Comparison between background concentrations of arsenic in urban and non-urban areas of Florida

Arsenic contamination is of great environmental concern due to its toxic effects as a carcinogen. Knowledge of arsenic background concentrations is important for land application of wastes and for making remediation decisions. The soil clean-up target level for arsenic in Florida (0.8 and 3.7 mg kg⁻¹ for residential and commercial areas, respectively) lies within the range of both background and analytical quantification limits. The objective of this study was to compare arsenic distribution in urban and non-urban areas of Florida. Approximately 440 urban and 448 non-urban Florida soil samples were compared. For urban areas, soil samples were collected from three land-use classes (residential, commercial and public land) in two cities, Gainesville and Miami. For the non-urban areas, samples were collected from relatively undisturbed non-inhabited areas. Arsenic concentrations varied greatly in Gainesville, ranging from 0.21 to approximately 660 mg kg⁻¹ with a geometric mean (GM) of 0.40 mg kg⁻¹, which were lower than Miami samples (ranging from 0.32 to 112 mg kg⁻¹; GM=2.81 mg kg⁻¹). Arsenic background concentrations in urban soils were significantly greater and showed greater variation than those from relatively undisturbed non-urban soils (GM=0.27 mg kg⁻¹) in general.     

A preliminary comparison of atmospheric aerosols in urban and non-urban areas in Nanjing,China

Using a 10-stage cascade impactor, atmospheric aerosols were collected from urban and non-urban areas in Nanjing, China. The shapes of average mass distribution were multimodal for both the urban and non-urban samples. The average mass concentration of atmospheric aerosols in the industrial/agricultural area was larger than in city center and natural park areas. The mass median diameter (MMD) were 0.80 μm, 0.51 μm and 0.46 μm for the natural park, city center and industrial/agricultural samples, respectively. In both the urban and non-urban areas, the particles in accumulation and coarse modes were the main contributors to total mass concentration, the particles in Aitken nuclei mode were only a few percent of total mass.     

北京城区和郊区本底站大气污染物浓度的多时间尺度变化特征

利用北京城区海淀宝联站(HD)和上甸子本底站(SDZ)2005—2012连续8年的大气污染物(PM_(2.5)、O3、NO2、SO_2和CO)浓度观测数据进行统计分析,揭示北京城区和郊区主要污染物浓度变化特征、超标情况及其差异.主要结论如下:1连续8年北京城区、郊区PM_(2.5)浓度整体呈缓慢下降趋势,但污染水平仍较高.海淀宝联站和上甸子本底站的PM_(2.5)年均浓度从奥运前3年(2005—2007)的平均值87.1μg·m-3和53.4μg·m-3分别下降到奥运后5年(2008—2012)的平均值67.7μg·m-3和42.1μg·m-3.奥运后5年两站PM_(2.5)年均浓度变化不大,其中城区维持在66~70μg·m-3的高浓度水平.城区PM_(2.5)浓度为3级以上的超标日在四季的发生频率相当,4级和5级以上的超标日则多发生在秋、冬季;各季平均日变化趋势均为双峰双谷型,上下班交通高峰期对PM_(2.5)浓度日变化有重要影响.2城区站O3年均浓度前5年(2006—2010)逐年下降,之后浓度开始回升,而本底站O3年均浓度在此期间变化不大,近6年(2007—2012)维持在72.4~76.3μg·m-3.城、郊O3平均日变化均呈单峰型,其中上甸子站峰值出现时刻晚于城区海淀宝联站.32005—2012年北京城区其它气态污染物浓度(NO2、SO_2和CO)总体均呈缓慢下降趋势,但在2012年浓度有所反弹,城区站气态污染物在秋、冬季的平均浓度均显著高于春、夏季.     

Assessment of estimated 1990 air toxics concentrations in urban areas in the United States

The 188 air contaminants designated as hazardous air pollutants, or air toxics, under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 are associated with a variety of adverse human health impacts. The US Environmental Protection Agency recently developed estimates of 1990 outdoor concentrations of 148 air toxics for every census tract in the continental United States. This paper compares the results for urban and rural areas, and evaluates the relative contributions of large stationary sources (point sources), small stationary sources (area sources), and mobile sources. The estimated air toxics concentrations in urban areas were typically twice as high as in rural areas. There were more air toxics with modeled ambient concentrations in excess of health benchmarks in urban census tracts than in rural census tracts. Ambient concentrations attributable to area sources alone exceeded health benchmarks in a majority of urban census tracts for several pollutants; similar results were found for mobile sources. For point sources, exceedances of benchmarks generally occurred in fewer census tracts. These results show that reductions in emissions of air toxics from all three types of sources will be necessary to reduce anthropogenic air toxics concentrations to levels below the health benchmark concentrations.     

Particulate matter exchange between atmosphere and roads surfaces in urban areas

The deposition and the re-suspension of particulate matter(PM) in urban areas are the key processes that contribute not only to stormwater pollution, but also to air pollution. However, investigation of the deposition and the re-suspension of PM is challenging because of the difficulties in distinguishing between the resuspended and the deposited PM. This study created two Bayesian Networks(BN) models to explore the deposition and the re-suspension of PM as well as the important influential fact...     

我国主要蔬菜和粮油作物的砷含量与砷富集能力比较

根据国内外文献报道,对蔬菜和粮油作物中砷的累积特点和富集能力进行总结和分析.结果表明.清洁区和污染区蔬菜的砷含量变幅分别为0.001-1.07 mg·kg-1和0.001-8.51 mg·kg-1(鲜重),均值分别为0.035 mg·kg-1和0.068 mg·kg-1不同种类蔬菜的砷含量由大到小,依次为:叶菜类>根茎类>茄果类>鲜豆类;清洁区和污染区粮油作物的砷含量变幅分别为0.001-2.20 mg·kg-1和0.007-6.83 mg·kg-1(干重),均值分别为0.081 mg·kg-1和0.294 mg·kg-1,其中水稻的砷含量显著高于小麦和玉米.从富集系数来看,叶莱类蔬菜的砷富集系数最高,芹菜、蕹菜、茼蒿、芥菜等蔬菜的抗砷污染能力较弱.粮食作物玉米的抗砷污染能力较强.与蔬菜砷限量标准(GB4810-1994)相比,我国砷污染区的蔬菜中有32.2%的样本砷含量超标,其中叶菜类和根茎类的超标率分别为47.9%和12.8%.与粮食砷限量标准(GB4810-1994)比较,我国污染区粮油作物的样本砷超标率为34.8%,其中水稻的超标率高达42.9%.玉米和小麦的超标率均高于20%.     

PM2.5 and water-soluble inorganic ion concentrations decreased faster in urban than rural areas in China

We investigated variations of PM_2.5 and water-soluble inorganic ions chemical characteristics at nine urban and rural sites in China using ground-based observations. From 2015 to 2019, mean PM_2.5 concentration across all sites decreased by 41.9 µg/m³ with a decline of 46% at urban sites and 28% at rural sites, where secondary inorganic aerosol (SIAs) contributed to 21% (urban sites) and 17% (rural sites) of the decreased PM_2.5. SIAs concentrations underwent a decline at urban locations, while sulfate (SO₄^2–), nitrate (NO₃^–), and ammonium (NH₄⁺) decreased by 49.5%, 31.3% and 31.6%, respectively. However, only SO₄^2– decreased at rural sites, NO₃^– increased by 21% and NH₄⁺ decreased slightly. Those changes contributed to an overall SIAs increase in 2019. Higher molar ratios of NO₃^– to SO₄^2– and NH₄⁺ to SO₄^2– were observed at urban sites than rural sites, being highest in the heavily polluted days. Mean molar ratios of NH₃/NH_x were higher in 2019 than 2015 at both urban and rural sites, implying increasing NH_x remained as free NH₃. Our observations indicated a slower transition from sulfate-driven to nitrate-driven aerosol pollution and less efficient control of NO_x than SO₂ related aerosol formation in rural regions than urban regions. Moreover, the common factor at urban and rural sites appears to be a combination of lower SO₄^2– levels and an increasing fraction of NO₃^– to PM_2.5 under NH₄⁺-rich conditions. Our findings imply that synchronous reduction in NO_x and NH₃ emissions especially rural areas would be effective to mitigate NO₃^–-driven aerosol pollution.     

黄山茶叶品质与产地地质背景关系探讨

本文通过对黄山茶叶的实地调查,从地学角度分析了黄山茶叶的地质背景对土壤中元素组合、土壤类型的影响,探讨了茶叶主要品质与产地地质背景的关系,分析了茶叶优异的品质与地质背景条件的相关性。确定出黄山毛峰生长的土壤是在特定的青白口纪邓家组变石英砂岩、变粉砂岩、板岩风化而成的粗骨土,太平猴魁是在特定志留纪康山组长石石英砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩风化而成红壤土、粗骨土,这些土壤为茶树生长提供了大量的营养物质,特别是有益的微量元素对提高茶叶品质起到了重要作用。     

A characterization of the spatiotemporal variability of non-urban ozone concentrations over the eastern United States

The spatial and temporal variability of the daily 1-h maximum O₃ concentrations over non-urban areas of the eastern United States of America was examined for the period 1985–1990 using principal component analysis. Utilization of Kaiser's Varimax orthogonal rotation led to the delineation of six contiguous subregions or “influence regimes” which together accounted for 64.02% of the total variance. Each subregion displayed statistically unique O₃ characteristics and corresponded well with the path and frequency of anticyclones. When compared to the entire domain, the mid-Atlantic and south subregions observe higher mean daily 1-h maximum concentrations. Concentrations are near the domain average for the northeast and southwest subregions and are lowest in the Great Lakes and Florida subregions. The percentage of observations exceeding 120 ppb were greates in the mid-Atlantic and southwest subregions, near the domain average in the northeast and south subregions, and lowest in the Great Lakes and Florida subregions.Examination of the time series of the principal component scores associated with the subregions indicated that Great Lakes and mid-Atlantic subregions tend to observe a stronger seasonal cycle, with maximum concentrations occurring during the last week in June and first week in July, respectively. The strength of this seasonality is weakened for the northeast and south subregions and its timing delayed, until the end of July and the first of August, respectively. The southwest subregion experiences a greatly diminished seasonality, with maximum concentrations delayed until the middle of August. The seasonality found in the Florida subregion is unique in both its strength and timing, as the highest concentrations consistently occur during the months of April and May. The time series were then deseasonalized and autocorrelations and spectral density estimates calculated, revealing that persistence is much more prevalent in the Florida (autocorrelation significant to a lag of 4 days), south (3 days) and southwest (3 days) subregions. Conversely, autocorrelations are only significant to a lag of one day in the northeast and two days for the Great Lakes and mid-Atlantic subregions.     

Groundwater recharge in urban areas

The two interlinked networks of hydrological pathways in urban areas are described with particular reference to the links with groundwater. As well as reducing direct recharge, urbanization creates new pathways and sources of water for recharge, including leaking water mains, sewers, septic tanks and soakaways. The net effect is often to increase recharge to pre-urbanization rates, or higher in dry climates and cities with high densities and large imported water supplies.     

无机砷与两种典型天然有机质络合行为比较

以毒性较强的无机砷(五价砷iAs~V和三价砷iAs~(III))和环境中常见的天然有机质(NOM)为研究对象,采用平衡透析的方法,研究在pH中性条件下两种无机砷与两种NOM(胡敏酸HA和富里酸FA)的络合平衡时间,并通过对络合态砷占总砷比例的测定以及条件分配系数(D_(om))的测定,对比不同NOM种类、不同无机砷种类及不同比率iAs/DOC(dissolved organic carbon,可溶性有机碳)条件下两者的络合特征,并对相应的络合机理进行探讨.结果表明,无机砷与NOM的络合过程分为快速扩散、慢速扩散和平衡3个阶段;其中iAs~V与两种NOM的络合平衡时间约为48 h,iAs~(III)则在24 h之后基本达到络合平衡状态.两种NOM与iAs~V和iAs~(III)的络合比例随NOM浓度的增高而增加,但由于HA比FA具有更高的分子量和更复杂的分子结构,HA较FA显示出更强的络合能力.由于配位点减少原因,无机砷与两种NOM的络合随iAs/DOC比率上升而呈现出非线性下降趋势,这样非线性的现象与络合点位至少有两种类型有关.     

北京地区SO2、NOx、O3和PM2.5变化特征的城郊对比分析

2006-01-01～2006-12-31在北京上甸子区域大气本底站和城区宝联环境观测站连续观测了SO2、NOx、O3和PM2.5的浓度,分析了北京城区和郊区的季节变化及日变化的差异,并结合风向讨论了城区污染对于大气本底的影响.结果表明,①NOx、SO2浓度在采暖季城郊差异最大,城区是本底的4～6倍,城郊O3有一致的浓度变化.本底站PM2.5在4、5月达到100μg/m3以上,是年平均的2～3倍;②NOx和SO2的日变化在城区表现为双峰型,在09:00前后和22:00前后形成高值,郊区表现为单峰型,在22:00前后出现高值.郊区O3的日变化峰值滞后于城区大约2 h.PM2.5日变化规律表现得较不规则;③西南风条件下本底各污染物浓度明显受城区输送影响而升高,东北风条件下干洁气团的影响比较明显.     

深圳市土壤砷的背景含量及其影响因素研究

为摸清深圳市土壤砷的背景含量现状,以全市不受或很少受人类活动影响的基本生态控制线区域作为调查范围,布设土壤表层样点450个、土壤典型剖面样点50个,采用多点增量采样法采集表层样品500个、深层样品100个.结果表明,深圳市表层土壤砷的背景含量范围为0.07~202mg/kg,算术平均值为11.3mg/kg,95%分位值为55.9mg/kg,显著高于“七五”深圳土壤环境背景调查结果砷的95%分位值（35.4mg/kg）.不同土类中赤红壤、红壤和黄壤砷背景含量的算术平均值相近,95%分位值的高低顺序为：红壤 > 赤红壤 > 黄壤.不同母质母岩发育的土壤砷背景含量的算术平均值高低顺序为：灰色灰岩 > 砂砾页岩 > 凝灰熔岩 > 变质岩 > 花岗岩 > 片麻岩,95%分位值的高低顺序为：灰色灰岩 > 砂砾页岩 > 凝灰熔岩 > 变质岩 > 片麻岩 > 花岗岩.不同剖面层次砷背景含量的平均值和95%分位值差异较大,高低顺序为：底层 > 中层 > 表层,随着深度增加,砷的背景含量逐渐增加.土壤pH值、砂粒含量与砷背景含量呈显著负相关,黏粒、粉粒含量与砷背景含量呈显著正相关.土壤母质母岩和机械组成是影响深圳市土壤砷背景含量的主要因素.研究结果可为南方典型区域砷的土壤环境背景值研究提供参考与借鉴.     

北京市城区两个典型站点PM2.5浓度和元素组成差异研究

采用rp TEOM^® 1400a颗粒物测定系统,于2008年1月到2010年12月,对北京城市生态系统研究站和北京教学植物园周边大气中细颗粒物(PM_2.5)的浓度进行了连续监测.2010年,利用rp TEOM1400系统的旁路采样器同步采集PM_2.5样品,经微波消解后采用ICP-MS和ICP-OES方法测定样品中的Al、As、Ca、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Ni、Pb、Se、V、Zn等17种元素的浓度.结果表明,2008年1月至2009年3月,北京城市生态系统研究站的PM_2.5平均浓度为59.1 μg·m^-3,比北京教学植物园低36%.2009年4月至2010年12月,北京城市生态系统研究站的PM_2.5平均浓度为95.5 μg·m^-3,比北京教学植物园高60%.施工工地的土方作业可能对两站点PM_2.5浓度的差异有重要贡献.地壳元素Al、Fe、Mg、K、Ca、Na浓度在两站点的差异最大.北京城市生态系统研究站其余污染元素的富集因子一般也高于北京教学植物园,尤其是Pb、As元素,可能与被污染土壤和建筑物等的二次污染有关.两站点的PM_2.5污染状况均在建筑施工期较严重,来自地表和建筑工地的扬尘可能是造成PM_2.5污染严重的主要原因.     

WRF-Chem与ADMS对城区尺度大气污染精细化模拟的比较

精细化模拟对城市大气污染预报、朔源和管控具有重要意义.本文以南京市江宁区为例,利用中尺度数值模式WRF-Chem和三维高斯型模式ADMS,针对典型污染个例,开展城区尺度大气污染高分辨模拟,并对其结果进行比较分析.此外,探讨了WRF-Chem中不同城市冠层方案的模拟效果以及ADMS中不同街道峡谷特征对街道内污染扩散的影响.结果表明,WRF-Chem和ADMS都可以合理模拟内外源对关心区域的影响,实现对城区尺度大气污染的高分辨和高效率模拟;相对SLAB、BEP城市冠层方案,WRF-Chem中的UCM方案表现更好,且其模拟性能较ADMS略优;ADMS模拟街道峡谷效应时,街道和建筑尺度参数对模拟结果有较大影响,街道越窄、建筑越高,越不利于街道内污染物的扩散.综合而言,对于城区尺度的大气污染精细化模拟,使用UCM方案的WRF-Chem和ADMS都具有一定的模拟能力,可以根据计算效率和分辨率的要求选用不同模型开展研究.     

澳门特别行政区土壤自然消减能力与污染背景

澳门是我国人口密度最大的城市.选择澳门特别行政区不同功能区绿地土壤为研究对象,首先,通过野外布点采样,调查分析了表层土壤中9种重金属元素(Cr、Ni、Cu、Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn、As、Hg)和16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征;其次,利用累积频率分布曲线法估算了土壤重金属和PAHs的土壤污染背景;最后,基于...     

南京地区大气灰霾的数值模拟

从环境角度出发,在化学成分分析的基础上,利用灰疆与能见度的关系,数值模拟了南京地区能见度分布及灰霾天气现象.研究表明:冬夏两季SO2-4/NO-3质量比为5.39;风速、相对湿度、PM2.5浓度是灰霾天气形成的主要影响因素;能见度模拟结果很好地体现了细粒子成分的污染分布特征,在南京地区,硫酸盐和有机气溶胶是能见度下降最重要的贡献者,其次为黑碳气溶胶.     

Buoyancy and turbulence-driven atmospheric circulation over urban areas

In the buoyancy and turbulence-driven atmospheric circulations (BTDAC) that occur over urban areas where the approach means wind speeds are very low (less than turbulent fluctuations and typically < 3 m/sec), the surface temperatures are significantly higher than those in the external rural areas, and the atmosphere above the mixing layer is stably stratified. In this paper, the mechanisms of BTDAC formation are studied through laboratory experiments and modelling, with additional low-level inflow from external rural areas and a divergent outflow in the opposite direction in the upper part of the mixed layer. Strong turbulent plumes in the central region mix the flow between lower and higher levels up to the inversion height. There are shear-driven turbulent eddies and weaker buoyant plumes around the periphery of the urban area. As the approach flow is very weak, the recirculating streamlines within the dome restrict the ventilation, and the dispersion of pollution emitted from sources below the inversion height leading to a rise in the mean concentration. Low-level air entrained from rural areas can, however, improve ventilation and lower this concentration. This trend can also be improved if the recirculating structure of the BTDAC flow pattern over urban areas breaks down as a result of the surface temperature distribution not being symmetrical, or as the approach wind speed increases to a level comparable with the mean velocity of circulation, or (except near the equator) the urban area is large enough that the Coriolis acceleration is significant.     

北京城市道路地表径流中PAHs的污染特征研究

以北京城市道路地表径流中的PAHs为研究对象,于2006年雨季在海淀区成府路和海淀路设置3个采样点采集了6场地表径流和同期雨水样品,分析了溶解相和颗粒相PAHs的浓度.对地表径流和雨水样品中PAHs的浓度特征,地表径流中PAHs在时间和空间上的变化,及辅助参数的相关性进行了探讨.结果表明,海淀路地表径流EMC值大于成府路,自行车道地表径流EMC值与机动车道相近,道路地表径流PAHs的污染程度不能仅根据车流量判断.对单场径流历时中PAHs浓度变化的分析和累积污染负荷曲线的研究均表明,道路径流初期冲刷效应并不是普遍发生的,而是受路面积尘特征和降雨条件等多种因素的影响.     

桂林市菜地土壤和蔬菜砷含量调查与健康风险评估

通过对桂林市蔬菜和菜地土壤中砷含量状况的调查,研究了蔬菜和菜地土壤中的砷含量、富集特征及对人体的健康风险,并筛选出抗砷污染能力强的蔬菜品种.本研究在桂林市13个县区蔬菜种植基地和蔬菜批发市场共采集71种566个蔬菜样品,160个相对应菜地的土壤样品和32个背景土壤样品.研究发现,与背景土壤相比,桂林市菜地土壤没有明显的砷积累(平均积累指数为0.839),砷含量范围、算术均值、几何均值分别为5.55~132、23.4、21.4 mg·kg-1.蔬菜(鲜重)总砷含量范围、中值和几何平均值分别为5.34~49.7、24.0、22.2 mg·kg-1,均未超标,且叶菜类蔬菜中的砷含量高于根茎类和瓜果类.根据蔬菜砷富集系数的高低用层级聚类法分析,结果表明,西红柿、油麦菜、胡萝卜、生菜等18种蔬菜的抗砷污染能力最强.桂林市居民通过消费蔬菜的人均总砷摄入量为2.54μg·d-1,蔬菜消费只占总砷摄入量的7.07%左右,因此,对于大多数居民而言不存在明显的健康风险.