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1.
Assessing Landscape Health: A Case Study from Northeastern Italy 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
Bertollo P 《Environmental management》2001,27(3):349-365
This article investigates the concept of biophysical landscape health for what are termed “highly governed landscapes.” It
proposes a definition of landscape health along with a preliminary diagnostic model and methods. The idea of landscape health
derives from the emerging integrative science of ecosystem health, which seeks to diagnose ecosystem condition as humans diagnose
human health. Highly governed landscapes, such as the reclaimed areas of coastal northeastern Italy, are landscapes that have
been subject to even greater degrees of human manipulation than normal cultural landscapes. These highly altered landscapes
are not easily served by existing environmental paradigms and concepts of health are seen to have numerous advantages. This
paper condenses a broader investigation of landscape health into three main sections. A brief review of the literature is
followed by a case study, which details two different phases of landscape transformation in the Lower Piave area of northeastern
Italy. A definition and general parameters of biophysical landscape health are then presented after this background stage.
Some key parameters of biophysical health include absence of distress and risk factors, sustainability, biodiversity, resilience,
and balance. For certain parameters, a preliminary landscape health diagnostic framework is presented that includes potential
diagnostic methods and thresholds based on findings from this case study. At the paper's conclusion, a summary diagnostic
model is presented, which suggests a process needed to implement landscape health assessment into practice. 相似文献
2.
Introduced plants that have both production values and negative impacts can be contentious. Generally they are either treated
as weeds and their use prohibited; or unfettered exploitation is permitted and land managers must individually contend with
any negative effects. Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) is contentious in Australia and there has been no attempt to broadly and systematically address the issues surrounding it.
However, recent research indicates that there is some mutual acceptance by proponents and opponents of each others’ perspectives
and we contend that this provides the basis for a national approach. It would require thorough and on-going consultation with
stakeholders and development of realistic goals that are applicable across a range of scales and responsive to regional differences
in costs, benefits and socio-economic and biophysical circumstances. It would be necessary to clearly allocate responsibilities
and ascertain the most appropriate balance between legislative and non-legislative mechanisms. A national approach could involve
avoiding the introduction of additional genetic material, countering proliferation in regions where the species is sparse,
preventing incursion into conservation reserves where it is absent, containing strategically located populations and managing
communities to prevent or reduce dominance by buffel grass. This approach could be applied to other contentious plant species. 相似文献
3.
Measurement and Management of Human-Induced Patterns of Forest Fragmentation: A Case Study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tole L 《Environmental management》2006,37(6):788-801
In many tropical developing countries, the twin pressures of population and poverty are resulting in substantial fragmentation
of forests, increasing the probability of extinction for many species, Forest fragmentation occurs when large contiguous forests
are perforated by small holes or broken up into edges and smaller patches to form a nonforested matrix of open spaces. Thus,
forest fragmentation refers not only to the area of forest cleared, but also to the pattern of this clearance, the resulting
forest’s spatial properties. Both characteristics are important for species survivability. Apart from opening up forests to
many abiotic and biotic influences, fragmentation can affect species dispersal and migration through its effects on forest
connectivity. Landscape ecology conceptualizes connectivity as a gradient of critical thresholds, ranging from the large intact
forest to the small unconnected forest patch. This article reports results from a multiple-scale analysis of forest fragmentation
in Jamaica’s Cockpit Country, an area of once contiguous forest now under threat from human encroachment. Spatial forest data
derived from classification of ETM+ satellite imagery are used to measure fragmentation patterns representing various degrees
of forest connectivity and density. The results suggest that, overall, 81% of the region is in forest. However, fragmentation
patterns also suggest that this forest is riven with extensive perforations indicative of an early stage in the decline of
contiguity. The results provided by the spatial fragmentation model are a first step in the design of effective conservation
and rehabilitation plans for the area. The article concludes with a discussion of possible multiscale management options for
the region. 相似文献
4.
Cheimonopoulou MT Bobori DC Theocharopoulos I Lazaridou M 《Environmental management》2011,47(2):279-290
Biological elements, such as benthic macroinvertebrates and fish, have been used in assessing the ecological quality of rivers
according to the requirements of the Water Framework Directive. However, the concurrent use of multiple organism groups provides
a broader perspective for such evaluations, since each biological element may respond differently to certain environmental
variables. In the present study, we assessed the ecological quality of a Greek river (RM4 type), during autumn 2003 and spring
2004 at 10 sites, with benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. Hydromorphological and physicochemical parameters, habitat structure,
and riparian vegetation were also considered. Pollution sensitive macroinvertebrate taxa were more abundant at headwaters,
which had good/excellent water quality according to the Hellenic Evaluation System (HES). The main river reaches possessed
moderate water quality, while downstream sites were mainly characterised as having bad or poor water quality, dominated by
pollution-tolerant macroinvertebrate taxa. Macroinvertebrates related strongly to local stressors as chemical degradation
(ordination analysis CCA) and riparian quality impairment (bivariate analysis) while fish did not. Fish were absent from the
severely impacted lower river reaches. Furthermore, external pathological signs were observed in fish caught at certain sites.
A combined use of both macroinvertebrates and fish in biomonitoring programs is proposed for providing a safer assessment
of local and regional habitat impairment. 相似文献
5.
Assessing Anchor Damage on Coral Reefs: A Case Study in Selection of Environmental Indicators 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Because environmental conservation can remove
scarce natural resources from competing uses, it is important to gain support for conservation programs by demonstrating that management actions have been effective in achieving their goals. One way to do this is to show that selected significant environmental variables (indicators) vary between managed and unmanaged areas or change over time following implementation of a management regime. However, identifying indicators that reflect environmental conditions relevant to management practices has proven difficult. This paper focuses on developing a framework for choosing indicators in a coral reef habitat. The framework consisted of three phases: (1) information gathering to identify candidate variables; (2) field-testing candidate variables at sites that differ in intensity of human activity, thus identifying potential indicators; and (3) evaluating potential indicators against a set of feasibility criteria to identify the most useful indicators. To identify indicators suitable to measure the success of a management strategy to reduce anchor damage to a coral reef, 24 candidate variables were identified and evaluated at sites with different intensities of anchoring. In this study, measures that reflected injuries to coral colonies were generally more efficient than traditional measures of coral cover in describing the effects of anchoring. The number of overturned colonies was identified as the single most useful indicator of coral reef condition associated with anchoring intensities. The indicator selection framework developed here has the advantages of being transparent, cost efficient, and readily transferable to other types of human activities and management strategies. 相似文献
6.
A Multiattribute Index for Assessing Environmental Impacts of Regional Development Projects: A Case Study of Korea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Evaluating environmental impacts has become an increasingly vital part of environmental management. In the present study,
a methodological procedure based on multiattribute utility theory (MAUT) has been applied to obtain a decision-maker's value
index on assessment of the environmental impacts. The paper begins with an overview of MAUT. Next, we elicited strategic objectives
and several important attributes, and then structured them into a hierarchy, with the aim of structuring and quantifying the
basic values for the assessment. An environmental multiattribute index is constructed as a multiattribute utility function,
based on value judgements provided by a decision-maker at the Korean Ministry of Environment (MOE). The implications of the
results are useful for many aspects of MOE's environmental policies; identifying the strategic objectives and basic values;
facilitating communication about the organization's priorities; and recognizing decision opportunities that face decision-makers
of Korea. 相似文献
7.
POEMS: A Case Study of an Italian Wine-Producing Firm 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Over the last decade, researchers paid much attention to concepts such as Design for Environment, Extended Producer Responsibility,
Responsible Chain Management, and Eco-design. Many management tools and standards (such as EMAS, ISO 14001, LCA, EPD, Ecolabel)
have been developed to support companies in the evaluation and management of their environmental performance and to pursue
continual environmental improvement. The more recent development of the aforesaid fields looks at interorganizational environmental
management. Such an approach can complement the more traditional intraorganizational corporate environmental management approaches
and tools. A typical example of this new trend is the Product Oriented Environmental Management System (POEMS), which represents
the natural evolution of the above-mentioned tools, combining the features of EMS, EPD and Ecolabel. Although the structure
of the POEMS is still not standardized, many experimental applications have yet been carried out in Europe. In developing
a POEMS, a company needs to determine all of the environmental impacts caused at all life-cycle stages of the product and,
ideally, to reduce all of them through a continual commitment. The aim of the present study was to perform a survey of the
developed POEMS models and to analyze their peculiarities and drawbacks in the application to Small and Medium Enterprises.
A case study regarding an Italian winery company is presented. The study analyzes the structure and the activities of the
examined firm, in order to estimate direct and indirect environmental impacts following a life-cycle approach. The chosen
functional unit is a 0.75-L bottle of red wine. The article also suggests some solutions to improve the environmental performances
of the firm’s products. 相似文献
8.
Many common pool resources have traditionally been managed through intricate local governance arrangements. Over time, such arrangements are confronted with manifold political, social, economic and ecological changes. However, the ways in which local governance arrangements react to such changes are poorly understood. Using the theoretical concept of institutional adaptation, we analyse the history of Harenna forest, Ethiopia, to examine processes of institutional change over the last 150 years. We find that the traditional institutions that governed Harenna’s resources persisted, in essence, over time. However, these institutions were modified repeatedly to address changes caused by varying formal, supra-regional governance regimes, the development of markets for forest products, increasing population pressure and changes in formal property rights. A key mechanism for adaptation was combining elements from both informal and formal institutions, which allowed traditional rules to persist in the guise of more formal arrangements. Our findings also highlight several constraints of institutional adaptation. For example, by abolishing fora for collective decision-making, regime changes limited adaptive capacity. To conclude, we argue that such insights into traditional resource governance and its adaptability and dynamics over time are essential to develop sustainable approaches to participatory forest management for the future, both in Harenna and more generally. 相似文献
9.
Noble BF 《Environmental management》2004,33(3):401-411
Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is gaining widespread recognition as a tool for integrating environmental considerations in policy, plan, and program development and decision-making. Notwithstanding the potential of SEA to improve higher-order decision processes, there has been very little attention given to integrating SEA with industry planning practices. As a result, the benefits of SEA have yet to be fully realized among industrial proponents. That said, SEA practice is ongoing, albeit informally and often under a different label, and is proving to be a valuable tool for industry planning and decision-making. Based on a case study of the Pasquai-Porcupine forest management plan in Saskatchewan, Canada, this paper illustrates how an integrated approach to SEA can contribute to industry environmental decision-making and can enhance the quality and deliverability of industry plans. 相似文献
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In the United States, the common interest often is conceived as a by-product of the pluralist, interest-group-driven democratic
process. Special interests dominate in many political arenas. Consequently, we have lost the language, vocabulary, and ability
to talk about the common interest. The way to reverse this trend is to develop and practice with new tools that allow us to
articulate what we mean by the common interest in specific contexts. In this article, we leveraged the literature on procedural,
substantive, and pragmatic decision making to illustrate how they work together to demonstrate whether and how the common
interest was served in three case studies of Healthy Forests Restoration Act implementation on the Apache-Sitgreaves National
Forest in Arizona. In two of the cases we found that the common interest was mostly served, while in the third case it was
not. Our results raise questions about the ability of procedural criteria or substantive criteria alone to determine effectiveness
in decision making. When evaluated together they provide a more complete understanding of how the common interest is or is
not served.
相似文献
Toddi A. SteelmanEmail: |
13.
Golet GH Roberts MD Larsen EW Luster RA Unger R Werner G White GG 《Environmental management》2006,37(6):862-879
Studies have shown that ecological restoration projects are more likely to gain public support if they simultaneously increase important human services that natural resources provide to people. River restoration projects have the potential to influence many of the societal functions (e.g., flood control, water quality) that rivers provide, yet most projects fail to consider this in a comprehensive manner. Most river restoration projects also fail to take into account opportunities for revitalization of large-scale river processes, focusing instead on opportunities presented at individual parcels. In an effort to avoid these pitfalls while planning restoration of the Sacramento River, we conducted a set of coordinated studies to evaluate societal impacts of alternative restoration actions over a large geographic area. Our studies were designed to identify restoration actions that offer benefits to both society and the ecosystem and to meet the information needs of agency planning teams focusing on the area. We worked with local partners and public stakeholders to design and implement studies that assessed the effects of alternative restoration actions on flooding and erosion patterns, socioeconomics, cultural resources, and public access and recreation. We found that by explicitly and scientifically melding societal and ecosystem perspectives, it was possible to identify restoration actions that simultaneously improve both ecosystem health and the services (e.g., flood protection and recreation) that the Sacramento River and its floodplain provide to people. Further, we found that by directly engaging with local stakeholders to formulate, implement, and interpret the studies, we were able to develop a high level of trust that ultimately translated into widespread support for the project. 相似文献
14.
Saproxylic (dead-wood-associated) and old-growth species are among the most threatened species in European forest ecosystems,
as they are susceptible to intensive forest management. Identifying areas with particular relevant features of biodiversity
is of prime concern when developing species conservation and habitat restoration strategies and in optimizing resource investments.
We present an approach to identify regional conservation and restoration priorities even if knowledge on species distribution
is weak, such as for saproxylic and old-growth species in Switzerland. Habitat suitability maps were modeled for an expert-based
selection of 55 focal species, using an ecological niche factor analyses (ENFA). All the maps were then overlaid, in order
to identify potential species’ hotspots for different species groups of the 55 focal species (e.g., birds, fungi, red-listed
species). We found that hotspots for various species groups did not correspond. Our results indicate that an approach based
on “richness hotspots” may fail to conserve specific species groups. We hence recommend defining a biodiversity conservation
strategy prior to implementing conservation/restoration efforts in specific regions. The conservation priority setting of
the five biogeographical regions in Switzerland, however, did not differ when different hotspot definitions were applied.
This observation emphasizes that the chosen method is robust. Since the ENFA needs only presence data, this species prediction
method seems to be useful for any situation where the species distribution is poorly known and/or absence data are lacking.
In order to identify priorities for either conservation or restoration efforts, we recommend a method based on presence data
only, because absence data may reflect factors unrelated to species presence. 相似文献
15.
This paper focuses on integrated environmental management and shows why emphasis should be put on implementation issues. The authors take the example of integrated coastal management (ICM) and analyse a case study they recently conducted in Madagascar, where an ambitious ICM programme is being implemented. They explain a strong perverse mechanism called sectoralization, which appears to threaten many integration efforts and is a good example of what is at stake with the implementation of the integration concept. They conclude especially that integrated environmental management should not be considered as the only modern form of environmental action, and that a certain type of case study is now needed to analyse existing environmental management systems before designing integration programmes. 相似文献
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Pluriactivity of farms, or part-time farming, is a common feature of agriculture in all countries regardless of their socioeconomic
system and level of development. Currently, pluriactivity is related to the values of sustainable agriculture. The objective
of this study is to delineate those specific characteristics of pluriactive farms that contribute to sustainable agriculture.
In rural areas of Boetia in Greece, a socioeconomic survey was carried out on 114 farms to determine the types of farming
applied. The results demonstrate that pluriactivity is a stable component of the agricultural structure in the rural areas
of Boetia. It is widespread in plains, but its presence is more important in mountainous and semimountainous areas. The choice
of young farmers is to opt for pluriactivity. Farm size does not differ between pluriactive and full-time farms. Pluriactive
and full- time farms use the same level of input and get the same output for the same type of crop. However, pluriactive farmers
under the same land-productive conditions are oriented toward a more extensive farming system, managing their land with crops
that need less inputs. Considering these findings, it can be claimed that pluriactivity can contribute to diminishing the
demand on natural resources in favored (level and irrigated) areas, to continue agricultural production in unfavorable (mountainous
and semimountainous) areas, and to help the sustenance of the rural population. 相似文献
19.
This paper describes an application of multiple criteria analysis (MCA) in assessing criteria and indicators adapted for a
particular forest management unit. The methods include: ranking, rating, and pairwise comparisons. These methods were used
in a participatory decision-making environment where a team representing various stakeholders and professionals used their
expert opinions and judgements in assessing different criteria and indicators (C&I) on the one hand, and how suitable and
applicable they are to a forest management unit on the other. A forest concession located in Kalimantan, Indonesia, was used
as the site for the case study. Results from the study show that the multicriteria methods are effective tools that can be
used as structured decision aids to evaluate, prioritize, and select sets of C&I for a particular forest management unit.
Ranking and rating approaches can be used as a screening tool to develop an initial list of C&I. Pairwise comparison, on the
other hand, can be used as a finer filter to further reduce the list. In addition to using these three MCA methods, the study
also examines two commonly used group decision-making techniques, the Delphi method and the nominal group technique. Feedback
received from the participants indicates that the methods are transparent, easy to implement, and provide a convenient environment
for participatory decision-making. 相似文献