强化厌氧氨氧化生物膜形成的研究进展

厌氧氨氧化是污水处理领域最具应用前景的生物脱氮工艺,其中生物膜是富集厌氧氨氧化菌的有效手段。但厌氧氨氧化生物膜的形成和厌氧氨氧化菌的富集长达数月甚至更长周期,阻碍了厌氧氨氧化技术的推广应用。总结了近年来强化厌氧氨氧化生物膜形成并富集厌氧氨氧化菌的系列方法,重点探讨了载体类型的选择、载体表面预处理方法、生物质固定技术、反应器类型、厌氧氨氧化菌活性和竞争性强化等措施对厌氧氨氧化生物膜形成及菌种富集的影响。在厘清强化策略的基础上,阐述了各方法的优劣性和潜在的应用场景,同时展望了未来厌氧氨氧化生物膜技术的研究方向,可为厌氧氨氧化工艺的优化与应用提供重要参考。     

厌氧氨氧化菌与其他细菌之间的协同竞争关系

随着污水脱氮行业的蓬勃发展,各种新工艺、新理论层出不穷.厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)工艺以其独特的优点脱颖而出,成为最具应用前景的新工艺.厌氧氨氧化菌作为该过程的执行者目前已发现5属17种,本文主要对5属17种的厌氧氨氧化菌进行总结,并对厌氧氨氧化菌种内关系中的群体感应系统进行详细介绍,此外还介绍了厌氧氨氧化菌与硝化菌、反硝化菌以及厌氧甲烷氧化菌之间的协同与竞争关系.最后给出常见竞争因素对厌氧氨氧化种群结构的影响,通过控制竞争因素来实现对厌氧氨氧化种群结构的调节.本文将厌氧氨氧化菌微生物生态学与厌氧氨氧化污水处理工艺相结合,为厌氧氨氧化工艺在污水生物处理中的应用提供理论依据.     

Anammox脱氮工艺启动研究进展

厌氧氨氧化相比于传统脱氮工艺具有脱氮负荷高,温室气体排放量少,成本低等优点,具有广阔的发展前景。然而,厌氧氨氧化菌的倍增速度极为缓慢,对环境的要求十分苛刻,厌氧氨氧化工艺的大规模应用受到很大限制。相关研究表明,控制合理的环境因素、选择合适的接种污泥和反应器,对厌氧氨氧化的快速启动具有举足轻重的作用。文章针对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动缓慢的问题,对前人的研究成果进行总结,探讨了基质浓度源、有机碳源、上升流速等多种控制因素对厌氧氨氧化工艺启动的影响,并介绍了厌氧氨氧化快速启动的接种污泥和常用反应器,以期为厌氧氨氧化脱氮工艺的快速启动提供理论参考。     

反应器类型及接种污泥对厌氧氨氧化工艺启动阶段的影响

厌氧氨氧化工艺启动周期过长,在实际应用推广中受到制约。为缩短厌氧氨氧化工艺启动时间,提高启动成功率,试验分别通过将两种来源的污泥分别接种在两个相同类型的UASB反应器,以及将相同污泥分别接种在不同类型反应器的方法,对厌氧氨氧化工艺启动阶段进行试验研究,探索能够缩短工艺启动周期、提高工艺启动成功率的有效措施。结果表明,增加机械搅拌装置、提高接种污泥的浓度及厌氧氨氧化菌落丰度指数,可以有效提高厌氧氨氧化反应器的耐浓度、耐负荷冲击性能,有利于厌氧氨氧化工艺的启动。     

半短程亚硝化与厌氧氨氧化联合脱氮工艺微生物特征研究进展

半短程亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化脱氮技术具有良好的发展前景,该工艺的发展以及应用分子生物学技术对好氧氨氧化菌种群和厌氧氨氧化种群生态学的研究备受人们关注.本文综述了工艺原理和影响因子诸如温度、pH值、氧的可利用性、游离氨浓度等对氨氧化菌及厌氧氨氧化菌的影响,并介绍了应用分子生物学方法对氨氧化菌与厌氧氨氧化菌的类别及分布的研究结果,并对该工艺提出了展望.     

铁强化厌氧氨氧化脱氮机理研究进展

如何强化厌氧氨氧化细菌生长代谢,提高厌氧氨氧化工艺脱氮效能以及保障工艺长期稳定运行是有关厌氧氨氧化研究的热点之一.铁强化厌氧氨氧化是当前研究最为广泛且最具经济性和实用性的一种措施.本文简述了铁强化厌氧氨氧化技术及其强化脱氮效能;重点从优化厌氧氨氧菌的生长环境、促进胞外聚合物分泌、加速脱氮功能菌群富集、诱导细胞结构演变、调控关键酶和功能基因表达、促进信号分子合成以及强化非生物脱氮反应等方面总结了铁强化厌氧氨氧化菌生长代谢和厌氧氨氧化系统脱氮效能的机理.最后对铁强化厌氧氨氧化技术进行总结展望,并提出废铁屑强化厌氧氨氧化技术的构想.     

厌氧氨氧化技术应用研究进展

厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)是新型经济的生物脱氮新工艺。在缺氧或厌氧条件下,经厌氧氨氧化自养菌将NH+4-N和NO-2-N转化为N2的过程。相比其他脱氮过程厌氧氨氧化具有需氧量少、污泥产量低、无二次污染、适用于处理高含氮量低碳氮比废水等的优势。综述了厌氧氨氧化的发现过程、作用机理、影响因素及厌氧氨氧化菌的种类,同时介绍了基于厌氧氨氧化技术的污水处理工艺类型及各工艺特点,最后总结了厌氧氨氧化技术存在的问题及今后研究的趋势。     

厌氧氨氧化菌的生物特性及CANON厌氧氨氧化工艺

厌氧氨氧化(ANaerobicAMMonium OXidation,缩写为ANAMMOX)指的是在缺氧条件下以亚硝酸盐为电子受体将氨氧化为氮气的过程.该过程由一类独特的、被称为"厌氧氨氧化菌"的专性厌氧微生物催化完成.作为细菌域浮霉菌门的成员,厌氧氨氧化菌具有与普通原核细菌显著不同的细胞结构;更重要的是,厌氧氨氧化在氮循环中扮演重要角色,并在污水处理领域显示出良好的应用潜力:厌氧氨氧化联合短程硝化非常适合处理高氨氮低碳废水.在一段式的CANON(Completely Autotrophic Nitrogen removal Over Nitrite)厌氧氨氧化工艺中,好氧氨氧化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌在氧限制的单个反应器内协同去除氨氮,这在节省反应器空间的同时对系统内功能菌群的优化调控提出了更高的要求.本文重点介绍了厌氧氨氧化菌的生物特性以及CANON厌氧氨氧化工艺的最新进展.     

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺处理低氨氮废水研究进展

厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)技术是一种高效、低耗的自养型脱氮工艺。通过文献调研,介绍了厌氧氨氧化细菌的分类与相关功能基因,综述了通过部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺处理低氨氮废水的控制参数,包括溶解氧、C/N、pH值、污泥龄等,反应器类型以及实际工程应用案例,表明厌氧氨氧化工艺应用于低氨氮废水处理具有广阔前景,并提出了亟需突破的关键技术难题,为采用厌氧氨氧化工艺处理城市低氨氮废水提供科学借鉴。     

厌氧氨氧化微生物研究进展

厌氧氨氧化技术是近年来发展起来的新型生物脱氯技术。在这一过程中主要作用细菌是厌氧氨氧化菌。目前越来越多的学者开始研究厌氧氨氧化菌,这对于厌氧氨氧化技术发展与推广具有重要的意义。文章从目前厌氧氨氧化菌研究进展的角度,综述了目前发现的厌氧氨氧化菌种类,结构和部分结构的功能。以期待对工艺控制有所帮助。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.