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1.
Melissa Nursey-Bray 《Environmental management》2011,47(4):671-683
Worldwide, the implementation of marine protected areas (MPAs) offers opportunities for delivering fisheries and biodiversity
management objectives. In Australia however, the primary function of an MPA is that of biodiversity conservation. Nonetheless,
the management of Indigenous customary fisheries is one area where fisheries and biodiversity issues converge. This article
examines the relationship between biodiversity and customary fisheries in an MPA context by investigation of the role and
importance of Indigenous social contexts. Using case study examples from Australia, I explore the role of Indigenous social
contexts in two dimensions: (i) management of traditional fisheries and (ii) Indigenous contribution to fisheries within an
MPA. Findings demonstrate two narratives concerning social contexts, one of recognition and the other concerning Indigenous
involvement in management. I conclude with a survey of Indigenous management initiatives within MPAs. The article ends with
a discussion of the utility of understanding social contexts in any marine management endeavour, specifically other social
contexts within an MPA. 相似文献
2.
Despite the popularity of marine protected areas (MPAs) as a management tool, increasing evidence shows that many fail to
achieve conservation objectives. Although several MPAs exist in Sri Lanka, most are not managed, and resource extraction and
habitat degradation continue unabated. At present, the declaration and management of MPAs is carried out without adequate
consideration of the ecology, socioeconomic realities, or long-term management sustainability. Managers have focused more
toward the creation of new legislation and protected areas rather than ensuring the implementation of existing regulations
and management of existing protected areas. Poor coordination and a lack of serious political will have also hindered successful
resource management. As in other developing countries, MPA managers have to contend with coastal communities that are directly
dependant on marine resources for their subsistence. This often makes it unfeasible to exclude resource users, and MPAs have
failed to attract necessary government support because many politicians are partial toward the immediate needs of local communities
for both economic and political reasons. A more integrated approach, and decisions based on the analysis of all relevant criteria
combined with a concerted and genuine effort toward implementing strategies and achieving predetermined targets, is needed
for effective management of MPAs and the sustainable use of marine resources in Sri Lanka. 相似文献
3.
Brian D. Keller Daniel F. Gleason Elizabeth McLeod Christa M. Woodley Satie Airamé Billy D. Causey Alan M. Friedlander Rikki Grober-Dunsmore Johanna E. Johnson Steven L. Miller Robert S. Steneck 《Environmental management》2009,44(6):1069-1088
Marine protected areas (MPAs) provide place-based management of marine ecosystems through various degrees and types of protective actions. Habitats such as coral reefs are especially susceptible to degradation resulting from climate change, as evidenced by mass bleaching events over the past two decades. Marine ecosystems are being altered by direct effects of climate change including ocean warming, ocean acidification, rising sea level, changing circulation patterns, increasing severity of storms, and changing freshwater influxes. As impacts of climate change strengthen they may exacerbate effects of existing stressors and require new or modified management approaches; MPA networks are generally accepted as an improvement over individual MPAs to address multiple threats to the marine environment. While MPA networks are considered a potentially effective management approach for conserving marine biodiversity, they should be established in conjunction with other management strategies, such as fisheries regulations and reductions of nutrients and other forms of land-based pollution. Information about interactions between climate change and more “traditional” stressors is limited. MPA managers are faced with high levels of uncertainty about likely outcomes of management actions because climate change impacts have strong interactions with existing stressors, such as land-based sources of pollution, overfishing and destructive fishing practices, invasive species, and diseases. Management options include ameliorating existing stressors, protecting potentially resilient areas, developing networks of MPAs, and integrating climate change into MPA planning, management, and evaluation. 相似文献
4.
Anthony Preen 《Environmental management》1998,22(2):173-181
/ The coastal zone of the Indian Ocean is coming under increasing pressure from human activities. Australia may be one of the few countries in this region that can afford to take adequate conservation measures in the near future. As it also has one of the longest Indian Ocean coastlines, Australia has the opportunity, and responsibility, to make a meaningful contribution to the conservation of Indian Ocean biodiversity. Threatened species, including marine turtles, inshore dolphins, and dugongs are an important component of that biodiversity. The dugong has been exterminated from several areas in the Indian Ocean, and it appears to be particularly threatened by mesh netting andhunting. Its long-term survival may depend on adequate protection in Australia, which contains the largest known Indian Ocean populations. This protection will require, in part, an appropriate system of marine protected areas (MPAs). This paper examines the adequacy of MPAs along Australia's Indian Ocean coast. Dugongs occur in two MPAs in Western Australia. The proposed expansion of the system of marine reserves is based primarily on representative samples of ecosystems from each biogeographic region. It is inadequate because it does not take into account the distribution and relative abundance of threatened species. If the conservation of biodiversity is to be maximized, the system of MPAs should incorporate both representativeness and the needs of threatened species. The level of protection provided by MPAs in Western Australia is low. Under current government policy potentially damaging activities, including commercial fishing, seismic surveys, and oil and gas drilling are permitted in protected areas.KEY WORDS: Marine protected areas; Dugongs; Western Australia; Indian Ocean; Conservation; Biodiversity 相似文献
5.
Throughout the wider Caribbean, marine protected areas (MPAs) are rapidly gaining momentum as a conservation tool, but management performance of existing MPAs is considered low. To enhance MPA management performance, stakeholders are increasingly being invited to discuss, debate, and develop rules about how people should interact with marine ecosystems. Using social and ecological data from a rapid assessment of 31 MPAs and their associated communities in the wider Caribbean, this study investigates stakeholder participation in MPA planning and management, and how participants' views of process quality relate to MPA performance. Findings indicate that (1) participants tended to be male, resource users, participate in community organizations, and have lived fewer years in the community associated with an MPA than non-participants; (2) simply participating was not associated with perceptions of the social and ecological performance of MPAs, however, perceptions of process quality were positively related to views of performance; and (3) resource users' perceptions of an MPA's ecological performance were likely shaped by a variety of factors. Conservation practitioners should be aware that participatory MPA processes are complex and require careful planning if they are to contribute positively to marine conservation efforts. 相似文献
6.
Local distrust for Marine Protected Area (MPA) managers is emerging as an important factor obstructing the fulfillment of
MPA objectives, and, thus, there is a need to develop a means of enhancing relationship building between MPA managers and
local people. We used the National Marine Park of Alonissos, Northern Sporades (NMPANS), Greece, as a relevant case-study
to investigate whether the local print media’s framing of the marine park and its management affected locals’ attitudes. We
conducted a longitudinal review of local newspaper articles pertaining to the NMPANS during 1980–2008, and we conducted telephone
interviews with local people. We found that salience of the NMPANS in the local print media remained limited and sporadic,
the main stakeholder remained the centralized public sector, and the regional print media was rather detached, moderate, and
largely supportive of the NMPANS throughout 1980–2008. The progression of the management periods of the NMPANS, however, was
accompanied by increased importance of the NMPANS, increased deviance from conservation as the chief objective of the NMPANS’s
establishment, a shift from presenting facts to presenting reactions, and a shift from a positive to a mixed image of the
NMPANS. Locals who relied on newspapers for local news were better informed about the NMPANS, more likely to accept the NMPANS,
and more likely to participate in meetings regarding the NMPANS regardless of gender, age, and occupation than those who did
not rely on newspapers. The local print media may be utilized as a free-choice learning vehicle to enhance the value of an
MPA among local people and to enhance the development of trust between park managers and locals through a proactive, empowering,
and cognitive media strategy. 相似文献
7.
The number of MPAs has increased sharply, from just 118 in 1970 to well over 6,300 today. This growth in numbers has also been accompanied by a voluminous growth in the academic literature on the theme, with writers employing ecologic, economic and governance lenses (or a combination thereof) to both support the case for MPA creation, and to evaluate just how successfully (or not) existing MPAs match up to their promises. Research suggests effective management of such protected areas is vital if desired outcomes are to be achieved within the allotted time period. This Special Feature on MPAs therefore seeks to address two key questions derived from the management effectiveness framework of Hockings and others (2000), namely: ‘How appropriate are the management systems and processes in place?’ and ‘Were the desired Objectives achieved—and if so, why?’ Fourteen articles, drawing on different disciplinary perspectives relating to MPA experiences from across the globe, offers insights into these questions by considering, inter alia, how: are MPA sites selected?; is ‘buy-in’ to the process from the various stakeholders achieved?; are these stakeholder’s views reflected in the management systems that evolve?, and what monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are in place? Bringing these perspectives and approaches together through the medium of this Special Feature is thus intended to further our understanding of the different issues that may confront both planners and managers of Marine Protected Areas. 相似文献
8.
South Korea’s Civilian Control Zone (CCZ), a relatively untouched area due to tight military oversight since the end of Korean
War, has received considerable attention nationally and internationally for its rich biodiversity. However, the exclusion
of local communities from the process of defining problems and goals and of setting priorities for biodiversity conservation
has halted a series of biodiversity conservation efforts. Through qualitative research, we explored CCZ farmers’ views of
key problems and issues and also the sources of their opposition to the government-initiated conservation approaches. Key
findings include the farmers’ concerns about the impact of conservation restrictions on their access to necessary resources
needed to farm, wildlife impacts on the value of rice and other agricultural goods they produce, and farmers’ strong distrust
of government, the military, and planners, based on their experiences with past conservation processes. The findings regarding
farmers’ perceptions should prove useful for the design of future participatory planning processes for biodiversity conservation
in the CCZ. This case highlights how conservative measures, perceived to be imposed from above—however scientifically valuable—can
be undermined and suggests the value that must be placed on communication among planners and stakeholders. 相似文献
9.
Stakeholder Opinions on the Assessment of MPA Effectiveness and Their Interests to Participate at Pacific Rim National Park Reserve,Canada 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
As the number of marine protected areas (MPAs) is globally increasing, information is needed on the effectiveness of existing
sites. Many protected area agencies however have limited resources and are unable to evaluate MPA effectiveness. An evaluation
conducted entirely by the managing agency may also lack credibility. Long-term monitoring and evaluation programs should ideally
offer opportunities for participation of diverse groups in the selection of evaluation indicators and their assessment. A
participatory approach has the potential to enhance evaluation capacity, to increase credibility and acceptance of results,
to strengthen relationships between managers and local stakeholders, and to address more locally relevant information. Using
a case study approach, this paper investigates diverse stakeholder groups’ opinions on the design of an evaluation and their
interest to participate in an assessment. Respondents were most interested in the assessment of MPA achievements and outcome
indicators. Most groups identified a range of government agencies and stakeholders that should participate in an assessment
but only half of all respondents were interested to participate in monitoring activities. Most frequently mentioned limitations
for more participation were a lack of time and money, but also governance shortcomings such as limited participation possibilities
and not paying enough credit to stakeholders’ input. Participation interest was also influenced by occupation, place of residency,
and familiarity with the marine environment. Differences exist among stakeholders about suitable evaluators and preferred
monitoring partners, which could affect the credibility of evaluation results and affect monitoring activities. 相似文献
10.
Alejandro Espinoza-Tenorio Gabriela Montaño-Moctezuma Ileana Espejel 《Environmental management》2010,45(4):739-750
The Gulf of California Biosphere Reserve (UGC&CRDBR) is a Marine Protected Area that was established in 1993 with the aim
of preserving biodiversity and remediating environmental impacts. Because remaining vigilant is hard and because regulatory
measures are difficult to enforce, harvesting has been allowed to diminish poaching. Useful management strategies have not
been implemented, however, and conflicts remain between conservation legislation and the fisheries. We developed a transdisciplinary
methodological scheme (pressure-state-response, loop analysis, and Geographic Information System) that includes both protected
species and fisheries modeled together in a spatially represented marine ecosystem. We analyzed the response of this marine
ecosystem supposing that conservation strategies were successful and that the abundance of protected species had increased.
The final aim of this study was to identify ecosystem-level management alternatives capable of diminishing the conflict between
conservation measures and fisheries. This methodological integration aimed to understand the functioning of the UGC&CRDBR
community as well as to identify implications of conservation strategies such as the recovery of protected species. Our results
suggest research hypotheses related to key species that should be protected within the ecosystem, and they point out the importance
of considering spatial management strategies. Counterintuitive findings underline the importance of understanding how the
community responds to disturbances and the effect of indirect pathways on the abundance of ecosystem constituents. Insights
from this research are valuable in defining policies in marine reserves where fisheries and protected species coexist. 相似文献
11.
Marine protected areas are not established in an institutional and governance vacuum and managers should pay attention to the wider social–ecological system in which they are immersed. This article examines Islas Choros-Damas Marine Reserve, a small marine protected area located in a highly productive and biologically diverse coastal marine ecosystem in northern Chile, and the interactions between human, institutional, and ecological dimensions beyond those existing within its boundaries. Through documents analysis, surveys, and interviews, we described marine reserve implementation (governing system) and the social and natural ecosystem-to-be-governed. We analyzed the interactions and the connections between the marine reserve and other spatially explicit conservation and/or management measures existing in the area and influencing management outcomes and governance. A top-down approach with poor stakeholder involvement characterized the implementation process. The marine reserve is highly connected with other spatially explicit measures and with a wider social–ecological system through various ecological processes and socio-economic interactions. Current institutional interactions with positive effects on the management and governance are scarce, although several potential interactions may be developed. For the study area, any management action must recognize interferences from outside conditions and consider some of them (e.g., ecotourism management) as cross-cutting actions for the entire social–ecological system. We consider that institutional interactions and the development of social networks are opportunities to any collective effort aiming to improve governance of Islas Choros-Damas marine reserve. Communication of connections and interactions between marine protected areas and the wider social–ecological system (as described in this study) is proposed as a strategy to improve stakeholder participation in Chilean marine protected areas. 相似文献
12.
Throughout the world there is a general consensus among environmentalists that there should be an increase in the amount of
marine area that should be reserved in marine protected areas (MPAs). In fact, the 1998 Philippines Fishery Code indicates
a need for designation of at least 15% of municipal waters for fish refuges or sanctuaries. Such an increase in area would
take productive fishing areas away from fishing communities that can ill-afford the loss. The larger the protected area, there
will be a greater number of people impacted. This article examines the relationship between factors that influence the success
of Community Based MPA (CBMPA) performance in the Visayas, Philippines and their significance in efforts to increase the size
of protected areas. 相似文献
13.
Nadine Marshall Paul Marshall Ameer Abdulla 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2009,52(7):901-918
The social and economic ramifications of marine conservation strategies such as marine protected areas (MPAs) are important to consider prior to their implementation to ensure that they do not exceed the resilience of resource-users and that resource protection might be maximised through compliance and low resistance. This paper presents a framework in which the human dimensions can be more easily and usefully integrated into the design and delivery of conservation initiatives. The framework espouses quantifying (1) the level of dependency on the resource; (2) perceptions towards conservation initiatives; and (3) social resilience. The framework is applied in Salum, Egypt, which is the site of a prospective MPA. 相似文献
14.
Integrating Conservation and Development at the National Marine Park of Alonissos,Northern Sporades,Greece: Perception and Practice 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Available information on the socioeconomic implications of marine protected areas (MPAs) for the socioculturally diverse Mediterranean
region is scant. The National Marine Park of Alonissos, Northern Sporades (NMPANS), Greece was established in 1992 as a foundation
for the conservation of the endangered Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus. The evolution of the degree of acceptance of and satisfaction from the NMPANS by involved stakeholder groups (fishermen,
tourism operators, hoteliers and owners of rooms to let, governmental bodies, nongovernmental bodies, students, domestic and
foreign tourists) were investigated 13 years after its establishment using written questionnaires delivered during personal
interviews. The initial positive attitude of local professionals for the NMPANS has eroded due to the unsatisfactory fulfillment
of expectations for socioeconomic development. Fishermen expressed dissatisfaction with, mistrust toward, and a reluctancy
to communicate with the NMPANS’s management body. They believe that the fishery areas have decreased in actual geographic
area because of the prohibitive measures; fish stocks are declining; compensation for damage to fishery equipment by the Mediterranean
monk seal and for the prohibitive measures should be provided; and stricter enforcement of regulations should take place.
On the other hand, tourism operators, who organize trips for tourists to the NMPANS, unanimously reported direct economic
benefits. Furthermore, there was a disparity in the perception of socioeconomic benefits derived from the NMPANS between governmental
bodies and local stakeholders. The governmental bodies and the nongovernmental organization MOm-Hellenic Society for the Study
and Protection of the Monk Seal postulated that there had been considerable socioeconomic benefits for the local community
of Alonissos due to the establishment of the NMPANS, whereas the local nongovernmental organization Ecological and Cultural
Movement of Alonissos claimed benefits were scant. Tourists (domestic and foreign) believe that the NMPANS is not the main
attraction to Alonissos Island but is part of a composite, including serenity, aesthetic beauty, and small-scale tourism development,
which can turn Alonissos Island into an ideal eco-tourism destination; a common aspiration for both the tourists and the local
community by general consensus. The aim of the NMPANS to integrate conservation and development lies in (1) the effectiveness
of the NMPANS management body in formulating a strategic management plan that would accommodate stakeholders’ interests and
aspirations and (2) a national policy of conservation and enhancement of natural resources with consistency and continuity.
Quantitative assessment of the socioeconomic effectiveness of the Mediterranean MPAs using a common methodology would facilitate
the identification of intraregional variation and better planning for the network of MPAs in the Mediterranean. 相似文献
15.
There is a consensus that Marine Protected Area (MPA) performance needs regular evaluation against clear criteria, incorporating
counterfactual comparisons of ecological and socio-economic performance. However, these evaluations are scarce at the global
level. We compiled self-reports from managers and researchers of 78 coral reef-based MPAs world-wide, on the conservation
and welfare improvements that their MPAs provide. We developed a suite of performance measures including fulfilment of design
and management criteria, achievement of aims, the cessation of banned or destructive activities, change in threats, and measurable
ecological and socio-economic changes in outcomes, which we evaluated with respect to the MPA’s age, geographical location
and main aims. The sample was found to be broadly representative of MPAs generally, and suggests that many MPAs do not achieve
certain fundamental aims including improvements in coral cover over time (in 25% of MPAs), and conflict reduction (in 25%).
However, the large majority demonstrated improvements in terms of slowing coral loss, reducing destructive uses and increasing
tourism and local employment, despite many being small, underfunded and facing multiple large scale threats beyond the control
of managers. However spatial comparisons suggest that in some regions MPAs are simply mirroring outside changes, with demonstrates
the importance of testing for additionality. MPA benefits do not appear to increase linearly over time. In combination with
other management efforts and regulations, especially those relating to large scale threat reduction and targeted fisheries
and conflict resolution instruments, MPAs are an important tool to achieve coral reef conservation globally. Given greater
resources and changes which incorporate best available science, such as larger MPAs and no-take areas, networks and reduced
user pressure, it is likely that performance could further be enhanced. Performance evaluation should test for the generation
of additional ecological and socio-economic improvements over time and compared to unmanaged areas as part of an adaptive
management regime. 相似文献
16.
Darcy L. Gray Rosaline Canessa Rick Rollins C. Peter Keller Philip Dearden 《Environmental management》2010,46(2):167-180
Marine protected areas (MPAs) and zoning plans require an understanding of stakeholders if they are to be successful at achieving
social and biological objectives. This study examines recreational boaters in a proposed MPA in British Columbia, Canada,
using the recreation opportunity spectrum (ROS) and models of recreation conflict as a basis for investigation. Boaters (n = 543) visiting the region during the summer completed face-to-face surveys. Results show variability in boater setting preferences,
supporting an ROS-based approach to MPA planning and zoning. While boaters as a whole placed the greatest importance on natural
settings, sailboat operators expressed stronger preferences for natural and quiet settings relative to motorboats, and motorboat
operators expressed stronger preferences for settings characterized by built facilities and extractive activities relative
to sailboats. Several marine activities emerged as sources of perceived conflict for boaters, including personal watercraft,
commercial whale watching vessels, and shellfish aquaculture. Our analysis indicates that while some of these may be addressed
through zoning, others are better addressed through education and communication. Recommendations for both MPA management and
future research are made. 相似文献
17.
Brian Miller Richard Reading Courtney Conway Jerome A. Jackson Michael Hutchins Noel Snyder Steve Forrest Jack Frazier Scott Derrickson 《Environmental management》1994,18(5):637-645
This paper discusses common organizational problems that cause inadequate planning and implementation processes of endangered
species recovery across biologically dissimilar species. If these problems occur, even proven biological conservation techniques
are jeopardized. We propose a solution that requires accountability in all phases of the restoration process and is based
on cooperative input among government agencies, nongovernmental conservation organizations, and the academic community. The
first step is formation of a task-oriented recovery team that integrates the best expertise into the planning process. This
interdisciplinary team should be composed of people whose skills directly address issues critical for recovery. Once goals
and procedures are established, the responsible agency (for example, in the United States, the US Fish and Wildlife Service)
could divest some or all of its obligation for implementing the plan, yet still maintain oversight by holding implementing
entities contractually accountable. Regular, periodic outside review and public documentation of the recovery team, lead agency,
and the accomplishments of implementing bodies would permit evaluation necessary to improve performance. Increased cooperation
among agency and nongovernmental organizations provided by this model promises a more efficient use of limited resources toward
the conservation of biodiversity. 相似文献
18.
Marine conservation is often criticized for a mono-disciplinary approach, which delivers fragmented solutions to complex problems
with differing interpretations of success. As a means of reflecting on the breadth and range of scientific research on the
management of the marine environment, this paper develops an analytical framework to gauge the foci of policy documents and
published scientific work on Marine Protected Areas. We evaluate the extent to which MPA research articles delineate objectives
around three domains: biological-ecological [B]; economic-social[E]; and governance-management [G]. This permits us to develop
an analytic [BEG] framework which we then test on a sample of selected journal article cohorts. While the framework reveals
the dominance of biologically focussed research [B], analysis also reveals a growing frequency of the use of governance/management
terminology in the literature over the last 15 years, which may be indicative of a shift towards more integrated consideration
of governance concerns. However, consideration of the economic/social domain appears to lag behind biological and governance
concerns in both frequency and presence in MPA literature. 相似文献
19.
Government policy and environmental protection in the developing world: The example of Nigeria 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Boyowa A. Chokor 《Environmental management》1993,17(1):15-30
Environmental protection is a topical and controversial issue of contemporary Third World development. As a result of the
growing crisis of environment and development as well as issues of global environmental balance, divergent views and proposals
have been put forward by external governments, international agencies, and environmental groups in resolving the environmental
degradation problems of the developing world. However, very little appraisal has been made of the efforts by indigenous Third
World governments in facing up to their environmental conservation issues. This article examines the role of past and recent
government environmental control policies and programs in Nigeria. The article analyzes three aspects of environmental protection:
(1) the theoretical economic bases of environmental protection and the Nigerian approach to environmental protection, including
traditional values and modern institutional control measures, the latter embracing nature conservation efforts; (2) environmental
considerations in national development plans; and (3) the evolution of a federal environmental protection agency and a national
policy on environment. Finally, the article discusses the future challenges and directions for environmental policy. 相似文献
20.
Resident Motivations and Willingness-to-Pay for Urban Biodiversity Conservation in Guangzhou (China)
The monetary assessment of biodiversity measures the welfare damages brought by biodiversity losses and the cost-benefit analysis
of conservation projects in a socio-economic context. The contingent valuation method could include motivational factors to
strengthen economic analysis of nature conservation. This study analyzed Guangzhou residents’ motivations and willingness-to-pay
(WTP) for an urban biodiversity conservation program in the National Baiyun Mountain Scenic Area (BMSA). The peri-urban natural
site, offering refuge to some endemic species, is under increasing development pressures for recreational and residential
use. A questionnaire survey was conducted in the Guangzhou metropolitan area during June to October 2007. We interviewed face-to-face
720 stratified sampled households to probe residents’ attitudes towards the city’s environmental issues, motivations for urban
nature conservation, and WTP for biodiversity conservation. Principal component analysis identified five motivational factors,
including environmental benefit, ecological diversity, nature-culture interaction, landscape-recreation function, and intergenerational
sustainability, which illustrated the general economic values of urban nature. Logistic regression was applied to predict
the probability of people being willing to pay for the urban biodiversity conservation in BMSA. The significant predictors
of WTP included household income and the factor nature-culture interaction. The median WTP estimated RMB149/household (about
US$19.5/household) per year and an aggregate of RMB291 million (approximately US$19.5/household) per year and an aggregate of RMB291 million (approximately US38.2 million) annually to support the urban
conservation project. Including public motivations into contingent valuation presents a promising approach to conduct cost-benefit
analysis of public projects in China. 相似文献