土著微生物浸出有色冶炼废渣中的镉

通过摇瓶实验证明含镉冶炼废渣中具有能浸出Cd的土著微生物.为提高该微牛物对Cd浸出率,采用单因素实验考察土著微生物处理含镉冶炼废渣过程中浸出时间、矿浆浓度、pH值及浸出温度对Cd浸出率的影响,并对浸出过程废渣中镉含量及渣样颜色进行分析.研究结果表明,废渣中Cd的浸出受浸出时间、矿浆浓度、浸出体系pH及浸出温度的影响,土...     

高新沙水库土壤重金属形态分布、浸出特征及其对水质安全影响

为了研究高新沙水库土壤重金属对水质安全风险的影响,本文通过8个采样区域3 m深处土壤重金属含量与形态的测定,采用地累积指数和生态风险指数法阐明重金属潜在生态风险,并通过浸提模拟试验来探究重金属浸出特性及对水质安全影响.结果表明,8种重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Ni、Cr、Hg和As含量范围分别为11—42.5、70.75—119.5、0.01—0.16、24.5—100、20.25—35、89—177、0.05—0.17、10.15—22.1 mg·kg^-1,在8处区域普遍未超出农田土壤环境标准风险筛选值(GB 15618-2018),仅有1处As含量为22.10 mg·kg^-1,超出筛选值20 mg·kg^-1.重金属主要以残渣态为主,其中Zn、Ni、Cr、Hg和As等5种重金属残渣态所占比例均达到70%以上,总体潜在生态风险处于轻微水平.在不同pH浸提液模拟作用下(pH=6.34、5.6和3.6),绝大部分重金属浸出浓度未超出生活饮用水卫生标准限值(GB 5749-2022),但浸提液pH=1.0极端情况下,Cu、Z...     

镁渣的资源利用特性与重金属污染风险

研究了镁渣的资源化利用与重金属污染特性.结果表明,镁渣粒径主要分布在147μm以下,不同粒径镁渣的化学组成存在差异;镁渣的主要组分为Ca O、Si O2、Mg O、Fe2O3、Al2O3,主要矿物相为β-Ca2Si O4、γ-Ca2Si O4、方镁石和f-Ca O,重金属含量低于有机无机复混肥国家标准(GB18877—2009),可以进行农业资源化利用;重金属浸出质量浓度远低于危险废物鉴别标准限值,且重金属主要以稳定的有机态和残渣态存在;即使在最不利条件下,镁渣中重金属的浸出毒性也非常小;含量最高的Cr主要以毒性较小的Cr3+存在;Cr、Cu和Ni的浸出量与浸出剂的p H值表现出强的相关性,浸出质量浓度均低于标准限值;因此,镁渣的重金属污染风险较低.     

植物根系细胞壁在提高植物抵抗金属离子毒性中的作用

植物根系细胞壁在抵抗金属离子毒害过程中发挥着重要作用,论文对金属胁迫下植物细胞壁对金属离子的固定作用及其机制进行了探讨.主要从两个方面阐述了金属离子胁迫下,细胞壁提高植物抗性的机制:其一是细胞壁对金属离子的"区隔机制";其二是细胞壁对金属离子的"适应机制".两种机制对于提高植物对金属离子的抗性均具有重要作用.在探讨细胞壁提高植物对金属离子的抗性机制的同时,还对通过外加手段在细胞壁水平来调节植物对金属离子的抗性的可能性进行了探讨,指出通过利用丛枝菌根真菌与大多数植物可以形成菌根共生体的特性,可以从细胞壁角度入手更好地阐述丛枝菌根真菌提高植物对金属离子的抗性机制.     

利用蚯蚓活动改善污泥性状的实验研究

利用赤子爱胜属蚓(俗称红蚯蚓)的活动来改善污泥性状,研究了污泥酸碱性的改变、有机物的降解、浸出毒性的减小和肥效的改善情况.结果表明,蚯蚓处理后污泥的弱碱性得到中和,趋向于中性;污泥COD的降解率达到25.36%,有机质降为44.10%,浸出毒性明显减小;污泥总氮含量大幅增加,肥效得到提高.污泥水溶性有机碳含量大幅减小.     

生物淋滤直接浸出废旧电池中有毒重金属的实验研究

考察了生物淋滤对5种电池中重金属的溶出效果,比较了化学浸提和生物淋滤对三种电池中重金属的溶出效率,研究了起始pH值对生物淋滤溶出电池中重金属的影响模式.结果表明,生物淋滤对5种电池中6种离子的平均浸出浓度超过350mg·l-1,锌锰电池(华太)锰浸出浓度、锌锰电池(南孚)锌浸出浓度和镍氢电池的镍浸出浓度分别达524mg·l-1,600mg·l-1和750mg·l-1;而化学浸提对3种电池中5种金属的溶出浓度均不超过10mg·l-1.起始pH值对生物淋滤电池的离子浸出效率影响巨大.起始pH值愈低,离子浸出浓度愈高.在起始pH值为2.0的生物淋滤体系中,镍镉电池的镍镉浸出平均浓度为350mg·l-1,而起始pH值为4.0和5.5的淋滤体系中,在整个反应时间内镍镉几乎未能检出.     

CU2#重金属离子捕集剂去除废水中Cu2+的研究

研究了CU2#重金属离子捕集剂处理含铜废水的效果,结果表明:在pH1-14范围内,搅拌时间为5min,不加絮凝剂时,CU2#重金属离子捕集剂对含铜废水处理后,其上清液中铜含量可低于0.3mg·l-1,对铜的去除率达到99.7%,一次性处理后的含铜废水即达到国家排放标准.另外,用CU2#重金属离子捕集剂对EDTA络合铜离子的处理效果进行了初步探讨.     

不同环境因子中几种常见金属离子对大肠杆菌致死效应的研究

早有学者注意到,受重金属污染的水体中,细菌数量减少,水体自净能力下降。这是因为高浓度重金属离子损害了微生物呼吸作用,使细胞形态异常,甚至裂解而死亡。但是,水体中也有一些细菌可以忍耐高浓度重金属离子,有的并能在细胞内累积,如被认为剧毒的Hg和Ag。为了探明生活污水中占优势的大肠杆菌对几种常见金属离子是否有忍耐性,作者模拟了天津市某区金属离子浓度的实际情况进行实验。结果报告如下:     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰及其稳定化产物的长期浸出行为

采用柱浸出实验方法,考察了飞灰、磷酸盐稳定和自然老化稳定后飞灰的长期浸出特性.结果表明:灰样浸出液的pH值从初始的较低值快速上升到较高值后趋于稳定,3种飞灰都有较强的酸中和能力;Ca的浸出浓度远高于Pb,Cd,Zn,Cr和Ni等重金属,在浸出初期甚至达到100g·1-1以上;重金属均呈现初期快速溶出的现象;对比稳定化处理前后飞灰的柱浸出实验结果,表明磷酸盐稳定及自然老化稳定后飞灰具有更好的长期稳定性;对比柱浸出实验和国标GB5086.1-199r7的浸出结果,表明后者可能低估了稳定后飞灰处置初期重金属的浸出风险     

尾叶悬钩子红色素的性质及其稳定性

对尾叶悬钩子红色素的基本理化性质,及光、温度、PH值,氧化还原介质、5种金属离子和3种食品添加剂对其稳定性的影响进行了分析探讨,结果表明,尾叶悬钩子鲜果中总花色苷含量高,其色素属水溶性花青苷类,该色素在60℃以下较稳定,但抗氧化和还原性较差,金属离子中Fe^3 等对色素的吸光度有明显影响,而Cu^2＋,Mg^2 及低浓度Zn^2 影响不大,Mn^2 、较高浓度（ρ＝100－300mgL^-1）的Zn^2＋、葡萄糖、苯甲酸钠则对色素稳定性无影响,并有不同程度的护色效果。图6表6参6     

焚烧炉飞灰熔融处理组成特性分析

将焚烧飞灰在不同温度下进行熔融实验，用扫描电镜对熔融前后试样的微观结构和形貌变化进行比较，结果显示：熔融体表观结构平整光滑，有较高的硬度，其断面有光泽产生且无明显气孔，试样已达到完全熔融；用X射线衍射分析仪对试样熔融前后成分的变化进行分析，未经熔融处理的试样主要晶相为：NaCl，KCl，SiO2，CaCO3，CaSO4，Ca2SiO4以及Ca12Al14O33，CaS和钙黄长石为熔融后试样的主要晶相．其次还有CaO和透灰石；浸出实验结果显示熔融处理后飞灰的毒性得到降解．     

淋滤条件对矿物废渣中铊释放的影响

研究了淋滤时间、淋滤液pH值、粒径及滤速对沉灰渣中铊释放的影响，结果表明：上述因素均能影响废渣表面铁氧化物的水解，这种水解支配着铊释放的过程；滤速及碱性颗粒的参予能显著影响废渣表面的水解作用。     

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的形态及酸浸出性研究

研究了城市垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属形态在不同粒径上的分布,以及HNO3对飞灰中重金属的浸出性.结果表明:飞灰中重金属主要以残渣态存在,可交换离子态含量很少;易挥发性的重金属在较大粒径上有较高分布,亲石性重金属Cr和Ni的分布与粒径的相关性不大,在各粒径上的分布较均匀;飞灰中以碳酸盐结合态存在的重金属对酸不稳定,易被HNO3浸出,而残渣态部分对酸较稳定,不易被HNO3浸出.     

不同垃圾焚烧炉产生的PCDD/Fs和PCBs同类物的分布

要应用高分辨气相色谱一质谱联用技术，测定了3种垃圾焚烧炉产生的飞灰中17种PCDD／Fs和12种共平面PCBs的浓度及毒性当量，比较了PCDD／Fs和PCBs同类物分布的差异．结果表明，流化床焚烧炉和炉排焚烧炉产生的PCDD／Fs多于PCBs，而气化熔融焚烧炉产生的PCBs多于PCDD／Fs；产生的PCBs对总毒性当量的贡献都比较小；3种焚烧炉产生的PCDD／Fs同类物具有相似的浓度分布；流化床焚烧炉和炉排焚烧炉产生的PCBs同类物具有相似的浓度分布，而气化熔融焚烧炉产生的PCBs同类物分布与其他两种焚烧炉差别较大．     

Leaching characteristics of heavy metals during cement stabilization of fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators

The leaching characteristics of heavy metals in products of cement stabilization of fly ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator were investigated in this paper. The stabilization of heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in fly ash from such incinerators was examined through the national standard method in China based on the following factors: additive quantity of cement and Na₂S, curing time, and pH of leaching liquor. The results showed that as more additives were used, less heavy metals were leached except for Pb, which is sensitive to pH of the leachate, and the worse effect was observed for Cd. The mass ratio of cement to fly ash = 10% is the most appropriate parameter according to the national standard method. When the hydration of cement was basically finished, stabilization of heavy metals did not vary after curing for 1 d. The mixtures of cement and fly ash had excellent adaptability to environmental pH. The pH of leachate was maintained at 7 when pH of leaching liquor varied from 3 to 11.     

Heavy metals fraction and ecological risk evaluation in municipal solid waste gasification slag non-burnt bricks

The heavy metals in non-burnt bricks made from municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification slags with a modified European Bureau Community of Reference procedure were studied. Heavy metals were present in the form of oxidizable and residual fractions, which were stable and not easy to dissolve. The preparation process of non-burnt bricks displayed prominent solidification effect for some heavy metals in the gasification slag. The solidified rate for metals, such as As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Zn reached 89.82%, 79.57%, 73.64%, 66.73%, and 88.05%, respectively. Moreover, the leaching concentrations of eight heavy metals were all below 8 mg/kg. On the basis of these observations, the risk of exposure to heavy metals in non-burnt bricks was evaluated using the solidification formula and the leaching concentration of heavy metals combined with the assessments of the Hakanson potential ecological risk and pollution ratio of secondary phase and primary phase. Results showed that the preparation of MSW gasification slag non-burnt bricks was not harmful to the environment, but attention is warranted for possible migration of heavy metal cadmium (Cd) in the long term, which may result in an impact on the ecological environment.     

土法炼锌区基质改良对刺槐生长的影响

植被重建是废弃地污染控制的有效途径.通过苗圃盆栽试验和田间植被重建试验,研究了不同改良措施对贵州省赫章县土法炼锌污染场地土壤理化特性、重金属含量特征和刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）生长特性的影响,探索废弃地植被重建限制因子和基质改良途径.研究表明,废渣上植被重建的限制因子主要表现为盐碱胁迫,全氮、碱解氮和全钾含量低,重金属含量高,持水保水能力差.废渣中Pb、Zn和Cd含量高,但其活性较低.新废渣中添加矿区土壤,可导致pH值和电导率（EC）降低,盐碱胁迫减缓,持水能力提高,并显著提高刺槐在新废渣上的生长和生存能力,是废渣基质改良的有效方式.废渣经过长期淋溶后,盐碱胁迫强度显著降低,土壤有效水分增加.添加保水剂或矿区土壤能有效促进刺槐在老废渣上定植.     

Stabilization of the As-contaminated soil from the metal mining areas in Korea

The stabilization efficiencies of arsenic (As) in contaminated soil were evaluated using various additives such as limestone, steel mill slag, granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), and mine sludge collected from an acid mine drainage treatment system. The soil samples were collected from the Chungyang area, where abandoned Au-Ag mines are located. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, synthetic precipitation leaching procedure, sequential extraction analysis, aqua regia digestion, cation exchange capacity, loss on ignition, and particle size distribution were conducted to assess the physical and chemical characteristics of highly arsenic-contaminated soils. The total concentrations of arsenic in the Chungyang area soil ranged up to 145 mg/kg. After the stabilization tests, the removal percentages of dissolved As(III) and As(V) were found to differ from the additives employed. Approximately 80 and 40% of the As(V) and As(III), respectively, were removed with the use of steel mill slag. The addition of limestone had a lesser effect on the removal of arsenic from solution. However, more than 99% of arsenic was removed from solution within 24 h when using GFH and mine sludge, with similar results observed when the contaminated soils were stabilized using GFH and mine sludge. These results suggested that GFH and mine sludge may play a significant role on the arsenic stabilization. Moreover, this result showed that mine sludge can be used as a suitable additive for the stabilization of arsenic.     

Stabilization of the As-contaminated soil from the metal mining areas in Korea

The stabilization efficiencies of arsenic (As) in contaminated soil were evaluated using various additives such as limestone, steel mill slag, granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), and mine sludge collected from an acid mine drainage treatment system. The soil samples were collected from the Chungyang area, where abandoned Au–Ag mines are located. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, synthetic precipitation leaching procedure, sequential extraction analysis, aqua regia digestion, cation exchange capacity, loss on ignition, and particle size distribution were conducted to assess the physical and chemical characteristics of highly arsenic-contaminated soils. The total concentrations of arsenic in the Chungyang area soil ranged up to 145 mg/kg. After the stabilization tests, the removal percentages of dissolved As(III) and As(V) were found to differ from the additives employed. Approximately 80 and 40% of the As(V) and As(III), respectively, were removed with the use of steel mill slag. The addition of limestone had a lesser effect on the removal of arsenic from solution. However, more than 99% of arsenic was removed from solution within 24 h when using GFH and mine sludge, with similar results observed when the contaminated soils were stabilized using GFH and mine sludge. These results suggested that GFH and mine sludge may play a significant role on the arsenic stabilization. Moreover, this result showed that mine sludge can be used as a suitable additive for the stabilization of arsenic.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸出废旧锂离子电池的工艺条件

考察了接种量、振荡条件、浸出液以及电池原料对氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸出废旧锂离子电池的影响.研究结果表明,浸出10 d,钴浸出率达到48.5%,之后,浸出率不再增加;当接种量在2.5%—12.5%之间时,钴浸出率在第10天都为47.6%,接种量对浸出率无影响;振荡过程中控制温度为35℃时,钴浸出率最佳,并随着振荡速率的升高而增加;浸出液中加入硫磺对浸出影响不大,初始pH值在1.5—2.5范围内,都适合钴酸锂的浸出,而初始亚铁离子浓度在45 g.L-1条件下浸出效果最好;选择固液比为3%最佳,并且钴酸锂粉末的粒度大小对浸出率无影响.