综合水质标识指数法在浑河水质评价中的应用

综合评价水环境质量,全面把握流域水环境污染特征是水环境污染防治中的重要基础性工作。水质标识指数可以完整标识水质评价指标的类别、水质数据、功能区目标值等重要信息,在单因子水质标识指数法基础上建立的综合水质标识指数法能完整表达河流总体的综合水质信息,既不会因个别水质指标较差就否定综合水质,又能对综合水质做出合理的评价;既可以在Ⅰ到Ⅴ类中比较水质的优劣,亦可以对劣Ⅴ类进行评价。为系统全面地研究浑河流域各不同河段水环境特征,将浑河流域划分为3个控制单元,根据2001—2010年间水质监测数据,采用综合水质标识指数法,识别出各控制单元主要污染因子,并阐明了浑河流域水环境质量时空变化规律,本研究即体现了全流域统筹考虑的系统思想,又体现了分区研究的针对性特点,并首次将综合水质标识指数法应用于浑河流域水质综合评价,其研究结论对水质监测数据的评价有一定的借鉴作用,亦对流域水污染防治对策的提出有一定的指导意义。     

Impact of coal industries on the quality of Damodar river water

Increasing demand for water in domestic, agricultural, and industrial sectors necessitates exploitation of water either in the form of groundwater or from natural resources. To safeguard the long-term sustainability of water resources and their utilization, the quality of water has to be periodically monitored and determined for various characteristics, especially when the sources are polluted, such as Damodar river. Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research (CIMFR), Dhanbad, is carrying out research work on coal and its utilization and associated environmental concerns. The blood stream of life for the whole Jharia Coalfield is none other than the river Damodar. CIMFR's campus also depends exclusively on river Damodar for meeting its demand of drinking water. This study is a general survey toward the characteristics of Damodar river water, with special emphasis on the pollutant parameters, and evaluation of the treatment process being carried out at the institute for potability. Damodar river water is indeed affected by the disposal of the wastes without any pre-treatment by different coal-based industries established in its basin. The quantity of dissolved and suspended solids, total hardness, chemical oxygen demand, and coliform bacterial count are higher in Damodar water due to the disposal of the waste/effluents from coal-washing plants, coke ovens, cement, and other industries, but well within the permissible limit which is probably attributable to the high-carrying capacity of the river. The river is still not that much affected as it is usually apprehended, and it can be well utilized for potable and domestic purposes after simple treatment.     

Suitability and water quality criteria of an open drainage municipal sewage water at Coimbatore, used for irrigation

Sanganur canal is the major open drainage system which has intricate linkage with storm water supply, domestic sewage and industrial effluent disposal. Water samples from various stations were collected and analysed for physicochemical parameters to assess the water quality of the Sanganur canal system. The study revealed that physicochemical parameters like pH, EC, TDS, DO, BOD, COD exceeded the permissible limit, clearly indicating the need of proper treatment of waste water before discharge into the Noyyal river.     

湖北省湖泊大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

大型底栖动物是湖泊生态系统的重要生物类群,在生态系统物质循环和能量流动中起着重要作用。底栖动物具有生命周期长、迁移能力较弱、对环境变化反应敏感等特点,可有效指示湖泊生态系统的健康状况。湖北省是我国淡水湖泊分布最密集的区域之一,湖泊总面积为3025 km2。近年来,伴随着工农业、养殖业及城市化的快速发展,富营养化已成为本地区湖泊面临的一个主要环境问题,并可能直接影响大型底栖动物的群落结构。目前关于本地区湖泊大型底栖动物群落的研究还较少,为此本研究对湖北省27个浅水湖泊底栖动物进行了调查,并对水质状况进行生物学评价。共采集到底栖动物40种,隶属于4门7纲18科,其中寡毛类5种,摇蚊幼虫16种,软体动物双壳类4种、腹足类8种。霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）、苏氏尾鳃蚓（Branchiura sowerbyi）、花翅前突摇蚊（Procladius choreus）、中国长足摇蚊（Tanypus chinensis）、多巴小摇蚊（Microchironomus tabarui）及铜锈环棱螺（Bellamya aeruginosa）是本地区湖泊最常见的种类。所调查湖泊底栖动物平均密度为32~1243 ind·m-2,其中12个湖泊密度低于200 ind·m-2,摇蚊幼虫和寡毛类对密度的贡献较大,以摇蚊幼虫占优势的湖泊有19个。底栖动物平均生物量为0.034~460.7 g·m-2,生物量低于50 g·m-2的湖泊数量最多（19个）,软体动物占优势的湖泊有16个,摇蚊幼虫和寡毛类占优势的湖泊数量共11个。各湖泊底栖动物物种数为3~14种,Margalef指数为0.71~2.33,Simpson指数为0.69~0.85,Shannon-Wiener为0.78~2.13,Spearman相关性分析结果显示物种丰富度和三种多样性指数与湖泊面积呈显著正相关。BI（Hilsenhoff生物指数）评价结果显示共11个湖泊为一般和轻度污染（6.01~7.44）,中度污染湖泊数量为13个（7.57~8.47）,长湖（8.52）、上津湖（8.65）和玉湖（8.50）处于重污染状态。     

Antibiotic distribution,risk assessment,and microbial diversity in river water and sediment in Hong Kong

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - For the past fewer years, environment antibiotic residues have got more and more attention. The occurrence and distribution of eight common antibiotics,...     

Nanosensors for food quality and safety assessment

Food toxins are produced as defense tools by microorganisms that use nutrients for their growth. Microorganisms thus spoil food, taste and can infect humans, sometimes leading to death. Food adulteration and brand protection are also major issues in the food industry. Here we review the use of nanomaterials for sensing food quality. Nanosensors can detect pathogenic bacteria, food-contaminating toxins, adulterant, vitamins, dyes, fertilizers, pesticides, taste and smell. Food freshness can be monitored using time–temperature and oxygen indicators. Product authenticity and brand protection can be assessed using invisible nanobarcodes. Overall, nanosensors with unique properties are improving food security.     

Investigation of some basic water quality parameters of the north Bengal Terai river Kaljani--a tributary of river Torsa, and comparison thereof with the mainstream

Some physico-chemical parameters of Kaljani River were studied in and around Alipurduar municipality. The principal characteristics of Kaljani River are high TSS, Mg-hardness, COD, and Phosphate 'P' Comparison of water quality parameters of the two rivers demonstrated higher range of alkalinity, ammonia 'N' content and chloride content in Torsa than Kaljani. River Kaljani showed higher COD range than Torsa. Mean BOD value of both these rivers ranged between 0.93-1.65 mg/l. Overall TDS content of Kaljani was found to be lower than Torsa. Maximum phosphate 'P' content was observed at the downstream of both the rivers.     

From meso- to macro-scale dynamic water quality modelling for the assessment of land use change scenarios

The implementation of the European Water Framework Directive requires reliable tools to predict the water quality situations in streams caused by planned land use changes at the scale of large regional river basins. This paper presents the results of modelling the in-stream nitrogen load and concentration within the macro-scale basin of the Saale river (24,167 km²) using a semi-distributed process-based ecohydrological dynamic model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model). The simulated load and concentration at the last gauge of the basin show that SWIM is capable to provide a satisfactory result for a large basin. The uncertainty analysis indicates the importance of realistic input data for agricultural management, and that the calibration of parameters can compensate the uncertainty in the input data to a certain extent. A hypothesis about the distributed nutrient retention parameters for macro-scale basins was tested aimed in improvement of the simulation results at the intermediate gauges and the outlet. To verify the hypothesis, the retention parameters were firstly proved to have a reasonable representation of the denitrification conditions in six meso-scale catchments. The area of the Saale region was classified depending on denitrification conditions in soil and groundwater into three classes (poor, neutral and good), and the distributed parameters were applied. However, the hypothesis about the usefulness of distributed retention parameters for macro-scale basins was not confirmed. Since the agricultural management is different in the sub-regions of the Saale basin, land use change scenarios were evaluated for two meso-scale subbasins of the Saale. The scenario results show that the optimal agricultural land use and management are essential for the reduction in nutrient load and improvement of water quality to meet the objectives of the European Water Framework Directive and in view of the regional development plans for future.     

Design of a water quality monitoring network in a large river system using the genetic algorithm

Despite several decades of operations and the increasing importance of water quality monitoring networks, the authorities still rely on experiential insights and subjective judgments in siting water quality monitoring stations. This study proposes an integrated technique which uses a genetic algorithm (GA) and a geographic information system (GIS) for the design of an effective water quality monitoring network in a large river system. In order to develop a design scheme, planning objectives were identified for water quality monitoring networks and corresponding fitness functions were defined using linear combinations of five selection criteria that are critical for developing a monitoring system. The criteria include the representativeness of a river system, compliance with water quality standards, supervision of water use, surveillance of pollution sources and examination of water quality changes. The fitness levels were obtained through a series of calculations of the fitness functions using GIS data. A sensitivity analysis was performed for major parameters such as the numbers of generations, population sizes and probability of crossover and mutation, in order to determine a good fitness level and convergence for optimum solutions. The proposed methodology was applied to the design of water quality monitoring networks in the Nakdong River system, in Korea. The results showed that only 35 out of 110 stations currently in operation coincide with those in the new network design, therefore indicating that the effectiveness of the current monitoring network should be carefully re-examined. From this study, it was concluded that the proposed methodology could be a useful decision support tool for the optimized design of water quality monitoring networks.     

漓江桂林市区段夏季浮游植物群落特征与水质评价

浮游植物是水生态系统的重要组成部分,其群落结构变化与水体环境条件密切相关,能直接影响水生态系统的功能,是水环境质量优劣的重要指示因子之一。为揭示漓江流域浮游植物群落结构特征及其与水质的相互关系,2012年8月对漓江桂林市区段干流（桂林赵家桥村至桂林王家村）的理化指标及浮游植物的群落组成分布进行了分析研究,并结合水体理化指标和生物指数对漓江水质进行了评价。结果表明,漓江水体高锰酸盐指数、总氮、总磷、氨氮的变化范围依次为1.80-6.20、1.12-2.68、0.022-0.282、0.34-1.73 mg·L-1,其含量在上游变化平稳,到三条支流汇入处大幅增高,最高值均出现在南溪河入口处。共调查到浮游植物7门60属128种,其中硅藻50种（占种类组成的39.06%）,绿藻52种（占40.63%）,蓝藻16种（占12.50%）,裸藻7种（占5.47%）,黄藻、金藻和甲藻各1种（分别占0.78%）。优势种依次为冠盘藻（S. tephanodiscus）、蛋白核小球藻（C. pyrenoidosa）、喙头舟形藻（N.rhynchocephala）、短小舟形藻（N.exigua）、广缘小环藻（C.Bodanica）、四尾栅藻（S.quadricanda）和肘状针杆藻（S. ulna）。浮游植物密度为10.3×10^4-1047.0×10^4ind.·L^-1,平均密度为474.7×10^4 ind.·L^-1,其中密度最小的是赵家桥村,密度最大的是南溪河入口;种类上绿藻门占据多数,密度和优势种分布上以硅藻居多,总体上属于硅藻-绿藻型水体。浮游植物多样性指数Shannon-Wiener指数（H）在1.60-4.27之间,Simpson指数（D）在2.24-12.74之间,水质总体上为清洁-轻度污染。Margalef指数（d）在1.85-4.23之间,Pielou指数（J）在0.40-0.83之间,指数值总体较高,漓江水体中浮游植物群落结构比较稳定,受外界环境的影响较小。漓江干流水质总体上属于Ⅱ-Ⅲ类水体,在支流汇入处理化指标浓度增加,浮游植物多样性指     

Water quality index and suitability assessment of urban ground water of Hisar and Panipat in Haryana

Ground water quality in two well-developed cities of Haryana, viz. Hisar and Panipat was assessed for drinking purpose based on water quality parameters like pH, EC, turbidity, TDS, alkalinity, total hardness, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), nitrate (NO3), phosphate (PO4), sulphate (SO4) and fluoride (F) with respect to different land-use areas viz. residential, industrial, commercial and agricultural. Water quality index based on 9 parameters showed that at Panipat, underground water in all the land-use zones was fit for consumption (WQI < 50), whereas at Hisar, water in agricultural areas was good in quality, but that in other areas varied in magnitude of pollution (WQI > 50 to 100).     

Bacteriological quality assessment of drinking water available at the flood affected areas of Peshawar

Monsoon flooding occurred in the main areas of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, and Balochistan as well as parts of Gilgit Baltistan of Pakistan and Azad Jammu Kashmir in July 2010. Water-borne diseases such as cholera, enteric fever, and dysentery were common among the inhabitants of flood-affected areas which were selected for sample collection. In the present study, 10 sites in District Peshawar were selected and drinking water samples collected. These samples were analyzed for the total plate count (TPC), total coliform bacteria (TCB), total fecal coliform bacteria (TFCB), Escherichia coli (EC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), Vibrio cholerae (VB), Salmonella Shigella, and Staphylococcus aureus. The TPC ranged from 8 × 10¹ to 7 × 10⁴ CFU/ml. The TCB ranged from <1.1 to 280 MPN/100 ml. Twenty percent of the samples were contaminated with TFCB, EC, Salmonella, Shigella, and Staphylococcus aureus, while only one sample contaminated with PA. Forty percent of the samples were contaminated with VB. The surface and well water was greatly contaminated by flooding and major improvements on priority basis are essential.     

Qualitative assessment of the impact of waste littering and dumping on surface water quality in NigeriaOA

Water resources are vital for all living beings and should be managed properly to ensure the safety and well-being of humankind. Surface water bodies are constantly faced with serious contamination risks generated primarily by human activities and urbanization. The problem of waste littering and dumping in developing countries like Nigeria is increasingly affecting environmental resources such as air and water. Several studies have revealed alarming levels of heavy metals that exceed the World Health Organization(WHO) standards. Plastic waste represents a substantial portion of litter, affecting water quality. Pollution results in the depletion of aquatic ecosystems and an increase in water-related diseases. This review aims to assess the impact of waste littering and dumping on surface water quality in Nigeria. In this review, the findings of various studies on surface water bodies in Nigeria, particularly those under the influence of urbanization and waste disposal, were compiled. This review compared numerous physical and chemical parameters like p H, dissolved oxygen, and heavy metals, and microbiological properties such as total coliforms. The water quality index(WQI) was also computed in these studies to ascertain the suitability of the water samples for human consumption. Review results showed that numerous water bodies in Nigeria have significantly diverse water quality levels, with some samples meeting or exceeding the WHO guidelines for microbiological, chemical, and physical characteristics. Notably, levels of heavy metals, turbidity, and p H frequently exceeded permissible limits, pointing to contamination from agricultural and industrial sources. The WQI results for multiple locations revealed that the majority of surface water sources were classified as “bad” to “very bad”, meaning they were unfit for human consumption. The results emphasized the critical need for immediate action to prevent further harm and deterioration of surface water bodies in Nigeria. Recommendations include strengthening waste management policies, promoting recycling initiatives, fostering collaborations among stakeholders, developing littering penalties and enforcing fines to curb the challenge, and raising educational awareness from the primary level. This review emphasizes the need for proactive measures to protect the environment and surface water quality in Nigeria.     

Heavy metal contamination in river water and sediments of the Swarnamukhi River Basin,India: risk assessment and environmental implications

The concentration of heavy metals was analyzed each of 20 river water, suspended sediments and bed sediments along the stretch of Swarnamukhi River Basin. River water is not contaminated with heavy metals except Fe and Mn. Contamination factor in sediments shows considerable to very high degree contamination with Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. The sources of these metals could be residential wastes, sewer outfall, fertilizers, pesticides (M-45 + carbondine) and traffic activities apart from natural weathering of granitic rocks present in the basin area. Principal component analyses indicate the interaction between metals in different media. The comparison of metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) in bed sediments of Swarnamukhi River with the Indian and world averages indicates that the values obtained in the basin are above the Indian averages and far below to the world averages. Average shale values and sediment quality guidelines point toward the enrichment and contamination of Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn to several fold leading to eco-toxicological risks in basin.     

城市河道生态环境需水研究--以湖南省常德市穿紫河为例

在系统归纳总结国内外河道生态环境需水理论研究成果的基础上，结合穿紫河作为一条城市河流的实际情况，应用生态学、环境学和水文学理论，系统分析了穿紫河河道生态环境需水的研究范畴和影响因素，对穿紫河不同时段下的河道生态环境需水进行定量研究。研究得出穿紫河河道生态环境需水平均为2．92m^3／s，城市河道生态环境需水与来水水质和河道沿岸的污染物排放情况关系最为密切。一方面，为穿紫河流域水资源的合理调配提供科学依据，有利于穿紫河生态环境的稳定和良性循环；另一方面，对城市河道生态环境需水理论进行一些探索。     

珠江口磨刀门轮虫群落结构特征与水质生态学评价

轮虫是浮游动物群落中的重要组成部分,对水质变化反应敏感,调查轮虫群落的种类组成和丰度变化,可以获知水质变化和水体的营养状况,并可作为水质评价依据。于2009年7月至2010年1月,对珠江口磨刀门3个站点（S1滞水区、S2河道和S3水流交汇区）轮虫群落结构特征进行每月两次的调查,同时测定了水温、盐度、透明度、叶绿素、总氮、总磷等理化指标,利用非生物环境因子对水体的营养状况进行了TLIc加权综合营养状态指数评价,并通过轮虫种类组成、E/O指数、QB/T指数和生物多样性指数对水质进行了生态学评价。调查期间,水温12~29℃,盐度0.11~7.9 PSU,叶绿素a浓度0.89-9.56μg·L-1,叶绿素a与水温呈显著正相关（p〈0.0001）,与盐度呈显著负相关（p〈0.01）。磨刀门水域3个采样站点TLIc处于50~60之间,表明其水质均达到轻度富营养水平,富营养程度按S1、S2、S3依次递减。调查期间,共记录轮虫56种,S1站点轮虫种类最多,其中污染指示轮虫42种。污染指示种占轮虫总数比例表明,珠江口磨刀门达到了富营养化水平,与利用非生物环境因子作出综合营养状态指数TLIc的评价结果一致。磨刀门的优势种为广布多肢轮虫（Polyarthra vulgaris）、螺形龟甲轮虫（Keratella cochlearis）、热带龟甲轮虫（Keratella tropica）和暗小异尾轮虫（Trichocerca pusilla）。调查期间,轮虫丰度在S1、S2、S3变化范围分别为0~199 ind·L-1、1~54 ind·L-1和0~48 ind·L-1,平均丰度分别为31±54 ind·L-1、13±15 ind·L-1和11±13 ind·L-1。丰水期的8月下旬轮虫丰度达到最大值;枯水期丰度均较低。轮虫丰度与水温、总氮、叶绿素显著正相关（p〈0.05）,与盐度显著负相关（p〈0.05）。磨刀门河口理化因子变化剧烈,轮虫多样性指数波动范围较大,反映出河口水域轮虫群落结构的不稳定性。冗余分析（RDA）表明水温、盐度和叶绿素是影响轮     

大气中氟化物污染的生物学指标监测评价

植物对HF气体的敏感性是由多种因素相互作用而成的复杂综合性状,常用于定性描述大气环境质量状况。通过在密闭的培养瓶中一次性通入不同体积浓度的HF气体,以不同浓度HF胁迫下的不同类型植物为例,观察其在不同时间的外观伤害症状和细胞膜透性与HF浓度的关系。结果表明：不同植物对HF的敏感性不同;低浓度长时间和高浓度短时间的症状基本相同;植物细胞膜透性数据即电导率直接反映植物受损程度。综合植物外观症状指标与生理生化指标并赋予不同权重值,建立相对定量化的大气质量生物学指标评价模式,以定量的判断HF气体对植物的伤害,为应用植物监测和评价大气环境质量提供理论和实践依据。