稀土钇对蚯蚓的急性毒性及蚓体内蓄积研究

文章以蚯蚓为指示生物,分别采用滤纸接触法和自然土壤法研究了稀土元素钇对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应。结果表明,滤纸接触法测得钇对蚯蚓的半数致死浓度LC50为0.18 g/L;土壤法所测LC50值为1.08 g/kg。可见,稀土钇对蚯蚓具有毒性作用,但属低毒级,并且自然土壤法中蚯蚓的半数致死浓度要低于滤纸接触法中的结果。应用ICP-AES分别研究了2种实验方法中钇在蚯蚓体内的富集情况,发现硝酸钇浓度及染毒时间、蚯蚓的死亡率及速度和钇在蚯蚓体内的富集三者存在显著的相关性。     

异丙甲草胺及其S型对映体对蚯蚓的急性毒性差异

采用OECD标准滤纸接触法、人工土壤法及自然土壤法研究了异丙甲草胺及其S型对映体对蚯蚓的急性致死作用及手性差异.结果表明,3种方法相比较,滤纸染毒法结果置信区间最大,可靠性较差.自然土壤中Rac-异丙甲草胺及S-异丙甲草胺对蚯蚓的急性毒性大于人工土壤;根据毒性分级,Rac-异丙甲草胺及其S型对映体均属于低毒级农药;3种试验方法所得的Rac-异丙甲草胺及S-异丙甲草胺对蚯蚓的LC50差别不大,表明这2种农药对蚯蚓急性毒性的手性差异较小.     

硫酸铵、稀土钇对蚯蚓急性毒性研究

针对稀土钇矿原地浸矿工艺对农田土壤环境的影响,采用自然土壤法研究了稀土钇和硫酸铵(浸矿剂)污染对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应。结果表明:稀土钇及硫酸铵单一染毒均为低毒性,14 d对蚯蚓的LC_(50)值分别为1 216.57 mg/kg、4 293.53 mg/kg;在硫酸铵浓度高于4 400 mg/kg的条件下,稀土钇毒性明显增加并产生协同作用;于食物链底端的蚯蚓对稀土钇具有富集性,可能造成食物链的逐级富集。     

铜、毒死蜱单一与复合暴露对蚯蚓的毒性作用

土壤环境中重金属-农药复合污染已经对土壤生态和人类生存环境构成严重威胁.其中重金属铜和有机磷农药毒死蜱作为土壤环境中两类常见的污染物,其复合污染的环境效应值得关注.本文采用OECD标准滤纸接触法、人工土壤法研究了铜-毒死蜱单一及复合暴露对蚯蚓急性致死作用及回避行为的影响.结果表明,滤纸法和人工土壤法Cu对蚯蚓急性毒性的48h-LC50和14 d-LC50分别为2.23μg·cm-2和496.05 mg·kg-1;而毒死蜱对蚯蚓急性毒性的48 h-LC50和14 d-LC50分别为5.94μg·cm-2和186.07 mg·kg-1.滤纸法和人工土壤法铜、毒死蜱浓度单位配比1∶1时,铜、毒死蜱对蚯蚓急性毒性联合作用类型均近似表现为相加作用,而毒性单位配比1∶1的滤纸法和人工土壤法试验结果分别为协同作用和拮抗作用.回避行为试验结果表明,铜、毒死蜱对蚯蚓回避行为的联合作用类型为拮抗作用.     

咪唑氯盐离子液体对蚯蚓急性毒性及体重影响研究

采用OECD标准滤纸接触法和人工土壤法,研究了3种离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Bmim]Cl)、1-己基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Hmim]Cl)、1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Omim]Cl)对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性致死作用,并测定亚慢性暴露试验下蚯蚓的体重变化.滤纸接触法测得[Bmim]Cl、[Hmim]Cl、[Omim]Cl对蚯蚓24 h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为109.60、50.38、7.94μg.cm-2;48 h的LC50分别为98.52、39.14、3.61μg.cm-2.人工土壤法得到[Bmim]Cl、[Hmim]Cl、[Omim]Cl对蚯蚓7 d的LC50分别为447.78、245.56、180.51 mg.kg-1,14 d的LC50分别288.42、179.75、150.35 mg.kg-1.蚯蚓在3种离子液体作用下表现出不同的中毒症状.3种离子液体对蚯蚓的生长表现出不同程度的抑制作用,体重随着浓度增加而下降.离子液体对蚯蚓毒性随着碳链长度的增加而增大.     

土壤整体质量的生态毒性评价

土壤样品采自沈阳西部污灌区 .进行了污染物 (重金属和矿物油 )含量分析和生态毒性试验 .重金属采用原子吸收分光光度仪测定 ,矿物油采用紫外分光光度计测定 .生态毒性试验分别参照国际标准组织 (ISO)和OECD指南 ,进行了植物毒性试验、蚯蚓毒性试验和蚕豆根尖微核试验 .植物试验以小麦种子发芽根伸长抑制率为试验终点 ,试验周期50h ,蚯蚓毒性试验以蚯蚓死亡率、体重增长抑制率为试验终点 ,试验周期28d .土壤中矿物油含量在145mg/kg～1121mg/kg ,重金属Cd为0.34mg/kg～1.81mg/kg .土壤对植物和蚯蚓显示不同程度的毒性效应 ,土壤的蚕豆根尖微核率明显高于对照 .种子发芽根伸长抑制率为2.0%至-35.1% ,蚯蚓死亡率为0%～40%.体重增长抑制率由14d的-2.3%～-19.4%在28d增加到-2.1%～10.7% ,蚕豆根尖微核率最高达6.62/100.研究表明 ,土壤中的污染物积累较低 ,但具有明显的生态毒性 .     

汞和两种农药复合污染对土壤转化酶活性的影响

通过模拟方法研究了豆磺隆,呋喃丹2种农药与重金属汞(Hg)单一及复合污染对草甸棕壤和黑土4个土壤转化酶活性的影响.结果显示,在试验浓度范围内,土壤添加豆磺隆和呋喃丹后,转化酶变化幅度分别为-12%～7%和-6%～7%,表明2种农药对土壤转化酶的毒性较小;Hg对转化酶最大抑制率为22%～35%,二者之间呈显著的对数负相关关系,表明Hg对转化酶的毒性较大,转化酶在一定程度上可作为Hg污染的监测指标,通过对数方程计算出4个土样的生态剂量(ED₅₀)分别为76.68,727.49,236.52,316.59mg/kg;Hg和2种农药之间普遍存在交互作用,豆磺隆与Hg复合污染引起土壤转化酶最大净变化量(△I)为对照的-12%～15%,呋喃丹和Hg为-25%～-6%,有机质对复合污染产生的毒性有明显的缓冲作用.     

酰胺类除草剂与四种杀虫剂对蚯蚓的联合毒性

采用滤纸接触法测定了2种酰胺类除草剂和4种常用杀虫剂及其混剂对赤子爱胜蚯蚓(Eisenia fetida)的室内毒性,并用毒性单位法评价混剂的联合毒性效应.结果表明,6种农药对赤子爱胜蚯蚓的毒性依次为阿维菌素＞克百威＞毒死蜱＞三唑磷＞乙草胺＞丁草胺,96h致死中浓度分别为0.800,3.481,8.213,10463,12.580,29.910μg/cm2;乙草胺分别与克百威和三唑磷按毒性单位11和14混用,使克百威的蚯蚓毒性分别增强9.5和4.5倍,三唑磷的蚯蚓毒性分别增强5.5和4.4倍,丁草胺与三唑磷按毒性单位11和14混用,使三唑磷的蚯蚓毒性分别增强6.7和4.8倍.其他混用组合未见明显的增毒作用.     

从美国国会通过的一项法令看生物毒性试验的发展

1988年9月22日美国参议院接受一项提案并在国会通过了一项《消费者产品安全试验法令》(Consumer Products Safe Test-ing Act,以下简称“法令”)。法令中指出在脊椎动物上进行的急剧毒性试验——LD_(50) (半致死荆量) 试验是不正确的、错误的和不需要的,为此联邦政府采取禁止使用LD_(50)试验的行动。在医学、卫生、环保部门进行的急性毒性试验提供对含毒产品,工业废弃物相对致死的信息,是在限定时间内受试生物死亡一半的剂量 (或浓度) ,称为半致死剂量LD_(50)(或半致死浓度LC_(50))。人们在实验中早已发现用不同种类对同一毒物进行急性毒性试验时,其LC_(50)有很大差别,即使同一种类在不同令期对同一毒物也有不同的LC_(50)。     

砷对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性效应研究

为了研究砷对土壤生物的毒性效应,分别采用滤纸接触法和人工土壤法测得不同暴露浓度的砷对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的半数致死剂量(LD_(50))。滤纸接触法测得的24 h和48 h的LD_(50)分别为34.256×10~(-3)mg/cm~2和19.749×10~(-3)mg/cm~2;人工土壤法测得的7 d和14 d的LD_(50)分别为322.71 mg/kg和163.06 mg/kg。随着砷浓度升高赤子爱胜蚓的死亡率增加,呈现出明显的剂量-效应关系。研究结果表明,赤子爱胜蚓的死亡率可以作为对土壤中砷进行定量表征的1种生物标志物。     

DDT和三氯杀螨醇对蚯蚓的急性和亚急性毒性影响

采用人工土培养法,通过急性和亚急性暴露实验,研究了DDT和三氯杀螨醇对蚯蚓(赤子爱胜蚓)的存活、生长和繁殖能力的影响.结果表明,DDT在急性暴露期对蚯蚓存活具有一定的毒性,其14 d的LC50为484.76 mg·kg-1;三氯杀螨醇对蚯蚓的存活基本没有影响(LC50＞4000 mg·kg-1).DDT在急性和亚急性暴露期(10～28 d)对蚯蚓的生长都具有显著的抑制作用(p＜0.05),三氯杀螨醇在急性期对蚯蚓的生长没有抑制作用(p＞0.05),在亚急性期对蚯蚓生长的影响尚不确定.DDT和三氯杀螨醇都显著抑制蚯蚓的繁殖能力(p＜0.05).     

Assessing cypermethrin-contaminated soil with three di erent earthworm test methods

A series of tests (lethal, sublethal, and behavioral) on earthworms were conducted as an eco-assessment of pesticides. In this study, the toxicity of cypermethrin-contaminating soil on adult and juvenile earthworms was assessed. Beside the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was carried out. It was shown that the all-round toxicity from cypermethrin was weak on adult earthworms. Compared with adult earthworms, the toxicity of juvenile earthworms from cypermethrin especially chronic toxicity increased significantly. Growth and reproduction of earthworms appeared to be more severely a ected by cypermethrin at juvenile stage than at adult stage. Applied at 10 mg/kg, cypermethrin had obvious adverse impact on the growth of juvenile earthworms, while 20 mg/kg, cypermethrin caused significant toxic e ects in reproduction. The results also indicated that ecotoxicological risk assessment using only adult specimens may underestimate the e ects of cypermethrin on soil invertebrate populations.     

Assessing cypermethrin-contaminated soil with three different earthworm test methods

A series of tests (lethal,sublethal,and behavioral) on earthworms were conducted as an eco-assessment of pesticides.In this study,the toxicity of cypermethrin-contaminating soil on adult and juvenile earthworms was assessed.Beside the acute and chronic tests,an avoidance response test was carried out.It was shown that the all-round toxicity from cypermethrin was weak on adult earthworms.Compared with adult earthworms,the toxicity of juvenile earthworms from cypermethrin especially chronic toxicity increased...     

Toxicity assessing for chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil with three different earthworm test methods

Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.     

Effect of lead on survival, locomotion and sperm morphology of Asian earthworm, Pheretima guillelmi

To provide basic toxicity data for formulating risk characterization benchmarks, the effects of lead on survival, locomotion, and sperm morphology were investigated in the Asian earthworm Pheretima guillelmi. The LC50 of P. guillelmi for 7 and 14 d were 4285±339 mg/kg and 3207±248 mg/kg, which shows P. guillelmi can tolerate a higher concentration of lead nitrate. The average weight of the surviving earthworms decreased at concentration of 2800 mg Pb/kg soil, and the locomotor ability of earthworms exposed ...     

Individual and combined toxic effects of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos on earthworm

Toxicities were assessed for a pyrethroid (cypermethrin) and an organophosphate insecticide (chlorpyrifos) individually and in combination. A series of tests were conducted on di erent responses (acute, chronic, behavioral) of earthworms of species Eisenia fetida andrei in the ecological risk assessment of these pesticides. The results showed that the toxicity of the mixture of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos was significantly higher than either of these pesticides individually, especially on the earthworm’s chronic responses. At a concentration of 5 mg/kg, the mixture caused significant reductions on the growth and reproduction rates of earthworms, but did not cause any significant e ect when the individual was tested. The increase in toxicity of the pesticide mixture means that the use of toxicity data obtained exclusively from single-pesticide experiments may underestimate the ecological risk of pesticides that actually present in the field.     

土壤铬(Ⅵ)对赤子爱胜蚓的生态毒性效应

为研究土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的毒性效应,以人工土壤为测试介质,按照OECD指南中的方法,测定了Cr(Ⅵ)对赤子爱胜蚓的LC₅₀(半数致死浓度),并考察了w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕为10~160mg/kg(以干质量计,下同)时Cr(Ⅵ)对赤子爱胜蚓的生长和生殖的影响. 结果表明:①Cr(Ⅵ)在人工土壤中14d的LC₅₀为245.06mg/kg,95%置信限为208.31~288.29mg/kg;②与对照组相比,暴露28d时,w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕为10~20mg/kg试验组的赤子爱胜蚓体质量显著增加(P<0.01);w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕为80~160mg/kg试验组的赤子爱胜蚓体质量则受到显著抑制(P<0.01);③赤子爱胜蚓的产茧量和幼蚓孵化量均随着w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕的升高而降低,其中,Cr(Ⅵ)抑制赤子爱胜蚓产茧量和幼蚓孵化量的EC₅₀(半数有效浓度)分别为62.32和49.92mg/kg. 赤子爱胜蚓的体质量、产茧量和幼蚓孵化量均对土壤中w〔Cr(Ⅵ)〕比较敏感,尤其幼蚓孵化量是赤子爱胜蚓毒性效应的几项测试终点中最为敏感的一种,可以作为生态风险评估的指标.      

毒死蜱暴露对蚯蚓的亚慢性神经毒性研究

蚯蚓作为土壤生态系统中重要的生物类群,在维持土壤生态系统的功能中起着重要作用.毒死蜱是我国使用量较大的有机磷农药品种之一,对以蚯蚓为代表的土壤生物具有潜在威胁.本文选择云南林地常见的蚯蚓优势种—皮质远盲蚓(Amynthas corticis)作为试验生物,从毒死蜱暴露引发的蚯蚓脑部神经递质(乙酰胆碱、多巴胺、5-羟色胺、谷氨酸)、离子通道特征酶(Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-ATP酶、Ca²⁺-ATP酶)变化入手,对毒死蜱亚慢性神经毒性导致的蚯蚓运动、学习记忆等神经行为变化进行研究,运用综合毒性指数(IBR)评价蚯蚓生物标志物变化,开展毒死蜱暴露对蚯蚓的亚慢性神经毒性研究.结果表明：暴露期内,毒死蜱处理组中蚯蚓脑部的乙酰胆碱含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且随着暴露时间的增加,毒死蜱处理组中蚯蚓脑部乙酰胆碱含量持续升高,而蚯蚓脑部多巴胺、5-羟色胺、谷氨酸含量则均显著低于对照组(P均小于0.05).随着暴露时间的增加,毒死蜱对这3种神经递质含量的抑制加强,毒死蜱对蚯蚓的神经损伤导致了蚯蚓的运动迟缓和学习记忆障碍,毒死蜱暴...