/L,反应时间为2 h时,COD_Cr和UV₂₅₄的氧化/混凝去除率比最大(φCOD_Cr8.6,φ _<sub>UV2546.0),COD_Cr,UV₂₅₄,HA和FA去除率分别达到62.5%,78.2%,95.0%和62.7%.      

论若尔盖高原泥炭赋存规律成矿类型及资源储量

本文指出若尔盖高原是中国最大泥炭分布区,共有泥炭地 442块,泥炭面积4605.28km²,容积储量为 7361.67×10⁸m³大地构造、地貌和气候是 3个基本控矿因素,并划分出3个成矿带和4个泥炭成矿类及所属12个成矿型（亚类）。     

Migration and transformation of Sb are affected by Mn(III/IV) associated with lepidocrocite originating from Fe(II) oxidation

Antimony (Sb) is a recognized priority pollutant with toxicity that is influenced by its migration and transformation processes. Oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) oxides, which is a common phenomenon in the environment, is often accompanied by the formation of Mn(III/IV) and might affect the fate of Sb. In this study, incorporated Mn(III) and sorbed/precipitated Mn(III/IV) associated with lepidocrocite were prepared by adding Mn(II) during and after Fe(II) oxidation, respectively, and the effects of these Mn species on Sb fate were investigated. Our results indicated that the association of these Mn species with lepidocrocite obviously enhanced Sb(III) oxidation to Sb(V), while concomitantly inhibiting Sb sorption due to the lower sorption capacity of lepidocrocite for Sb(V) than Sb(III). Additionally, Mn oxide equivalents increased in the presence of Sb, indicating that Sb oxidation by Mn(III/IV) associated with lepidocrocite was a continuous recycling process in which Mn(II) released from Mn(III/IV) reduction by Sb(III) could be oxidized to Mn(III/IV) again. This recycling process was favorable for effective Sb(III) oxidation. Moreover, Sb(V) generated from Sb(III) oxidation by Mn(III/IV) enhanced Mn(II) sorption at the beginning of the process, and thus favored Mn(III/IV) formation, which could further promote Sb(III) oxidation to Sb(V). Overall, this study elucidated the effects of Mn(III/IV) associated with lepidocrocite arisen from Fe(II) oxidation on Sb migration and transformation and revealed the underlying reaction mechanisms, contributing to a better understanding of the geochemical dynamics of Sb.     

Al(III)对糖浆溶液中有机还原物质还原六价铬的影响

通过批实验研究了Al(III)对糖浆溶液化学还原六价铬反应的影响,揭示了不同条件下Al(III)对六价铬还原反应动力学的影响.结果表明:Al(III)能够促进糖浆溶液还原六价铬反应进行;其作用机制是Al(III)与糖浆溶液中有机还原物质及Cr(VI)反应形成三者的络合物,降低糖浆中多酚等有机还原物质还原Cr(VI)的反应活化能,提高六价铬还原反应速率.Al(III)存在时,该六价铬还原反应符合准一级动力学反应; pH 2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5时,添加Al(III)的实验组中六价铬反应速率常数比对应的空白对照组中反应速率常数分别增加了0.0251,0.0139,0.0058, 0.0048h-1.添加Al(III)前后反应体系中六价铬还原的反应活化能(Eа)分别为66.38,62.80kJ/mol.当糖浆浓度不足时,Al(III)能够提高糖浆溶液还原六价铬的反应去除率.     

菲在渤海湾入海河流与河口沉积物上的吸附-解吸行为

采用批量实验方法,研究了菲(Phe)在渤海湾入海河流与河口沉积物上的吸附-解吸过程,以及吸附参数与沉积物有机质性质之间的相关关系.结果表明,Phe在所有沉积物上的吸附和解吸等温线均能由线性分配模型和Freundlich模型很好地拟合.其中,线性分配系数KD值变化在58～743L·kg-1之间,与TOC、TN、DOC、Phe、C/N和DOC/TOC之间呈现显著正相关关系.Freundlich吸附能力参数KF和KFOC值分别在75～367μg1-N·kg-1·LN和2253～34743μg1-N·kg-1·LN之间,均与DOC/TOC呈现显著负相关关系,而与其它有机质参数之间相关性不显著.相比较而言,大多数沉积物的解吸等温线用Freundlich模型拟合的效果更好,并且具有明显的解吸滞后现象.有机质的含量和性质均是影响Phe在沉积物上吸附-解吸的重要因素.对于频繁受到人类活动影响的河流沉积物,溶解性有机质的影响就更为重要.     

巢湖周边表土中有机质、全氮和全磷空间分布及其相关性

测定了巢湖周边3 528 km2范围内60个混合土样中的有机质(organic matter,OM)、全氮(total nitrogen,TN)和全磷(total phosphorus,TP)含量,通过GS 7.0+地统计学分析软件、Surfer 8.0及Mapinfo 8.5软件研究了这3种营养盐的空间分布,并使用SPSS 17.0软件对各指标间的相关性进行了分析.结果表明:①巢湖周边表土中ω(OM)、ω(TN)和ω(TP)平均值依次为19 500、1 027和483 mg.kg-1,东巢湖表土中ω(OM)和ω(TN)均值高于西巢湖,而磷矿的存在导致了ω(TP)均值西高东低;②位于巢湖西南的杭埠-丰乐河和白石天河周边表土中(TP)本底值较高,且水土流失十分严重,巢湖面源污染管理必须高度重视该两河的TP控制;③在线性模型下,巢湖周边表土中ω(OM)、ω(TN)和ω(TP)的块金值/基台值依次为0.015、0.202和0.128.巢湖周边表土中ω(OM)、ω(TN)和ω(TP)具有极强的空间自相关性,三者Pearson检验为两两显著相关,巢湖周边表土中ω(TN)和ω(TP)可由ω(OM)通过文中所得的公式估算,精度能满足日常管理需要.     

三江源区东西样带土壤侵蚀的

运用137Cs和210Pb_ex联合示踪技术,考察青藏高原三江源区东西样带137Cs和210Pb_ex面积浓度的背景值和变化特征,以及东西样带土壤侵蚀速率、分布特征和主要影响因素. 结果表明:①青藏高原三江源区东西样带137Cs和210Pb_ex面积浓度背景值分别为453～1 714和2 612～7 377 Bq/m2,137Cs和210Pb_ex背景值从西向东样带随海拔高度的变化差异明显.137Cs(x)和210Pb_ex(y)面积浓度的背景值区域分布呈显著线性相关,相关性关系式为y3.587　2x+1　463.4,R20.951　7.②长江源区沱沱河137Cs的示踪结果表明,以沱沱河为中心的长江源区是典型的风蚀区,年侵蚀速率2.5 t/(hm2·a),该区是青藏高原重要的沙尘暴源区之一.③黄河源区玛多典型坡面137Cs和210Pb_ex的示踪结果表明,近40年来,玛多畜牧业为主的人类活动造成的土壤扰动比自然因素的影响大.④玛沁东倾沟乡和军牧场的比较研究结果表明,玛沁东倾沟乡高山草甸的水土保持效果较好,而玛沁军牧场的畜牧业活动造成了地表土壤的强烈扰动.⑤玛沁军功镇典型水蚀地貌土壤剖面137Cs和210Pb_ex的结果表明,20世纪50—60年代,该区的极端暴雨事件导致了严重的水土流失,土壤剖面中出现137Cs和210Pb_ex的空白区. 植被破坏导致玛沁军功镇出现了严重水蚀,净侵蚀速率为8.0 t/(hm2·a).⑥近40年来,随着人类活动的加剧和全球气候变暖,导致青藏高原三江源区出现了沙尘暴的传输源地.      

磷化氢液相催化氧化净化催化剂的初筛

传统的净化方法难以实现低成本、高效、选择性净化低浓度磷化氢尾气,这限制了含磷化氢尾气的资源化技术的实现。通过Pd(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Pd(Ⅱ)-Cu(Ⅱ)、Pd(Ⅱ)-Fe(Ⅲ)对低浓度磷化氢连续净化的研究,筛选出在低温(<80℃)、常压下对低浓度磷化氢(850mg/m3)具有液相催化氧化净化活性的Pd(Ⅱ)、Pd(Ⅱ)-Cu(Ⅱ)、Pd(Ⅱ)-Fe(Ⅲ)3种催化剂,其中Pd(Ⅱ)催化氧化净化低浓度磷化氢的净化效率>60%,Pd(Ⅱ)-Cu(Ⅱ)及Pd(Ⅱ)-Fe(Ⅲ)催化氧化低浓度磷化氢(850mg/m3)的净化效率可达100%。     

九龙江河口表层沉积物中重金属污染评价及来源

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定了九龙江河口表层沉积物中24种重金属的质量分数,并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对该水域表层沉积物重金属的污染程度和潜在生态风险进行评价和分析. 结果表明,沉积物中重金属质量分数为w(Fe)>w(Ti)>w(Mn)>w(Ba)>w(Zn)>w(Sc)>w(Co)>w(Rb)>w(Y)>w(Ni)>w(Cr)>w(Pb)>w(Cu)>w(Th)>w(Sr)>w(V)>w(Li)>w(U)>w(Cs)>w(Bi)>w(Cd)>w(Sb)>w(Mo)>w(Hg),其中w(Cd)、w(Sc)、w(Bi)、w(Co)、w(Ni)、w(Zn)、w(Hg)和w(Cu)远高于背景值,说明九龙江河口表层沉积物中上述元素已存在一定程度的富集. 九龙江河口表层沉积物中Cd的I_geo(地累积指数)最高,属于偏重度污染;重金属的潜在生态危害顺序为Cd>Hg>Co>Ni>Cu>Zn>Pb>Cr>Mn>V,其中Cd的潜在生态危害属极强水平,Hg属较强水平. 多元统计分析(因子分析和聚类分析)结果表明,该河口沉积物中重金属污染来源主要有农业生产活动与自然源的复合污染、燃煤污染和采矿污染,其贡献率分别为48.81%、21.51%和13.72%.      

The Monitoring,Evaluation, Reporting and Verification of Climate Change Projects

Because of concerns with the growing threat of global climate change from increasing emissions of greenhouse gases, the United States and other countries are implementing, by themselves or in cooperation with one or more other nations, climate change projects. These projects will reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or sequester carbon, and will also result in non-GHG benefits (i.e., environmental, economic, and social benefits). Monitoring, evaluating, reporting, and verifying (MERV) guidelines are needed for these projects to accurately determine their net GHG, and other, benefits. Implementation of MERV guidelines is also intended to: (1) increase the reliability of data for estimating GHG benefits; (2) provide real-time data so that mid-course corrections can be made; (3) introduce consistency and transparency across project types and reporters; and (4) enhance the credibility of the projects with stakeholders. In this paper, we review the issues involved in MERV activities. We identify several topics that future protocols and guidelines need to address, such as: (1) establishing a credible baseline; (2) accounting for impacts outside project boundaries through leakage; (3) net GHG reductions and other benefits; (4) precision of measurement; (5) MERV frequency and the persistence (sustainability) of savings, emissions reduction, and carbon sequestration; (6) reporting by multiple project participants; (7) verification of GHG reduction credits; (8) uncertainty and risk; (9) institutional capacity in conducting MERV; and (10) the cost of MERV.     

亚热带次生林土壤自养和异养呼吸研究

以南京市郊北亚热带次生林为研究对象,于2010年设置挖沟断根和不断根处理小区,观测了土壤呼吸、异养呼吸的季节变异规律,并以此计算了自养呼吸速率,同时,观测了土壤温度、湿度等环境因子.结果表明,土壤呼吸、异养呼吸具有相似的季节变化规律,季节平均土壤呼吸、异养呼吸和自养呼吸速率分别为3.42、2.36和1.06μmol.（...     

La_xSr_(1-x)NiO_3对水溶液染料的光电催化活性研究

用甘氨酸 硝酸盐燃烧合成法 ,制备LaxSr1 -xNiO3复合氧化物的陶瓷粉末。并以此为光电催化剂对不同水溶液染料进行光催化降解和光电催化降解实验。利用红外、紫外 可见光谱、循环伏安曲线研究LaxSr1 -xNiO3的催化性能。结果表明 :LaxSr1 -xNiO3(x =0 .1 5、0 .6、0 .7、0 .75、1 )复合氧化物都具有较强光催化特性 ,La0 .7Sr0 .3NiO3也具有光电催化降解特性 ;LaxSr1 -xNiO3的光催化活性高于LaNiO3,这与A位离子 (La3+ 、Sr2 + )的电子构型有关 ;Sr2 + 的加入可使LaNiO3的光催化活性有所提高     

Study on catalysts for combustion of lean CH_4

ＳｔｕｄｙｏｎｃａｔａｌｙｓｔｓｆｏｒｃｏｍｂｕｓｔｉｏｎｏｆｌｅａｎＣＨ＿４ＺｈｏｕＺｅｘｉｎｇ，ＹｉｎＬｉｎｇ，ＸｕＪｉｎｇＫｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＥｃｏ－ＦｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃ...     

我国3种自然土壤中稀有金属的化学形态分布特征研究

以我国3种典型土壤黑土、潮土和红壤为研究对象,在相对清洁未扰动自然土壤区域采集了土壤的剖面样品,分析了土壤中的稀有金属银(Ag)、铋(Bi)、铟(In)、锡(Sn)的含量水平,利用元素富集率(ER)的垂向分布探讨了外源污染对金属含量的影响,并采用连续逐级提取法研究了土壤中稀有金属的化学形态分布特征,用金属可交换态和碳酸...     

东营凹陷沙河街组沉积岩碳氧同位素组成的古环境记录

分析了东营凹陷沙河街组沉积碳酸盐的碳氧同位素组成,结果显示,东营凹陷沙河街组沉积碳酸盐δ13CPDB值介于-2.45‰～+6.44‰之间,平均值为+2.43‰;δ18OPDB值介于-13.98‰～-5.68‰之间,平均值为-9.47‰。δ13CPDB、δ18OPDB之间具有良好的正相关性,指示沙河街组沉积时期,东营凹陷为相对封闭的湖泊环境。在纵向上,沙三段沉积碳酸盐碳氧同位素发生了负漂移,具有最低的δ18OPDB和δ13CPDB,而沙二段沉积碳酸盐具有最高的δ18OPDB和δ13CPDB。东营凹陷古近系湖泊沉积碳酸盐碳氧同位素组成的变化是沉积环境综合作用的结果,指示了区域古气候条件由沙四期的干旱气候,向沙三期的湿润气候转变,至沙二期,气候又经历了短暂的干热阶段。东营凹陷沙河街期的沉积环境特征直接控制了各阶段发育的泥质岩类型及其沉积有机质特征。     

Anaerobic oxidation of arsenite by bioreduced nontronite

The redox state of arsenic controls its toxicity and mobility in the subsurface environment. Understanding the redox reactions of arsenic is particularly important for addressing its environmental behavior. Clay minerals are commonly found in soils and sediments, which are an important host for arsenic. However, limited information is known about the redox reactions between arsenic and structural Fe in clay minerals. In this study, the redox reactions between As(III)/As(V) and structural Fe in nontronite NAu-2 were investigated in anaerobic batch experiments. No oxidation of As(III) was observed by the native Fe(III)-NAu-2. Interestingly, anaerobic oxidation of As(III) to As(V) occurred after Fe(III)-NAu-2 was bioreduced. Furthermore, anaerobic oxidization of As(III) by bioreduced NAu-2 was significantly promoted by increasing Fe(III)-NAu-2 reduction extent and initial As(III) concentrations. Bioreduction of Fe(III)-NAu-2 generated reactive Fe(III)-O-Fe(II) moieties at clay mineral edge sites. Anaerobic oxidation of As(III) was attributed to the strong oxidation activity of the structural Fe(III) within the Fe(III)-O-Fe(II) moieties. Our results provide a potential explanation for the presence of As(V) in the anaerobic subsurface environment. Our findings also highlight that clay minerals can play an important role in controlling the redox state of arsenic in the natural environment.     

硫代硫酸钠、磷酸钠联合处理铬渣中的六价铬

以硫代硫酸钠为还原剂,将铬渣中的六价铬(Cr(VI))解毒转化为三价铬(Cr(III)),并加入磷酸盐作为稳定剂稳定解毒后的铬渣,考察不同反应时间和药剂用量对铬渣中Cr(VI)去除效果的影响.结果表明:硫代硫酸钠可以有效去除铬渣中的Cr(VI),当其与Cr(VI)的摩尔比为理论摩尔比的12倍、处理时间15d时铬渣中Cr(VI)的去除率达到最高(70%),继续增加还原剂用量或延长反应时间均不能有效提高Cr(VI)的去除率.随后加入磷酸钠作为稳定剂,当其物质的量为生成Cr(III)的4倍时,硫代硫酸钠与磷酸钠分步加入(两步法)比同时加入(一步法)处理铬渣的效果较好,处理效果最好时总铬浸出浓度为6.1mg/L,低于危险废物浸出鉴别的总铬标准(15mg/L),而且形成稳定的铬的化合物(CrPO4·6H2O).铬渣pH值变化、五态变化、XRD及XPS分析等结果表明,两步法的处理效果好于一步法.