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1.
Recently Prévot-Julliard and colleagues presented a concept paper on biological conservation strategies using exotic species
as a case study. They emphasized the difficulty of integrating conservation into a broad picture that accounts for public
perception as well as scientific knowledge. We support this general call for better integration of society in conservation
research, but we believe that the original framework might misguide conservation practices if wrongly interpreted. Our objective
is to complement their paper and correct a few misleading points, by showing that (1) for regions of high endemicity “reservation”
may be the best conservation practice, and does not prevent public participation, (2) aiming for broad societal agreement
is valuable, but in some cases risky, and always complex, and (3) calling a harmful invasive species harmful shouldn’t be
an issue. The Australian context provides us with many cases of the labeling of exotic species as harmful or not, using inputs
from scientists, industry, and the public. Integration of social and scientific points of view can only improve conservation
on the ground if it allows managers to use the ecological, economic and social impacts of exotic species to prioritize conservation
actions in an operative way. 相似文献
2.
Analysis tools that combine large spatial and temporal scales are necessary for efficient management of wildlife species,
such as the burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia). We assessed the ability of Ripley’s K-function analysis integrated into a geographic information system (GIS) to determine changes in burrowing owl nest clustering
over two years at NASA Ames Research Center. Specifically, we used these tools to detect changes in spatial and temporal nest
clustering before, during, and after conducting management by mowing to maintain low vegetation height at nest burrows. We
found that the scale and timing of owl nest clustering matched the scale and timing of our conservation management actions
over a short time frame. While this study could not determine a causal link between mowing and nest clustering, we did find
that Ripley’s K and GIS were effective in detecting owl nest clustering and show promise for future conservation uses. 相似文献
3.
Saproxylic (dead-wood-associated) and old-growth species are among the most threatened species in European forest ecosystems,
as they are susceptible to intensive forest management. Identifying areas with particular relevant features of biodiversity
is of prime concern when developing species conservation and habitat restoration strategies and in optimizing resource investments.
We present an approach to identify regional conservation and restoration priorities even if knowledge on species distribution
is weak, such as for saproxylic and old-growth species in Switzerland. Habitat suitability maps were modeled for an expert-based
selection of 55 focal species, using an ecological niche factor analyses (ENFA). All the maps were then overlaid, in order
to identify potential species’ hotspots for different species groups of the 55 focal species (e.g., birds, fungi, red-listed
species). We found that hotspots for various species groups did not correspond. Our results indicate that an approach based
on “richness hotspots” may fail to conserve specific species groups. We hence recommend defining a biodiversity conservation
strategy prior to implementing conservation/restoration efforts in specific regions. The conservation priority setting of
the five biogeographical regions in Switzerland, however, did not differ when different hotspot definitions were applied.
This observation emphasizes that the chosen method is robust. Since the ENFA needs only presence data, this species prediction
method seems to be useful for any situation where the species distribution is poorly known and/or absence data are lacking.
In order to identify priorities for either conservation or restoration efforts, we recommend a method based on presence data
only, because absence data may reflect factors unrelated to species presence. 相似文献
4.
Management of ecological reserve lands should rely on the best available science to achieve the goal of biodiversity conservation.
“Adaptive Resource Management” is the current template to ensure that management decisions are reasoned and that decisions
increase understanding of the system being managed. In systems with little human disturbance, certain management decisions
are clear; steps to protect native species usually include the removal of invasive species. In highly modified systems, however,
appropriate management steps to conserve biodiversity are not as readily evident. Managers must, more than ever, rely upon
the development and testing of hypotheses to make rational management decisions. We present a case study of modern reserve
management wherein beavers (Castor canadensis) were suspected of destroying habitat for endangered songbirds (least Bell’s vireo, Vireo bellii pusillus, and southwestern willow flycatcher, Empidonax traillii extimus) and for promoting the invasion of an exotic plant (tamarisk, Tamarix spp.) at an artificial reservoir in southern California. This case study documents the consequences of failing to follow
the process of Adaptive Resource Management. Managers made decisions that were unsupported by the scientific literature, and
actions taken were likely counterproductive. The opportunity to increase knowledge of the ecosystem was lost. Uninformed management
decisions, essentially “management by assertion,” undermine the long-term prospects for biodiversity conservation. 相似文献
5.
Marine Protected Dramas: The Flaws of the Brazilian National System of Marine Protected Areas 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Leopoldo C. Gerhardinger Eduardo A. S. Godoy Peter J. S. Jones Gilberto Sales Beatrice P. Ferreira 《Environmental management》2011,47(4):630-643
This article discusses the current problems and issues associated with the implementation of a National System of Marine Protected
Areas in Brazil. MPA managers and higher governmental level authorities were interviewed about their perceptions of the implementation
of a national MPA strategy and the recent changes in the institutional arrangement of government marine conservation agencies.
Interviewees’ narratives were generally pessimistic and the National System was perceived as weak, with few recognizable marine
conservation outcomes on the ground. The following major flaws were identified: poor inter-institutional coordination of coastal
and ocean governance; institutional crisis faced by the national government marine conservation agency; poor management within
individual MPAs; problems with regional networks of marine protected areas; an overly bureaucratic management and administrative
system; financial shortages creating structural problems and a disconnect between MPA policy and its delivery. Furthermore,
a lack of professional motivation and a pessimistic atmosphere was encountered during many interviews, a malaise which we
believe affects how the entire system is able to respond to crises. Our findings highlight the need for a better understanding
of the role of ‘leadership’ in the performance of socio-ecological systems (such as MPA networks), more effective official
evaluation mechanisms, more localized audits of (and reforms if necessary to) Brazil’s federal biodiversity conservation agency
(ICMBio), and the need for political measures to promote state leadership and support. Continuing to focus on the designation
of more MPAs whilst not fully addressing these issues will achieve little beyond fulfilling, on paper, Brazil’s international
marine biodiversity commitments. 相似文献
6.
Prévot-Julliard AC Clavel J Teillac-Deschamps P Julliard R 《Environmental management》2011,48(5):882-884
This paper is an answer to the Caplat and Coutts forum about our previous paper “The need for flexibility in conservation
practices: exotic species as an example”. We precise here why we proposed to consider exotic species as well as indigenous
species in the reconnection framework in human-modified environments. One argument is that consistent and understandable arguments
must be used in the communication from scientists to the public, in order not to decrease the gap between science and society. 相似文献
7.
Underwood JG 《Environmental management》2011,47(1):121-129
Habitat loss is major factor in the endangerment and extinction of species around the world. One promising strategy to balance
continued habitat loss and biodiversity conservation is that of biodiversity offsets. However, a major concern with offset
programs is their consistency with landscape-level conservation goals. While merging offset polices and landscape-level conservation
planning is thought to provide advantages over a traditional disconnected approach, few such landscape-level conservation-offset
plans have been designed and implemented, so the effectiveness of such a strategy remains uncertain. In this study, we quantitatively
assess the conservation impact of combining landscape-level conservation planning and biodiversity offset programs by comparing
regions of San Diego County, USA with the combined approach to regions with only an offset program. This comparison is generally
very difficult due to a variety of complicating factors. We overcome these complications and quantify the benefits to rare
and threatened species of implementing a combined approach by assessing the amount of each species’ predicted distribution,
and the number of documented locations, conserved in comparison to the same metric for areas with an offset policy alone.
We found that adoption of the combined approach has increased conservation for many rare species, often 5–10 times more than
in the comparison area, and that conservation has been focused in the areas most important for these species. The level of
conservation achieved reduces uncertainty that these species will persist in the region into the future. This San Diego County
example demonstrates the potential benefits of combining landscape-level conservation planning and biodiversity offset programs. 相似文献
8.
Stamatis Zogaris Alcibiades N. Economou Panayotis Dimopoulos 《Environmental management》2009,43(4):682-697
Ecoregion delineations have gained increased attention in Europe, especially following the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC
(WFD), which provides the European Union’s first policy-relevant ecoregion map. However, the WFD’s ecoregions were created
through a minor adaptation of Illies’ (Limnofauna Europaea. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart, 1967/1978) freshwater zoogeographic
regions, and the map’s specific boundaries have not been widely evaluated with respect to the WFD’s uses or their biogeographic
accuracy. We examined the WFD ecoregion boundaries in Greece and its neighboring Balkan states by comparing them with the
most prominent freshwater biogeographic boundaries as shown by riverine freshwater fish assemblages. Classification and ordination
analyses of 23 river basin fish assemblages helped delineate natural faunal break boundaries in freshwater species assemblage
distributions depicting major biogeographic barriers to aquatic biota dispersal. However, these biogeographic boundaries differ
from those delineated in the WFD map, suggesting boundary errors and inconsistencies in the delineation method of the WFD
ecoregions. We reviewed specific boundary disagreements and produced a map showing the region’s most prominent freshwater
biogeographic boundaries by charting them on watershed borders among the four biotically dissimilar river basin groups in
the southern Balkans. This regional evaluation reveals both a need to reconcile disparate approaches to ecoregion mapping
and to promote the development of a new policy-relevant inland waters ecoregion framework that would support broad-scale water
management and aquatic conservation. 相似文献
9.
Nepal is considered a leader among developing nations with regard to conservation legislation and programs; it was among the
first Asian nations to develop national conservation legislation, sign CITES, and develop a national conservation strategy.
We review the history of modern conservation law in Nepal from the Rana period (early 1950s) to the present. The early legislation
focused mainly on strict preservation of areas and species; this phase culminated in the National Parks and Wildlife Conservation
Act of 1973. Subsequent legislation has evolved more in the direction of an integrated, holistic approach to conservation
and is beginning to incorporate the participation of local people; subsequent amendments to the 1973 act allowed greater rights
to rural villagers, and the designation of conservation areas in addition to the more strictly defined protected areas (national
parks, wildlife reserves, etc.).
Our review of conservation legislation suggests that Nepal has had many successes to date; the country has a protected area
system covering over 10% of its land area, and many target species are recovering in parks and reserves. There are also some
causes of concern, including staff shortages, financial constraints within the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation,
and the fact that there is little legal infrastructure outside of protected areas to enforce conservation laws; further, some
aspects of hunting regulations are in need of revision. Primary needs include a comprehensive review of these policies and
a nationalized strategy to ameliorate the shortcomings. 相似文献
10.
Micaelle Snia de Alcntara Camilla Marques de Lucena Reinaldo Farias Paiva de Lucena Denise Dias da Cruz 《Environmental management》2020,65(3):420-432
The development of conservation strategies for nontimber forest products requires the characterization of the management systems and ethnoecological knowledge of the used species, as well as the analysis of the biological impacts of these processes. This study aimed to evaluate management systems and extractivist areas and related ethnoecological knowledge of Dimorphandra gardneriana (fava d’anta) in the semiarid region of Ceará, Northeast of Brazil. Fava d’anta produces fruits with high concentration of bioflavonoids, substances with various pharmacological properties, being exploited by extractivist communities in the mosaic of protected areas in Chapada do Araripe, Ceará. Ethnoecological knowledge has been concentrated on collectors who have been in activity for a longer time and/or plant the species. We identified three management systems that can impact in different ways on fava d’anta populations, depending on the area and level of human interference with the species. The extractivists respect the zoning of protected areas and do not enter in the full protection area, choosing areas with the highest tree density. The different systems produce a mosaic that creates different extraction opportunities and modifications to the local landscape and to fava d’anta populations. Factors that may have effects on the conservation of the species are the lack of supervision and overexploitation of the resource in native areas, while the factors that affect the health of extractivists are the infrastructure of the work and exposure to wild environments. 相似文献
11.
Ezebilo EE 《Environmental management》2012,49(1):207-218
The prior identification of local people’s preferences for conservation-development projects will help gear nature-conservation
strategies toward the needs of different groups of local people. This will help policy-makers in designing a more acceptable
and effective conservation strategy. This article reports a study of local perceptions of a community forestry project that
aims to help improve the design as well as local acceptance of the project. The data originated from personal interviews conducted
in communities around Okwangwo Division of the Cross River National Park in southeast Nigeria and were analysed using ordered
logit and binary logit models. The results showed that >50% of the respondents were satisfied with the community forestry
project. The respondents’ perceptions were mainly influenced by education, age, gender, and willingness to contribute money
to tourism as well as the contributions of cocoa, banana, and afang (Gnetum
africanum) to the respondents’ income. The results from this study have important implications for nature conservation in Nigeria and
potentially other conservation contexts across the developing world. 相似文献
12.
This article describes the history of the Coachella Valley Multiple Species Habitat Conservation Plan (CVMSHCP), in the Riverside
County region of Southern California. When this collaborative biodiversity conservation planning process began, in 1994, local
participants and supporters had numerous factors working in their favor. Yet, as of April 2007, nearly 13 years had passed
without an approved plan. This is a common problem. Many multiple species habitat conservation plans now take more than a
decade to complete, and the long duration of these processes often results in negative consequences. The CVMSHCP process became
bogged down—despite strong scientific input and many political advantages—due to problematic relationships between the Plan’s
local supporters, its municipal signatory parties, and officials from the state and federal wildlife agencies, particularly
the regional office of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. This case study demonstrates the crucial importance of institutional
structures and relationships, process management, and timeliness in habitat conservation planning. We conclude by offering
several related recommendations for future HCP processes. 相似文献
13.
Maolin Li Xianshi Jin Qisheng Tang 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(1):33-54
Marine ecosystems are in serious troubles globally, largely due to the failures of fishery resources management. To restore
and conserve fishery ecosystems, we need new and effective governance systems urgently. This research focuses on fisheries
management in ancient China. We found that from 5,000 years ago till early modern era, Chinese ancestors had been constantly
enthusiastic about sustainable utilization of fisheries resources and natural balance of fishery development. They developed
numerous rigorous policies and regulations to guide people to act on natural laws. Being detailed and scientific, the legal
systems had gained gratifying enforcement, due to official efforts and folks’ voluntary participation in resource management.
In-depth analyses show that people’s consciousness of ecological conservation was derived from the edification of kinds of
ancient eco-ethical wisdom, such as totemism, nature worship, Zhou Yi, Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Mohism, etc. All this Chinese classical wisdom have the same cores: “Nature and Man in One”
spirit, frugality and “All things are equal” concept. The findings show that eco-ethical thinking is never inconsistent with
social ethic systems, and it’s of great importance to give legal effect to usual ecological moral claims and eco-ethical requirements
of the public in protecting the environment. The eco-ethical wisdom is efficient in assisting and urging people to fulfill
humans’ obligation for nature. Finally, it’s believed that present world fisheries management will benefit a lot from all
these ancient Chinese thoughts and practices. People are expected to make the most of the eco-ethical wisdom, strengthen fishery
legislation and fully stimulate their voluntary participation in both marine fishery resources conservation and fishery cyclic
economy. 相似文献
14.
Local distrust for Marine Protected Area (MPA) managers is emerging as an important factor obstructing the fulfillment of
MPA objectives, and, thus, there is a need to develop a means of enhancing relationship building between MPA managers and
local people. We used the National Marine Park of Alonissos, Northern Sporades (NMPANS), Greece, as a relevant case-study
to investigate whether the local print media’s framing of the marine park and its management affected locals’ attitudes. We
conducted a longitudinal review of local newspaper articles pertaining to the NMPANS during 1980–2008, and we conducted telephone
interviews with local people. We found that salience of the NMPANS in the local print media remained limited and sporadic,
the main stakeholder remained the centralized public sector, and the regional print media was rather detached, moderate, and
largely supportive of the NMPANS throughout 1980–2008. The progression of the management periods of the NMPANS, however, was
accompanied by increased importance of the NMPANS, increased deviance from conservation as the chief objective of the NMPANS’s
establishment, a shift from presenting facts to presenting reactions, and a shift from a positive to a mixed image of the
NMPANS. Locals who relied on newspapers for local news were better informed about the NMPANS, more likely to accept the NMPANS,
and more likely to participate in meetings regarding the NMPANS regardless of gender, age, and occupation than those who did
not rely on newspapers. The local print media may be utilized as a free-choice learning vehicle to enhance the value of an
MPA among local people and to enhance the development of trust between park managers and locals through a proactive, empowering,
and cognitive media strategy. 相似文献
15.
The communication of science to science users is evolving to an approach that translates knowledge to targeted audiences.
Under this evolution, knowledge brokers play an increasingly important role and users help ‘pull’ the required science to
meet a policy or management imperative. To do this effectively, more insight is required into the knowledge seeking behaviour
of science users and practitioners. The findings from a series of interviews that identify the science needs of Ontario’s
Conservation Authorities (CAs) are presented. Results indicate that emerging functions, such as source water protection and
integrated water resource planning, require more science input than mature functions. Senior CA officials view personal communication
with their knowledgeable staff as the most used, accessible, trustworthy, relevant, shared, and preferable source of science
information. While the internet and media were considered highly accessible, they were not viewed as trustworthy. We found
no relationship between CA size and science use. Further research is needed to identify where junior and intermediate CA staff
obtain their science knowledge from and whether this varies as a function of CA size. Our findings will be of interest to
both policy/program communities and science providers. 相似文献
16.
Bhatnagar YV Wangchuk R Prins HH Van Wieren SE Mishra C 《Environmental management》2006,38(6):934-941
An emerging conflict with Trans-Himalayan pastoral communities in Ladakh’s Changthang Plateau threatens the conservation prospects
of the kiang (Equus kiang) in India. It is locally believed that Changthang’s rangelands are overstocked with kiang, resulting in forage competition
with livestock. Here, we provide a review and preliminary data on the causes of this conflict. Erosion of people’s tolerance
of the kiang can be attributed to factors such as the loss of traditional pastures during an Indo-Chinese war fought in 1962,
immigration of refugees from Tibet, doubling of the livestock population in about 20 years, and increasing commercialization
of cashmere (pashmina) production. The perception of kiang overstocking appears misplaced, because our range-wide density estimate of 0.24 kiang
km−2 (± 0.44, 95% CL) is comparable to kiang densities reported from Tibet. A catastrophic decline during the war and subsequent
recovery of the kiang population apparently led to the overstocking perception in Ladakh. In the Hanle Valley, an important
area for the kiang, its density was higher (0.56 km−2) although even here, we estimated the total forage consumed by kiang to be only 3–4% compared to 96–97% consumed by the large
livestock population (78 km−2). Our analysis nevertheless suggests that at a localized scale, some herders do face serious forage competition from kiang
in key areas such as moist sedge meadows, and thus management strategies also need to be devised at this scale. In-depth socioeconomic
surveys are needed to understand the full extent of the conflicts, and herder-centered participatory resolution needs to be
facilitated to ensure that a sustainable solution for livelihoods and kiang conservation is achieved. 相似文献
17.
Habitat Conservation Plans (HCPs) under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) are an important mechanism for the acquisition of land and the management of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. HCPs have become a vital means of protecting endangered and threatened species and their habitats throughout the United States, particularly on private land. The scientific consensus that climate is changing and that these changes will impact the viability of species has not been incorporated into the conservation strategies of recent HCPs, rendering plans vulnerable biologically. In this paper we review the regulatory context for incorporating climate change into HCPs and analyze the extent to which climate change is linked to management actions in a subset of large HCPs. We conclude that most current plans do not incorporate climate change into conservation actions, and so we provide recommendations for integrating climate change into the process of HCP development and implementation. These recommendations are distilled from the published literature as well as the practice of conservation planning and are structured to the specific needs of HCP development and implementation. We offer nine recommendations for integrating climate change into the HCP process: (1) identify species at-risk from climate change, (2) explore new strategies for reserve design, (3) increase emphasis on corridors, linkages, and connectivity, (4) develop anticipatory adaptation measures, (5) manage for diversity, (6) consider assisted migration, (7) include climate change in scenarios of water management, (8) develop future-oriented management actions, and (9) increase linkages between the conservation strategy and adaptive management/monitoring programs. 相似文献
18.
The theoretical concept, “asset specificity,” is applied to real data in the context of Danish nature conservation network
planning in order to produce illustrative examples of an economic measure of the network’s vulnerability to exogenous shocks
to the species composition. Three different measures of asset specificity are quantified from the shadow value of eliminating
a key species from the individual grid cells. This represents a novel approach and a different interpretation of the term,
as it is conventionally used as a qualitative indicator in the transaction cost economics literature. Apart from supplementing
existing cost measures with an indicator of risk associated with investments in protected areas, this study demonstrates how
the estimation and interpretation of various asset specificity measures for geographical areas may qualify policy makers’
choice of policy instrument in conservation planning. This differs from the more intuitive approach of basing policy instrument
choice solely on the rarity of the species in a given area. 相似文献
19.
Resident Motivations and Willingness-to-Pay for Urban Biodiversity Conservation in Guangzhou (China)
The monetary assessment of biodiversity measures the welfare damages brought by biodiversity losses and the cost-benefit analysis
of conservation projects in a socio-economic context. The contingent valuation method could include motivational factors to
strengthen economic analysis of nature conservation. This study analyzed Guangzhou residents’ motivations and willingness-to-pay
(WTP) for an urban biodiversity conservation program in the National Baiyun Mountain Scenic Area (BMSA). The peri-urban natural
site, offering refuge to some endemic species, is under increasing development pressures for recreational and residential
use. A questionnaire survey was conducted in the Guangzhou metropolitan area during June to October 2007. We interviewed face-to-face
720 stratified sampled households to probe residents’ attitudes towards the city’s environmental issues, motivations for urban
nature conservation, and WTP for biodiversity conservation. Principal component analysis identified five motivational factors,
including environmental benefit, ecological diversity, nature-culture interaction, landscape-recreation function, and intergenerational
sustainability, which illustrated the general economic values of urban nature. Logistic regression was applied to predict
the probability of people being willing to pay for the urban biodiversity conservation in BMSA. The significant predictors
of WTP included household income and the factor nature-culture interaction. The median WTP estimated RMB149/household (about
US$19.5/household) per year and an aggregate of RMB291 million (approximately US$19.5/household) per year and an aggregate of RMB291 million (approximately US38.2 million) annually to support the urban
conservation project. Including public motivations into contingent valuation presents a promising approach to conduct cost-benefit
analysis of public projects in China. 相似文献
20.
Each National Park Service unit in the United States produces a resources management plan (RMP) every four years or less.
The plans commit budgets and personnel to specific projects for four years, but they are prepared with little quantitative
and analytical rigor and without formal decision-making tools. We have previously described a multiple objective planning
process for inventory and monitoring programs (Schmoldt and others 1994). To test the applicability of that process for the
more general needs of resources management planning, we conducted an exercise on the Olympic National Park (NP) in Washington
State, USA. Eight projects were selected as typical of those considered in RMPs and five members of the Olympic NP staff used
the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to prioritize the eight projects with respect to their implicit management objectives.
By altering management priorities for the park, three scenarios were generated. All three contained some similarities in rankings
for the eight projects, as well as some differences. Mathematical allocations of money and people differed among these scenarios
and differed substantially from what the actual 1990 Olympic NP RMP contains. Combining subjective priority measures with
budget dollars and personnel time into an objective function creates a subjective economic metric for comparing different
RMP’s. By applying this planning procedure, actual expenditures of budget and personnel in Olympic NP can agree more closely
with the staff’s management objectives for the park. 相似文献