硝基苯水溶液的超声波降解动力学

以硝基苯为唯一底物，选择超声功率200W，400W，600W，800W，研究了超声降解硝基苯水溶液的动力学，实验证明，硝基苯超声降解属假一级动力学反应，同时得到了不同超声功率下的降解速率常数，以及速率常数与超声功率的线性相关关系和含有超声功率的动力学方程，采用色质分析，确定了硝基苯降解产物中含有邻硝基酚和对硝基酚。     

H2O2热氧化降解硝基苯废水的机理和动力学

利用H2O2为氧化剂,高温密闭条件下对硝基苯废水进行了降解研究.通过正交实验,分析了氧化剂种类、硝基苯初始浓度、反应温度和反应时间对硝基苯降解率的影响.利用HPLC分别对降解过程产物进行了分析,实验结果表明:H2O2在密闭高温条件下形成的自由基攻击硝基苯分子,硝基苯降解过程按硝基苯→硝基酚类→二氧化碳和水的途径进行,降解过程中产生的微量邻、间、对硝基酚类物质不会累积.H2O2在反应过程中消耗不显著,具有相对的化学稳定性.H2O2热氧化硝基苯的降解反应符合一级动力学方程,反应表观速率常数K表观=0.0073 min-1.     

水体中二氧化钛(P25)光催化降解甲芬那酸的机理

本文研究了甲芬那酸(MEF)在UV-P25光催化降解下的行为和产物.结果表明,在紫外光照下P25能够快速催化降解MEF,实验浓度下很好地符合准一级动力学模型,速率常数为0.338 min~(-1).碱性溶液有利于MEF的降解,随着p H值从5.0增加到10.0,速率常数从0.271 min~(-1)增加到了0.388 min~(-1).采用硝基苯作为分子探针鉴定了P25光催化降解MEF过程中生成的羟基稳态浓度为0.58×10~(-1)2mmol·L~(-1),通过异丙醇猝灭计算出羟基自由基贡献率为95.7%,由此推算MEF与羟基的实际二级反应速率常数为1.04×1010L·(mol·s)~(-1).采用UPLC/MS/MS鉴定了MEF降解产物,推测MEF的光催化降解途径主要涉及脱氢反应、羟基化反应和酮化反应.发光菌急性毒性试验评价MEF降解过程中中间产物的毒性变化表明,UV-P25是一种有效降低MEF毒性的方法.     

pH值对零价铁还原降解模拟地下水中硝基苯的影响

通过批次实验,研究了不同pH值对零价铁还原模拟地下水中硝基苯的影响,结果表明:零价铁通过还原反应可有效降解地下水中的硝基苯,在控制pH值为3-12的硝基苯还原降解试验中,反应的最佳pH值为3;随着反应的进行pH值呈现逐渐升高的趋势;在各种pH值条件下,硝基苯的还原速率符合假一级动力学模型,表观速率常数kobs随pH值的降低而增加;硝基苯的还原速率和苯胺的生成速率都随pH值升高而减小;另外,零价铁还原硝基苯的最终还原产物为苯胺.     

介质阻挡放电-催化降解苯的研究

采用双介质阻挡放电管 ,当含苯气体的流量为 1 5L·min- 1 ,放电电压在 60 0 0V—1 2 0 0 0V范围内 ,放电管温度在 2 1 0℃左右 ,研究介质阻挡放电 催化降解苯的协同效应 .结果表明 ,在余辉区中放入催化剂 ,60 0 0V的电压下 ,苯的降解率可达 70 % ,产物中CO/CO2为 0 0 5 ;而在同样电压下 ,不放入催化剂 ,苯的降解率仅为 5 5 %左右 ,CO/CO2 约为 0 5 .由此可见 ,催化剂在余辉区时能与等离子体协同作用 ,促进苯的降解     

超声化学法降解水中微量亚甲基蓝的研究

在超声波作用下水中微量亚甲基蓝可有效降解,降解动力学符合一级反应,亚甲基蓝超声降解速率随初始浓度的升高而降低,随介质温度的下降而升高．亚甲基蓝在酸性和碱性条件下的降解速率高于中性条件下的降解速率．能促进OH等自由基形成的自由基促进剂Fe^2 和I^-等可有效加速亚甲基蓝的超声降解．     

Fe_2O_3微纳米材料对八氯萘的热催化降解及其机制研究

本文研究了制备的α-Fe_2O_3微/纳米材料对八氯萘(octachloronaphthalene,CN-75)的催化降解活性及降解机制.在300℃下动力学研究发现,α-Fe_2O_3降解CN-75的反应行为呈现准一级动力学反应特征,反应速率常数为0.075 min~(-1).在α-Fe_2O_3催化下CN-75能够发生逐级加氢脱氯反应,生成一系列的七氯至二氯萘产物,且初始加氢脱氯优先发生在α位.此外,CN-75还能发生氧化开环反应生成甲酸、乙酸等中间产物.根据检测到的降解产物推测CN-75在α-Fe_2O_3上的降解反应历程为:CN-75→CN-73→CN-66/67→CN-54、CN-52、CN-51、CN-50→……→HCOOH+CH_3COOH.     

TiO2与Cu2O光催化降解对硝基苯酚比较研究

分别采用自制的纳米TiO2和Cu2O研究对硝基苯酚的光催化降解.结果表明,模拟阳光条件下,100mg·l-1对硝基苯酚水溶液的氧化亚铜催化反应半衰期为20.0min,而二氧化钛不具备可见光催化能力;在SGY-1多功能光化学反应器中,TiO2催化降解对硝基苯酚的半衰期是48.1min.产物分析表明,n-型半导体二氧化钛的光催化反应存在两种降解历程,生成二羟基硝基苯或脱除硝基.而p-型半导体氧化亚铜催化的光降解反应未检出脱硝基产物,仅检出1,2-二羟基-4-硝基苯.     

苯甲酸类化合物好氧生物降解性研究

采用从城市污水处理场活性污泥中培养的混合菌种,研究了苯甲酸、邻一、间一、对-苯二甲酸的生物降解。考察了在50,200,400和600mg/l四个浓度梯度下,四种化合物的浓度与生物降解性的关系。研究了苯环上不同羧基数量和取代基位置不同所表现出的降解难易程度上的差异。研究结果表明,在试验周期内,上述四种化合物均有不同程度的降解,四种化合物的可降解性为:邻-苯二甲酸>苯甲酸>对-苯二甲酸>间-苯二甲酸,在评价实验体系的降解性时引入了体系中细菌对化合物的负荷(mg·l~(-1)/个·ml~(-1)),使采用不同菌种量、不同化合物浓度的不同实验装置的研究结果有了相对的可比性。     

对苯二甲酸二甲酯及其异构体的好氧微生物降解

从红树林底泥中以对苯二甲酸二甲酯和间苯二甲酸二甲酯为碳和能源通过富集培养分离到 5株细菌 ,并对其进行了鉴定 ,分别是PasteurellamultocidaSDMTa (多杀巴斯德氏菌 )、KlebsiellaoxytocaSDMTb (产酸克雷伯氏菌 )、Klebsiellasp .SDMTc (克雷伯氏菌株 )、SphingomonaspaucimobilisSDMIy (少动鞘氨醇单胞菌 )和Methylobac teriummesophilicumSDMIr (嗜中温甲基杆菌 ) .这些微生物对对苯二甲酸二甲酯及其异构体间苯二甲酸二甲酯有较强的降解能力 .在pH为 7的条件下 ,浓度为 98mg/L的对苯二甲酸二甲酯 (DMT)可在 36d内被完全降解 ,主要中间产物为对苯二甲酸一甲酯 (MMT)和对苯二甲酸 (TA) .在混合培养条件下 ,浓度达 2 2 0mg/L的间苯二甲酸二甲酯在 35d内降解达 99%以上 ,但其中间产物间苯二甲酸一甲酯 (MMI)不能被降解而在培养液中积累 .根据鉴定出的中间产物 ,对苯二甲酸二甲酯的生化降解途径为 :DMT→MMT→TA→CO2 H2 O .研究结果表明 ,对苯二甲酸二甲酯的 2个酯基的水解是决定其完全矿化的重要起始步骤 .对苯二甲酸二甲酯比间苯二甲酸二甲酯更容易被降解 .图 6表 2参 18     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

Examining the uncertain origin and management role of martens on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska

Conservation biologists are generally united in efforts to curtail the spread of non‐native species globally. However, the colonization history of a species is not always certain, and whether a species is considered non‐native or native depends on the conservation benchmark. Such ambiguities have led to inconsistent management. Within the Tongass National Forest of Alaska, the status of American marten (Martes americana) on the largest, most biologically diverse and deforested island, Prince of Wales (POW), is unclear. Ten martens were released to POW in the early 1930s, and it was generally believed to be the founding event, although this has been questioned. The uncertainty surrounding when and how martens colonized POW complicates management, especially because martens were selected as a design species for the Tongass. To explore the history of martens of POW we reviewed other plausible routes of colonization; genetically and isotopically analyzed putative marten fossils deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene to verify marten occupancy of POW; and used contemporary genetic data from martens on POW and the mainland in coalescent simulations to identify the probable source of the present‐day marten population on POW. We found evidence for multiple routes of colonization by forest‐associated mammals beginning in the Holocene, which were likely used by American martens to naturally colonize POW. Although we cannot rule out human‐assisted movement of martens by Alaskan Natives or fur trappers, we suggest that martens be managed for persistence on POW. More generally, our findings illustrate the difficulty of labeling species as non‐native or native, even when genetic and paleo‐ecological data are available, and support the notion that community resilience or species invasiveness should be prioritized when making management decisions rather than more subjective and less certain conservation benchmarks.