基于比值法解析老城区河段氮磷污染特征

2013年12月—2015年2月,对南淝河老城区约4 km河段水体和主要点源的氮、磷污染物进行测定,并利用碳氮比(CODCr/TN)、氮磷比(TN/TP)、氨氮百分含量(NH3-N/TN)等主要指标对所得数据进行分析研究。结果表明,南淝河老城区段水体的氮磷污染严重,氨氮百分含量接近甚至超过50%,具有一般城市生活污水的特征;氮磷比在春夏季处于藻类适宜的生长范围(9.0TN/TP22.6);整个水体处于低碳氮比水平(碳氮比小于2.5),不利于水体的净化;主要受上游望塘污水处理厂、城市生活污水和地表径流的影响。其主要支流四里河水体的氮磷污染亦相当严重,且氮、磷污染物的输入途径一致。     

关中东部地区农村生活源水污染物产排污系数测算

通过调查问卷与实地监测等手段，以陕西关中东部地区的4镇8村为例研究农村居民生活污水排放特点，并分析其影响因素及机理。结果表明：关中东部地区与陕西其他地区（陕南、陕北）相比，农村生活源水污染物排放量关中最高，陕南、陕北次之。SPSS相关性检测显示：河流水期、农耕规律、收入水平、文化程度及年龄结构等因素与TN、TP、NH3〖ＦＫ（W。*9〗〖CD*2〗〖ＦＫ）〗N污染物产排系数显著相关。     

杭州西湖水体粪大肠菌的监测及环境意义

粪大肠菌群指数是综合评价城市污水,尤其是生活污水污染的一个重要指标.作者于1999.1～1999.7时杭州西湖水体的FC进行了监测,结果表明西湖受到了生活污水的污染,特别是三条入湖溪流污染程度十分严重.三条溪流的FC指数超出我国地表水Ⅲ类标准的10倍.水体中FC指数同TN、TP浓度呈高度正相关.     

哈密市伊州区农村生活污水处理设施现状及思考

哈密市开展了农村生活污水治理等为重点的农村环境综合整治工作,但由于农村管网缺乏、污水来源分散,加之地理位置、运维成本等因素制约,农村生活污水处理率并不高。直接排放未经处理的生活污水,会对农村生态环境造成污染,影响居民健康。本文就哈密市伊州区日处理能力20 t及以上的农村生活污水治理设施进行调查,浅谈几点思考。     

北京市城市非点源污染特征的研究

通过监测降雨径流水质,研究了北京市城市非点源污染的特征。结果表明,北京市城市地表径流水排入任何地表水体都会对其造成污染,且城市地表径流水的大部分水质指标已经达到了污水综合排放的三级标准,因此,我们对待城市地表径流水应该如对待污水一样处理。对于TN、TP、CODCr、BOD5浓度,路面径流要高于屋顶径流,而对于SS浓度,屋顶径流高于路面径流。总磷TP颗粒吸附态的污染物对总污染物的贡献最大,对于路面径流高达83.1%,对于屋顶径流为68.6%,其次是CODCr,总氮TN的颗粒吸附态的贡献较低。通过沉积或过滤去除城市地表径流中的悬浮颗粒物,可以提高城市地表径流的水质。所有污染物随降雨过程变化的总体趋势为雨水初期径流污染物浓度很高,随降雨历时的延长,污染物浓度逐渐下降并趋于稳定。初期径流危害较大。     

生物生态耦合技术处理农村生活污水的应用研究

在对“厌氧池+跌水充氧接触氧化池+水耕蔬菜型人工湿地”生物生态耦合技术应用于农村生活污水处理进行实证研究的基础上,进一步探讨了生物与生态处理单元各自的主要去除对象和效率,为生物生态技术的合理耦合提供了依据。结果表明：在进水COD、TN、TP质量浓度波动范围为51.20~211.12,28.29~122.12,1.26~5.97mg/L时,出水平均质量浓度为15.80,5.51,0.34mg/L,出水水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准（GB 18918—2002）》一级A标准。污水中COD、TN、TP的78%,85%,50%的去除是在生物处理单元完成的,而TP的达标排放还必需生态处理单元的参与。整个处理技术处理效果良好,运行费用低,适合在条件允许的农村地区推广使用。     

新疆克孜勒苏河喀什市段入河污染物估算及特征分析

依据污染源调查资料,采用距离法对克孜勒苏河喀什市段污染物的入河量进行估算。结果表明:污水处理厂排放口是克孜勒苏河喀什市段最主要的污染源,COD、NH3-N、TN、TP的排放量占研究区域总量的61%~83%;其次是豆腐厂总排口,4项指标占研究区域总排放量的17%~37%,也是该河段的主要污染源。两者各指标排放量之和均超过区域总量的98%。不同类型的污染源中,生活源COD、NH3-N、TN、TP的贡献率分别是工业源的2、5、4和1.6倍。     

防治农村水环境污染 实现水资源循环利用

随着农村经济的迅速发展,农村水环境污染越来越受人们的关注。农村污水资源化循环利用是农村生活污水处理的终极目标和最佳选择,因地制宜和适度处理对防治农村水污染有重要意义,是农村人居环境改善需要解决的迫切问题。根据造成我国农村水环境污染的原因,阐述了多措并举防治农村水污染,实现水资源循环利用,研究了农村污水处理技术现状及循环利用工艺选择,提出了农村污水处理的发展方向是资源化循环利用。     

凤眼莲死亡对湖泊水质的持续性影响分析

凤眼莲是优良的污水净化植物,凤眼莲死亡后残体对水质的影响制约了其应用.在凤眼莲衰亡后,调查研究凤眼莲死亡对自然水体水质的影响,结果表明,在凤眼莲的衰亡期,其对富营养化水体的透明度、CODMn、TN、TP、NH4 -N等指标仍然具有改善作用;在后续影响期(次年春季),在有凤眼莲死亡腐烂的水体中,除了水体TN浓度呈现增加趋势外,其他主要水质指标的浓度变化均不明显.     

舒城县丰乐河小流域农业面源污染现状调查与评价

使用问卷调查法对舒城县丰乐河小流域农业面源污染现状进行实地调研,采用等标污染负荷法对流域区域内千人桥镇和桃溪镇的农业种植污染、畜禽养殖污染与农村生活污染进行综合分析。研究表明,在舒城县丰乐河小流域两个乡镇的农业面源污染排放源中,种植业TN、TP的排放量为4578 t,污染负荷率为2075%;畜禽养殖业COD、TN、TP的排放量为2659 t,污染负荷率为1205%;农村生活源COD、TN、TP的排放量为14828 t,污染负荷率为6720%。在选择的3个评价因子中,COD的污染负荷率最高（6947%）,其次为TN（2822%）,TP最低（231%）。农村生活污染是该小流域农业面源污染物的主要来源,也是农业面源污染控制的重点。     

市政污水氧化沟处理工艺对人类致病菌群落组成的影响——以南京市某污水处理厂为例

人类致病菌(HPB)在市政污水中广泛存在,对人类健康产生严重威胁.以南京市某污水处理厂为例,采集1年内污水处理厂进水、污泥和生化处理出水样品,利用16S rRNA基因PCR扩增和高通量测序技术解析了 HPB群落组成特征,研究了生化处理过程中水质理化指标与HPB群落组成的相关性.结果表明,进水和生化处理出水中HPB的检出...     

Toxicity Assessment of Treated Wastewater Using Cultured Human Cell Lines

Bioassay using cultured human cell lines was applied to an effluent of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Sapporo to assess their toxicity, and in order to investigate the fate of toxicity in the WWTP, bioassay of the water samples from several points in WWTP (influent, effluent, return flow from thickener, from dewatering process and from incineration process) was performed. We also applied bioassay to the mixture of the activated sludge from the investigated plant and artificial sewage. These results showed that the toxicity of the effluent was more intensive than the influent, and organic matter released from activated sludge bacteria during their decay process contributed to the increase of toxicity in the effluent.     

Heavy metals pollution in a sewage treatment oxidation pond and the receiving stream of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife, Nigeria

This work centered on a 1-year evaluation campaign of point source pollution from a sewage treatment oxidation pond and its receiving stream. Water samples were collected from the sewage treatment oxidation pond and the receiving stream during July 2002 and June 2003. Concentrations of heavy metals were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) after a triple acid digestion of samples using open beaker method. Generally, the results showed high levels of toxic metals such as Cd, Pb, As, Al, Cr, Mn, Co, and Fe in the influent and effluent samples as well as in the receiving stream. The annual mean concentration of metals in the sewage samples ranged from 11.90 to 16.05, 64.96 to 88.27, 38.91 to 76.35, 17.46 to 24.45 mug/L for Cd, As, Pb, Co, and 4.31 to 8.77, 1.71 to 2.45, 0.46 to 0.74 and 13.82 to 20.47 mg/l for Al, Cr, Mn and Fe, respectively; while in the receiving stream, the concentrations were between 6.89 to 10.45, 35.50 to 59.26, 22.85 to 35.94, 11.33 to 18.83 mug/l for Cd, As, Pb, Co, and 1.99 to 3.49, 1.35 to 2.08, 0.21 to 0.48, and 8.93 to 14.15 mg/l for Al, Cr, Mn and Fe, respectively. The discharge of the effluent from the sewage pond into the receiving stream has therefore led to increase in the concentrations of some heavy metals downstream, thus impacting the receiving stream negatively and could pose a serious health hazard to aquatic ecosystems and humans particularly for rural dwellers and peasant farmers downstream that utilize the water from the receiving stream for various domestic and agricultural purposes untreated.     

Load estimation and source apportionment of nonpoint source nitrogen and phosphorus based on integrated application of SLURP model, ECM, and RUSLE: a case study in the Jinjiang River, China

The nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is difficult to manage and control due to its complicated generation and formation. Load estimation and source apportionment are an important and necessary process for efficient NPS control. Here, an integrated application of semi-distributed land use-based runoff process (SLURP) model, export coefficients model (ECM), and revise universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) for the load estimation and source apportionment of nitrogen and phosphorus was proposed. The Jinjiang River (China) was chosen for the evaluation of the method proposed here. The chosen watershed was divided into 27 subbasins. After which, the SLURP model was used to calculate land use runoff and to estimate loads of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus, and ECM was applied to estimate dissolved loads from livestock and rural domestic sewage. Next, the RUSLE was employed for load estimation of adsorbed nitrogen and phosphorus. The results showed that the 12,029.06 t?a^?1 pollution loads of total NPS nitrogen (TN) mainly originated from dissolved nitrogen (96.24 %). The major sources of TN were land use runoff, which accounted for 45.97 % of the total, followed by livestock (32.43 %) and rural domestic sewage (17.83 %). For total NPS phosphorous (TP), its pollution loads were 570.82 t?a^?1 and made up of dissolved and adsorbed phosphorous with 66.29 and 33.71 % respectively. Soil erosion, land use runoff, rural domestic sewage, and livestock were the main sources of phosphorus with contribution ratios of 33.71, 45.73, 14.32, and 6.24 % respectively. Therefore, land use runoff, livestock, and soil erosion were identified as the main pollution sources to influence loads of NPS nitrogen and phosphorus in the Jinjiang River and should be controlled first. The method developed here provided a helpful guideline for conducting NPS pollution management in similar watershed.     

陕西省城镇污水处理厂进出水中主要离子与重点元素分布特征

污水处理厂出水中主要离子和重点元素的浓度特征及去除效果会影响受纳水体的盐度、碱度等指标,从而影响河湖的生态服务功能,但是这方面的研究长期以来未得到充分关注。在陕西省全境选择51家城镇污水处理厂,测定进水和出水中的钾、钙、钠、镁、氟、氯和硫酸根离子,以及铁、锰、硼、钼、锶等重点元素的浓度。测定结果显示:陕西省城镇污水处理厂进水和出水中的阳离子以钠离子为主,其次是钙、镁离子,钾离子浓度最低;阴离子中,氯离子浓度最大,其次为硫酸根离子。就总离子浓度而言,陕北和关中地区污水处理厂进水的离子浓度普遍高于陕南地区。相关性分析结果显示:在污水处理厂进水中,钠、氟、氯、镁及硫酸根离子相互之间均呈现显著正相关关系;铁、锰在进水中没有表现出明显的相关关系,而在出水中呈现显著的正相关关系。污水处理厂仅能够处理污水中少量的氟、钾和镁离子。铁元素和锰元素在经过污水处理厂的处理后,浓度有所升高。此研究的研究结果可为河湖水化学组成管理决策提供参考。     

A2/O工艺脱氮除磷运行效果分析

采用统计学方法对新疆某污水处理厂A2/O工艺进行进水水质数据分析,发现数据存在严重自相关现象,运用主成分消除法和岭回归消除法以消除自相关性。结果表明：TN和TP是污水厂提标改造的关键;碳源匮乏和缺氧区存在溶解氧(DO)是TN去除不佳的主要原因;适当提高污泥浓度(MLSS)和水力停留时间(HRT)是强化TP去除的措施;温度是影响脱氮除磷的主要因素。将温度模型与自相关磷模型相结合,可提高磷模型精度,有利于出水TP的预测。降低DO、增加外碳源,控制MLSS为3 500 mg/L~4 500 mg/L、HRT为5.4 h~8.0 h、厌氧区和好氧区DO为0.3 mg/L和2 mg/L、污泥龄（SRT）为11 d~12 d,可提升工艺脱氮除磷效果。     

菰草滤床净化模拟村落污水尾水的试验研究

采用菰草（Latifolia griseb）滤床净化模拟村落污水尾水的实验表明,以污染物去除负荷最大值确定滤床的水力负荷为0．9m3／m2·d,此运行条件下水生植物滤床对TN、TP、COD。,的去除率分别为33．5％、39．2％、22．8％;以出水可达《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）一级A排放标准确定水力负荷应不大于0．3m3／m2·d,此条件下TN、TP的去除率分别为52．2％、58．3％。菰草滤床适宜栽培水深为15～25cm。     

悬浮填料对干旱寒冷地区A2/O工艺脱氮过程强化研究

采用投加悬浮填料方法和高通量测序技术研究新疆干旱寒冷地区污水处理厂的硝化、反硝化速率及生物膜菌群.结果表明,环境温度与水温具有良好的相关性;悬浮填料对氨氮和NO3--N均有降解作用,平均去除率分别为75.72％和81.42％;悬浮填料填充率在20％ ～30％、曝气量在6.0 m3/h～6.5 m3/h时,总氮平均去除率...