工业锅炉排放颗粒物处理前景展望

<正>最近我国深受雾霾困扰,PM10尤其是PM2.5的处理成为大气污染控制中的重中之重。本文主要介绍颗粒物的几种去除方法。近几年来,雾霾已经严重影响到我国国民生活质量,而工业锅炉排放的烟气则是造成雾霾的原因之一,而PM2.5的来源主要是工业锅炉排放。因此要对工业锅炉排放的废气进行除尘处理。颗粒物工业锅炉排放的废气里含有的颗粒物为总悬浮颗粒物,PM10是指空气动力学当量直径小于10微米     

武威市大气污染成因分析及防治对策初探

<正>本文介绍了武威市城区大气污染现状,分析造成大气污染的主要原因,指出武威市特殊的地形和气象因素、不合理的工业布局及能源结构是造成大气污染问题的关键。治理武威市大气污染需从污染物排放源入手,并从技术措施、行政、法律等方面提出污染防治对策,同时对解决武威市大气污染提出了建议。随着人类工业化程度的不断提高,"保卫地球、保护我们好、生活的环境"不再是一句危言耸听的口号,而是关系到我们子孙后代能否生存的刻不容缓的大     

发展中国家如何有效地实施MARPOL73/78附则VI防止船舶造成大气污染

2005年5月19日,MARPOL73/78附则VI正式生效之后,一定程度上缓解了船舶造成大气污染的现象,但是国际海事组织海洋环境保护委员会第57届会议通过了MARPOL73/78附则VI的修正案,对船舶废弃中的硫氧化物及氮氧化物的排放含量作了限制,禁止故意排放消耗臭氧的物质。这一举措给航运业各相关利益方均提出了新的更高的要求。本文旨在借助MARPOL73/78附则VI在发展中国家的影响,分析探讨发展中国家如何有效地实施MARPOL73/78附则VI,防止船舶造成大气污染。     

基于地理加权回归的NO2排放预测模型

为了探究影响NO2排放的交通相关因素,以交通分析小区为基本单位,提取了美国洛杉矶城市的人口特征、道路网络特征、交通状况等数据,采用地理加权回归模型(GWR)分析各交通相关因素对NO2排放的影响,从而建立交通小区NO2排放预测模型。结果表明,交通小区路网密度、交通小区机动车吸引量、通勤时间在30~60 min的工作人数与NO2的排放呈正相关,表明3种影响因素的增加会造成NO2排放的增加;而交通小区在家工作的人数、慢行交通(步行、自行车等绿色出行方式)吸引量与NO2的排放呈负相关,表明适当鼓励在家工作的新型办公方式、鼓励居民出行选择慢行交通,能有效减少交通小区NO2的排放。     

文摘

<正>我国拟规定汽车尾气超标或要求企业召回《大气污染防治法(修订草案)》6月24日经十二届全国人大常委会第十五次会议二审。一审时《草案》规定,地方政府可根据大气污染防治需要制定限行政策,曾被指该政策为地方政府机动车限行常态化开绿灯。二审稿在此基础上增加了门槛,政府对限行的类型、区域、时间应当征求行业协会、企事业单位、专家和公众等意见,还增加不达标汽车将召回、驾驶人停车3分钟应熄火等规定。     

光化学烟雾的危害性

光化学烟雾是汽车和工厂烟囱里排放出来的氮氧化物和烯烃类碳氢化合物，经太阳光紫外线的照射，发生了复杂的光化学反应而生成的一种有毒气体。在４０年代，首先发生在美国的洛杉矶市，所以有人也把它叫洛杉矶烟雾。据有关资料载，１０００辆汽车每天除了排放３ｔ多一氧化碳外，还排放碳化氢２００～４００ｋｇ，氮氧化物５０～１５０ｋｇ，这些都是光化学毒物的原料。一般情况下，光化学烟雾的危害大致以百万分之０．２～０．３为界，超过这个界限，就会对人的眼睛、鼻腔、咽喉、肺部有很大的刺激作用，对慢性呼吸道系统疾病尤为不利，会使…     

深凹露天矿强化与诱导自然通风物理模拟研究

深凹露天矿内通风困难的复环流区域是造成大气污染的主要因素之一,复环流区域的平均相对风速为直流区域的1/2或1/3,在复环流区域内的有害物质平均浓度为直流区域的2倍,由于矿内污染物质的不断排放,有可能造成严重的全矿大气污染事故,随着采深的不断增加,这种可能性将越来越大。     

汽车，不能漠视“环境保护问题”

近年来，随着机动车保有量的迅速增加和城市化进程的加快，城市的大气污染类型正在由煤烟型向混合型和机动车污染型转化。机动车排放已成为城市大气污染的一个重要来源，机动车排放的污染物不仅直接危害环境，影响人体健康，而且会发生光学化学反应，产生一系列二次污染物，对人体健康和城市生态都会产生较大危害。     

中国燃煤电厂SCR技术的应用现状和发展

对中国燃煤电厂氮氧化物污染现状进行了分析,造成大气污染的主要污染物之一是氮氧化物,而氮氧化物的排放中有70%来自煤炭的直接燃烧.介绍了选择性催化还原法(SCR)技术及其在中国燃煤电厂的应用,并指出了中国燃煤电厂SCR脱硝技术的发展方向.     

公路大气评价中线源源强的差异性分析

以天水市境国道310线排放的汽车尾气污染源成分中的一氧化碳(CO)和氮氧化物(NOX)为研究对象,利用公路线源源强计算公式,选取三种不同的污染物单车排放因子分别计算CO和NOX的排放强度,并根据计算结果分析三种计算方法的差异性以及产生这种差异的原因。结果表明:在公路项目环境影响评价工作中排放因子取值具有盲目性,导致计算得出的公路线源源强具有较大的差异性。     

Bayesian networks make LOPA more effective,QRA more transparent and flexible,and thus safety more definable!

Quantitative risk analysis is in principle an ideal method to map one’s risks, but it has limitations due to the complexity of models, scarcity of data, remaining uncertainties, and above all because effort, cost, and time requirements are heavy. Also, software is not cheap, the calculations are not quite transparent, and the flexibility to look at various scenarios and at preventive and protective options is limited. So, the method is considered as a last resort for determination of risks. Simpler methods such as LOPA that focus on a particular scenario and assessment of protection for a defined initiating event are more popular. LOPA may however not cover the whole range of credible scenarios, and calamitous surprises may emerge.In the past few decades, Artificial Intelligence university groups, such as the Decision Systems Laboratory of the University of Pittsburgh, have developed Bayesian approaches to support decision making in situations where one has to weigh gains and costs versus risks. This paper will describe details of such an approach and will provide some examples of both discrete random variables, such as the probability values in a LOPA, and continuous distributions, which can better reflect the uncertainty in data.     

安全社区我们的期盼

我们编辑部的一位编辑,家住在北京市城北一个被称为比较高档的社区,家里有连通一层警卫室的可视电话,也有紧急情况的报警按钮,还有各种报警装置。夏天,一次家里使用雷达驱蚊喷雾剂驱蚊,不料引发了厨房燃气泄漏报警器尖利的呜叫。由于不知如何处理,燃气泄漏报警器一直呜叫了十几分钟。本以为就在一层隔壁的警卫室会马上有工作人员通过电话问询情况,     

Methods for more accurate determination of explosion severity parameters

Accurate determination of explosion severity parameters (p_max, (dp/dt)_max, and K_St) is essential for dust explosion assessment, identification of mitigation strategy, and design of mitigation measure of proper capacity. The explosion severity parameters are determined according to standard methodology however variety of dust handled and operation circumstances may create practical challenge on the optimal test method and subsequent data interpretation. Two methods are presented: a statistical method, which considers all test results in determination of explosion severity parameters and a method that corrects the results for differences of turbulence intensity. The statistical method also calculates experimental error (uncertainty) that characterises the experimental spread, allows comparison to other dust samples and may define quality determination threshold. The correction method allows to reduce discrepancies between results from 1 m³ vessel and 20-l sphere caused by difference in the turbulence intensity level. Additionally new experimental test method for difficult to inject samples together with its analysis is described. Such method is a versatile tool for explosion interpretation in test cases where different dispersion nozzle is used (various turbulence level in the test chamber) because of either specific test requirements or being “difficult dust sample”.     

浅谈儿童目动综合症与铅中毒

儿童多动综合症是表现为与同龄儿童相比，有长时间持续的、明显的注意力不集中和活动过度为主要特征的一组行为障碍。国内报道本症患病率为1.3％～15.9％，且以男孩为多见，起病年龄以5～8岁占多数。其临床表现主要为5个方面：(1)注意障碍；(2)活动过度；(3)情绪不稳，任性冲动；(4)认知障碍，学习困难；(5)行为问题，适应困难。本病的病因，迄今仍不清楚，但由于与微量元素关系的研究日渐深入，有人认为血铅增高和低铁与本症密切相关。为此，本文就如何预防儿童铅中毒，减少多动症的发生作一综述。 1 儿童铅中毒的标准 铅是具有导致神经性病症的重金属元素。铅进入人体后，主要从尿中排出，正常人每日由尿排铅约20～80μg。     

基于流固耦合的多弯管路系统动力学分析

为研究多弯管路系统的动力学特性,基于流固耦合和有限元原理,对充液L型管道的固有特性进行了数值模拟,并与TMM(传递矩阵法)进行了对比,证明了数值模型的合理性。建立了水下多弯管路的数值模型,进行了流固耦合模态分析,研究了壁厚、管径对管路固有频率的影响规律。并对非定常流下多弯管路系统的动力响应进行了分析,研究了壁厚和波动速度对管道振动的影响规律。研究结果表明:考虑管内、外流体与管道三者耦合时的管道固有频率比只考虑管内流体与管道二者耦合和不考虑耦合时小,但流固耦合作用对管道模态振型的影响较小;管道的固有频率随管径和壁厚的增大而增大, 气体与管道之间耦合作用对管道固有频率的影响小于液体;非定常流下,多弯管路的振动幅值随着壁厚的增大而减小,随着波动速度的增大而增大。     

实施项目管理体系的战略意义和作用

一个安防项目从概念(安全需求)的形成、立项申请、进行可行性研究分析、项目评估决策、设计需求书确定、现场考察、方案设计、程序开发、测试和主要设备的选型及采购、项目的组织实施、计划的制定、工期质量和成本控制、直到完工验收、交付使用、收尾,要经历很多不可缺少的工作环节.     

Sometimes less is more: Directed coping with interpersonal stressors at work

Within the coping literature, researchers have long been interested in identifying ways in which individuals can improve their coping efforts, making them more effective and thereby reducing the harmful effects of stressful encounters. Although Lazarus and Folkman's transactional model has greatly advanced understanding of the coping process, there continues to be methodological and conceptual challenges that have hindered understanding of the mechanisms behind effective coping. Addressing these issues in the use of a novel approach of analyzing variation in coping (i.e., directed coping) at both the coping event and person coping levels, the current study examined the process of coping with work stress and the beneficial coping outcomes associated with using a directed coping strategy. A total of 143 nurses completed up to 12 weekly surveys online, reporting on weekly stressful interpersonal conflicts and how they coped with them. Results from multilevel analyses supported predictions that greater directed coping at both the level of the coping event and person is associated with improvements in occupational health outcomes even after controlling for other coping factors. Implications of these results are discussed in relation to future research on coping effectiveness and workplace applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Towards more effective methods for changing perceptions of noise in the workplace

This research examined the intervention effects of a simple one-hour training session designed to raise the awareness of noise as a workplace hazard in conjunction with general safety perceptions and attitudes in the workplace. Several sessions were conducted for two organizations, at different locations. Control groups were also employed with both organizations. Participants were questioned using a ‘safety climate’ questionnaire and a ‘noise at work’ questionnaire. The results indicated that awareness of noise as a workplace hazard can be significantly increased with a simple intervention.