ECOSUNIDE工艺活性污泥中自养菌浓度的测定与分析

设计并利用在差压仪中密闭投加基质的实验方法,根据ASM模型中自养菌和硝化过程耗氧速率的关系,对比研究了ECOSUNIDE工艺和其他4个污水处理厂曝气池混合液中自养菌的浓度。研究表明,在不考虑自养菌增长和衰减情况下,ECOSUNIDE工艺混合液自养菌生物浓度为48.15 mg COD/L,该结果显著高于其他受试污水处理厂的混合液自养菌生物浓度(17.2～37.5 mg COD/L),表明ECOSUNIDE工艺在提高活性污泥中自养菌生物浓度上有较强的优势。设计的实验方法可以简便、有效地测定用于ASM模型中的自养菌浓度。     

Microbiological and performance evaluation of sequencing batch reactor for textile wastewater treatment

This study focused on laboratory-scaled and real-scaled treatment plant performances and microbiological investigations for the optimum treatment of textile industry wastewater performed with sequencing batch reactor (SBR). As a result of experimental studies of laboratory-scaled SBR treatment unit, optimum treatment efficiency was taken from 0.5 h filling to 1.5 h. reaction to 1.5 h. settlement to 0.5 h. discharge-idle periods. Average chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of SBR of laboratory-scaled textile industry was 75%, whereas average turbidity and color removal (coloration number [RES, m(-1)] 586 nm) efficiencies were 90% and 75%, respectively. Optimum reaction and settlement periods were used in a real-scaled plant, and plant efficiency was examined for parameters such as COD, phenol, pH, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and sludge volume index (SVI). In this study, optimum reaction and settlement periods for treatment of textile industry wastewater were determined within a SBR in a laboratory-scaled plant. These reaction and settlement periods were verified with the measurement of COD, color, and turbidity parameters. Floc structure and protozoa-metazoa species of activated sludge in a SBR were also determined. Optimum reaction and settlement times were used in a real-scaled plant, and plant efficiency was examined for COD, Phenol, pH, MLSS, and SVI parameters. The corresponding values were found as appropriate, acceptable, and meaningful because of variance value of statistical analysis. Protozoa and metazoan in the activated sludge in the laboratory-scaled plant were investigated. Peranema sp., Epistylis sp., Didinium sp., Chilodonella sp., Opercularia sp., Vorticella sp. as protozoa species and Habrotrocha sp., Philodina sp. as metazoa species were determined.     

Specific resistance to filtration of biomass from membrane bioreactor reactor and activated sludge: effects of exocellular polymeric substances and dispersed microorganisms.

This study investigates the effect of dispersed microorganisms and exocellular polymeric substances on biomass dewaterability. Specific resistance to filtration (SRF) was measured for biomass from a membrane bioreactor and a completely mixed activated sludge system. Both laboratory-scale reactors were fed with synthetic wastewater and operated at a high food-to-microorganism ratio (F/M) (1 to 11 kilograms chemical oxygen demand per kilogram mixed liquor volatile suspended solids per day [kgCOD/(kg MLVSS.d)]) and short solids retention times (0.25 to 5 d). The SRF values were affected by strong interactions of three parameters: (1) the mixed liquor suspended solids concentration, (2) the amount of dispersed microorganisms, and (3) the exocellular polymeric substances (EPS) concentration. At F/M smaller than 2 kg COD/(kg MLSS.d) and mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration higher than 2000 mg/L, increasing amount of dispersed microorganisms in the biomass yielded higher SRF values. However, at high F/M (> 5 kg COD/kg MLSS.d) and low MLSS concentrations (< 600 mg/L), lower EPS concentrations resulted in slightly smaller SRF values, even though the amount of dispersed microorganisms in the biomass was much higher. Thus, at low MLSS concentrations, EPS concentrations rather than the amount of dispersed microorganisms tend to control SRF.     

A rapid, direct measurement of bacterial growth rate in anaerobic wastewater treatment.

Reliable design and operation of biological wastewater treatment systems demand robust models of biological degradation processes. However, methods to directly measure key bacterial growth kinetics have not been readily available. Those methods that are available rely on the classic measurement of aerobic respiration using oxygen uptake take rates. This paper shows how the thymidine assay can be used as a rapid and direct measurement of bacterial specific growth rates (mu) in situ for an anaerobic treatment process, independent of aerobic respiration. A filtration-based assay is applied and evaluated a dispersed-phase high-rate anaerobic treatment process, with results obtained in less than an hour. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) biomass in the reactor was 0.52 kg COD m(-3) and the specific growth rate of these anaerobic bacteria was 0.8 +/- 0.2 d(-1). It took the bacterial populations 21.6 hours to double. This is an important advancement from existing methods that use aerobic respiration as a pseudo measurement of bacterial specific growth rates. The method allows rapid and direct measures of microbial growth rates for anaerobic treatment processes.     

十三碳二元酸发酵有机废水处理研究

运用物化预处理和ＳＢＲ生化工艺对十三碳二元酸发酵废水中高浓度有机物的降解特征及高２硫酸钠对微生物的有害抑制作用进行处理试验,研究结果表明。采用物化预处理与ＳＢＲ生化法相结合的工艺可有效地处理该类废水。经驯化的耐盐微菌胶力和裂口虫为主,废水的ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率可达９２％以上,ＢＯＤ５去除率可达９５％以上。     

硝态氮为惟一氮源时异养微生物增长特性

采用SBR研究了缺氧条件下硝态氮为惟一氮源时异养微生物的增长特性。结果表明,异养微生物能利用硝态氮作为氮源进行增殖。当进水COD浓度为1 400 mg/L,硝态氮浓度为280 mg/L时,COD和硝态氮的去除率分别达到97%和99%;污泥中微生物的含氮量为8.8%,低于常规利用氨氮作为氮源的微生物;在实验条件下活性污泥的产率系数为0.30 g VSS/g COD。反硝化菌可利用硝态氮作为氮源进行细胞合成对含硝氮的废水处理具有重要意义。一方面由于无需投加氨氮降低了废水处理成本,另一方面由于污泥产率低,降低了污泥处理成本。     

Analysis of chemical compositions contributable to chemical oxygen demand (COD) of oilfield produced water

This work was to give a comprehensive estimation for the chemical compositions contributable to COD of the produced water treatment system. For this purpose, the wastewater samples were collected from an onshore wastewater treatment plant. The chemical compositions of the wastewater were investigated, and the COD contributed by each component was estimated. The results showed that the COD levels of O&G and SS presented decreasing trends during the whole process and achieved total removal percentages of 95.1% and 62.3%, respectively. The final COD of organic acids and low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds were respectively lowered to nearly 64% and 35% of their initial levels, and no regular trends were found for the COD of these chemicals during the whole treatment process. The COD of inorganic components presented minor variations at all sampling spots. The majority of COD was originated from O&G in raw wastewater. The COD contributed by O&G decreased greatly with continuous treatment and finally was lower than 17% of measured COD. At each sampling spot, the ratios of COD contributed by SS did not exceed 7.6% of measured COD. Other measured chemicals, including organic acids, carbonyl compounds, volatile phenols, reductive anions, metals and TDP were not the main sources of COD during the whole treatment process, and the ratio of COD was below 9% at each sampling spot. Most of the soluble components contributable to residual COD were still unknown after biological treatment, and the COD contributed by these components was greater than 57% of measured COD.     

Process performance evaluation of the contact stabilisation system at Birzeit University

The purification capacity of the contact stabilisation system at Birzeit University campus has been studied for two years. The oxidation capacity of organic matter, ammonium oxidation, and denitrification potential were determined. The reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 85%, and the effluent COD concentration was less than 110 mg/l (the average value was 88 mg/l). Suspended solids were removed with equal efficiency. The aerobic stabilization of organic solids was efficient, and no excess biosolids (sludge) had to be removed. High nitrification (70% of the influent nitrogen were nitrified) could be maintained at 15°C, and 42% of the oxidised nitrogen was denitrified. The specific oxygenation capacity of the treatment system is relatively high and reached about 5 kwh/kg COD. The specific wastewater treatment cost is about 0.52 US$/m3 or about 58 US$ per population equivalent per year. Based on the results obtained, batch operation and intermittent aeration of the biological process are suggested to achieve high effluent quality and to reduce power consumption.     

光催化氧化处理有机废水

介绍了光催化氧化法的原理,对光催化氧化法处理有机废水的可行性进行了试验,探讨了ＣＯＤ随反应时间的变化规律及催化剂用量,温度、浓度的影响。试验表明,光催化氧化可降解象洗涤剂这样难降解的有机物,反应１２０ｍｉｎＣＯＤ去除率可达５０％以上。     

螺旋藻和菌-藻共生系统处理啤酒废水

利用螺旋藻、由真菌和螺旋藻组成的菌-藻共生系统处理啤酒废水,旨在为啤酒废水的资源化利用提供一条可行的途径。由螺旋藻和真菌形成的菌丝球组成菌-藻共生系统处理啤酒废水,与螺旋藻单独处理废水作对比,比较两者的废水净化效果以及螺旋藻的生长情况。从2组实验对比情况来看,菌-藻共生系统对啤酒废水的处理效果更好。螺旋藻和菌．藻共生系统对啤酒废水中几种主要污染物的去除率分别为：COD70．59％和77．81％,TN70．17％和84．28％,TP37．99％和50．88％。螺旋藻在废水中生长积累的蛋白质含量最高可达49．71％,明显高于在Zarrouk培养基中的螺旋藻蛋白含量（38．57％）。研究结果表明,螺旋藻及菌-藻共生系统对啤酒废水有较好的净化作用,所得螺旋藻生物质可用于加工饲料、饵料、色素的提取等。     

新型活性炭固定化产品的制备及其处理焦化废水的特性

为解决优势菌种工程应用,研究不同固定化方法、载体和结构的固定化产品对焦化废水的降解特性。用活性炭粉末吸附菌种后,与聚乙烯醇和海藻酸钠混合制备了新型固定化球;用聚乙烯醇和海藻酸钠包埋吸附菌种的活性炭纤维毡,与立体弹性塑料填料连用,制备出3种不同形状的活性炭纤维膜片固定化产品复合填料。将游离菌和制备的4种活性炭固定化产品投入A/A/O工艺系统平行实验,考察处理焦化废水的效果。结果表明,活性炭纤维膜片固定化产品复合填料对焦化废水的降解能力优于其他固定化产品:缺氧池出水硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度分别稳定在1.96 mg/L和0.49 mg/L,未产生氮的累积现象,COD去除率可达到60.92%。好氧池COD和氨氮降解效率分别为78.83%和85.52%,苯酚、氰化物降解效率均为97%以上。     

气升回流一体化工艺处理生活污水简

针对分散型生活污水处理开发了气升回流一体化工艺,以校园生活污水为对象,研究其对生活污水中污染物的去除效果。该系统由好氧区、厌氧区、沉淀区和气升室组成,以曝气的剩余气体的气升作用实现混合液的回流,节省动力消耗。结果表明,本工艺对COD、氨氮及悬浮物（SS）有较好的去除效果,去除率分别达到80%、90%和75%左右,出水COD、NH₄⁺-N及SS平均浓度在40 mg/L、6.5 mg/L和10 mg/L左右。当进水COD在100~1 000 mg/L之间波动时,出水水质稳定。该工艺有较强的抗冲击负荷能力,且可实现剩余污泥的自消解。本工艺具有结构紧凑、占地少,运行费用低,维护简单的特点。     

Performance of RBC coupled to a polyurethane foam to biodegrade petroleum refinery wastewater

Biological treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater was studied in a rotating biological contactor (RBC) coupled to a polyurethane foam (PUF) as a porous biomass support. The PUF was attached on both sides of biodisks. The biodegradation studies were carried out at varying hydraulic and organic loadings. COD removal efficiency of up to 87% was achieved. The results obtained in terms of biodegradation of COD, NH3-N, phenol, hydrocarbons and suspended solids in this study were compared with those in the literature. The RBC-PUF bioreactor was found to have a better performance than a conventional RBC for the biodegradation of the above mentioned parameters. A higher concentration of active biomass (77 g TVS/m2) was observed in the RBC-PUF as compared to other treatment systems. A linear relationship between COD applied and COD removed was observed for the combined four stage system as well as for the individual stages.     

处理氯霉素废水优势菌的筛选

建立了降解氯霉素废水优势菌的筛选方法。经过筛选、分离和驯化后可得到 4个属的优势菌及其在培养基中的生长曲线。这些优势菌分别为黄杆菌属、产碱杆菌属、假单胞菌属和棒杆菌属。将优势菌制成混合菌液 ,用于处理氯霉素废水时 ,12h降解率达 91% ,较SBR法驯化污泥效率高。     

Fenton氧化深度处理高浓度造纸废水的中试实验

采用Fenton氧化开展了对高浓度造纸废水深度处理的中试实验,对Fenton氧化的COD的去除效果,各药剂加药量及成本,排泥量和装置运行的稳定性等进行探讨和分析,结果表明,一级Fenton氧化的COD去除率可达到90％以上,出水COD在100mg／L左右,总加药成本在6元左右,排泥量约为1～1．2kg／t废水;二级Fenton氧化的COD去除率在96％左右,出水COD小于60mg／L,总加药成本在8元左右,排泥量约为1．15～1．4kg／t废水,验证了Fenton氧化用于高浓度造纸废水深度处理达到新的排放标准的可行性。     

生物质材料预处理餐饮废水

采用4种廉价的生物质材料（水葫芦、柚子皮、木屑、核桃壳）用于餐饮废水的预处理。通过静态烧杯实验,研究了各生物质材料预处理废水的效果及最佳处理条件。结果表明,生物质材料对废水中COD的去除率均在45％以上,油脂吸附量为4～16mg／g,最优吸附材料为水葫芦,COD去除率达65％,油脂吸附量为16mg／g;水葫芦和柚子皮的最佳处理条件为：粒径〈0．2mm,投加量为20g／L,废水pH为4,处理时间为2h,温度为20℃;木屑和核桃壳的最佳实验条件为：粒径〈0．2mm,投加量为28g／L,pH为2,处理时间为2．5h,温度为20℃。生物质对餐饮废水的预处理,为废水中大量有机物和废弃油脂的去除提供了新思路和途径。     

Fenton 氧化深度处理高浓度造纸废水的中试实验简

采用Fenton氧化开展了对高浓度造纸废水深度处理的中试实验,对Fenton氧化的COD的去除效果,各药剂加药量及成本,排泥量和装置运行的稳定性等进行探讨和分析,结果表明,一级Fenton氧化的COD去除率可达到90%以上,出水COD在100 mg/L左右,总加药成本在6元左右,排泥量约为1~1.2 kg/t废水;二级Fenton氧化的COD去除率在96%左右,出水COD小于60 mg/L,总加药成本在8元左右,排泥量约为1.15~1.4 kg/t废水,验证了Fenton氧化用于高浓度造纸废水深度处理达到新的排放标准的可行性。     

Decolorization and biodegradation of dye wastewaters by a facultative-aerobic process

BACKGROUND: Dye wastewater is one of the main pollution sources of water bodies in China. Conventional biological processes are relatively ineffective for color removal, the development of alternative treatment methods will become important. Our subjective was that of introducing a new biotreatment technology which combined a facultative biofilm reactor (FBR) with an aerobic reactor (AR) to treat a dye wastewater. The efficiencies of color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and the mechanism of dye degradation were investigated. METHODS: The anthraquinone acid dye (acid blue BRLL) concentration, organic loading rate (OLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) were varied in the experiments to evaluate the treatment efficiency and process stability. The biodegradation products were detected by infrared (IR) and high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results demonstrated that the facultative biofilm process was more effective for decolorization than the anaerobic stage of an anaerobic-aerobic process. Most color removal occurred in the facultative reaction (maximum to 88.5%) and the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand): COD of the FBR effluent increased by 82.2%, thus improving the biodegradability of dyes for further aerobic treatment. The dye concentration, OLR and HRT will be the factors affecting decolorization. Color removal efficiency falls as the influent dye concentration increases, but rises with increased HRT. The infrared and HPLC-MS analyses of the effluents of FBR and AR reveal that the dye parent compound was degraded in each reactor during the process. CONCLUSION: The Facultative-aerobic (F-A) system can effectively remove both color and COD from the dye wastewater. The FBR played an essential role in the process. The average overall color and COD in the system were removed by more than 93.9% and 97.1%, respectively, at an OLR of 1.1 kg COD m(-3) d(-1) and at the HRT of 18-20 hours in the FBR and 4-5 hours in the AR. The color removal mechanism in each reactor was not only a sort of biosorption on the floc materials, but even more an effect of biodegradation, especially in the facultative process. Recommendation and Outlook. In applying the F-A system to treat a dye wastewater, the control of facultative processes and the set up of appropriate operation conditions appear to be critical factors. Also, it is suggested a moderate COD loading rate and about a 24-hour HRT will favor the F-A system.     

Mycoremediation—a prospective environmental friendly technique of bioseparation and dewatering of domestic wastewater sludge

INTRODUCTION: Environmental safe and friendly management and disposal of wastewater sludge is a problem of every treatment plant throughout the world. Bioseparation and dewaterability of raw domestic wastewater sludge were evaluated for proper management and disposal by mycoremediation, i.e., using prior grown 2% (v/v) spore suspension of filamentous fungal (Mucor hiemalis Wehmer) broth inoculation, which were grown in 2% (w/v) solution of malt extract and wheat flour for 48-60 h in orbital shaker. DISCUSSION: Within 2-3 days of treatment application, encouraging results were achieved in total dry solids (TDS), total suspended solid (TSS), turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), specific resistance to filtration (SRF), and pH due to fungal treatment in recognition of bioseparation and dewaterability of wastewater sludge compared to control. The significant reduction of TDS was remarked at fungal biomass (FB) in wheat flour (WF) treatment. The removal of TSS, turbidity, COD, and SRF were observed 96.0%, 99.4%, 92.6%, and 97.6%, respectively, in supernatant at 5 days by FB in WF. The SRF measuring the dewaterability was decreased with maximum (0.26 × 10(-12) mg/kg) equivalent to 95.5% at 2 days in FB in WF also. FB in WF broth is a potential, environmental friendly, comparatively low-cost biological technique which might play the significant role for bioremediation and bioseparation of domestic wastewater sludge. The present technique may bring a dynamic change in treatment of wastewater in future.     

Performance of CSTR–EGSB–SBR system for treating sulfate-rich cellulosic ethanol wastewater and microbial community analysis

Performance and microbial community composition were evaluated in a two-phase anaerobic and aerobic system treating sulfate-rich cellulosic ethanol wastewater (CEW). The system was operated at five different chemical oxygen demand (COD)/SO₄ ²⁻ ratios (63.8, 26.3, 17.8, 13.7, and 10.7). Stable performance was obtained for total COD removal efficiency (94.5%), sulfate removal (89.3%), and methane production rate (11.5 L/day) at an organic loading rate of 32.4 kg COD/(m³·day). The acidogenic reactor made a positive contribution to net VFAs production (2318.1 mg/L) and sulfate removal (60.9%). Acidogenic bacteria (Megasphaera, Parabacteroides, unclassified Ruminococcaceae spp., and Prevotella) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (Butyrivibrio, Megasphaera) were rich in the acidogenic reactor. In the methanogenic reactor, high diversity of microorganisms corresponded with a COD removal contribution of 83.2%. Moreover, methanogens (Methanosaeta) were predominant, suggesting that these organisms played an important role in the acetotrophic methanogenesis pathway. The dominant aerobic bacteria (Truepera) appeared to have been responsible for the COD removal of the SBR. These results indicate that dividing the sulfate reduction process could effectively minimize sulfide toxicity, which is important for the successful operation of system treating sulfate-rich CEW.