厌氧折流板反应器处理石化剩余污泥

研究了厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)在厌氧消化处理石化剩余污泥启动过程中的性能及相关参数。实验结果表明:污泥挥发性固体含量的去除率达43.7%;反应器内pH维持在6.4~7.4;从启动到稳定运行,第一隔室最大比产甲烷活性变化不大,在0.14 L/(g·d)以下,第二、第三、第四隔室的最大比产甲烷活性在0.29 L/(g·d)以上,污泥在反应器内部实现了分级分相处理。     

气浮-水解-序批式活性污泥法处理高浓度特种丙烯酸废水

采用气浮—水解—序批式活性污泥法(SBR)处理高浓度特种丙烯酸废水,研究了投加生活污水对处理效果的影响及厌氧水解时间、SBR曝气时间、污泥负荷等因素对COD去除率的影响,结果表明,按1∶1体积比投加生活污水,厌氧水解时间2d,序批式活性污泥法曝气时间10h(进水后期曝气1h,共曝气11h),污泥负荷小于或等于0.08kg/(kg.d)时,出水COD小于85m g/L,满足处理要求。     

起声波法减少污泥量

德国Fraunhofer陶瓷技术研究院与两个工业合作伙伴共同开发出一种超声波污泥处理法,可减少污泥量约20%,增加沼气产量20%～25%,并在德国的Detmold建成一套示范装置。污泥连续进入有7个声极的超声波反应器。每个声极在12kW产生20kHz的超声波。这种超声波将细菌团粒及其他固体打破,使污泥易于脱水,使分解有机物的酶放出,增加沼气的产量,并使脱水用的絮凝剂用量减少约25%。可用这种超声波反应器改造现有的污泥处理装置,1～2年就可收回投资起声波法减少污泥量     

纤维素与稻草厌氧消化产气性能对比实验研究

以纤维素和稻草为原料,猪粪消化液为接种物,进行厌氧消化对比实验。研究结果表明:纤维素单位TS产甲烷量分别比预处理后稻草和未预处理稻草高出18.4%和46.0%,纤维素厌氧消化VS去除率分别比预处理后的稻草和未预处理的稻草高出22.7个百分点和27.0个百分点。说明纤维素的厌氧消化较稻草的厌氧消化进行得更充分,而用NH_3·H_2O预处理稻草,能够提高稻草的厌氧消化效率;纤维素对微生物的可接触程度直接影响了厌氧消化产气性能。     

污泥热水解技术研究进展

热水解可以改善污泥的生物降解性能和脱水性能,提高后续厌氧消化系统中有机物的去除率。本文阐述了热水解对污泥物理特性主要包括流变特性和脱水行为的影响;分析了热水解对污泥中氨氮浓度及对厌氧消化的作用;同时介绍了热水解技术对整个污泥处理系统能量需求的影响。指出：热水解改善了污泥的厌氧消化性能,提高了沼气等再生资源的产量,且厌氧消化产生的沼气量与热水解技术所需的能量基本平衡。     

国外动态

改进污泥处理过程减少污泥量JWPCF,57[2],116(1985).污水处理厂污泥的处理一般采用重力增稠和厌氧消化,以稳定污泥和除臭.消化后的污泥就地堆放后倾入海中.在纽约,为了减少污泥体积,研究了多种技术,包括消化污泥的循环、倾析、淘洗-再增稠和     

超声波调理污泥的研究进展

介绍厂超声波调理污泥的作用机理、超声波调理对污泥结构和污泥性质（包括沉降性能、脱水性能、微生物细胞的破解效应、厌氧消化性能、活性等）的影响,阐述了超声波和絮凝剂联用、超声波和氧化剂联用、超声波和电解联用、超声波和酸碱调节联用、超声波和γ射线联用等技术在污泥调理中的应用,并针对目前存在的问题提出了今后进一步研究的思路。     

低压直流电电解剩余活性污泥

采用低压直流电电解剩余活性污泥,优化了支持电解质的种类、加入量及电压梯度等工艺条件,并考察了在最佳工艺条件下SS去除率、污泥中有机物的质量分数（以VSS/SS计）、污泥pH及污泥沉降性能随电解时间的变化情况。实验结果表明,低压直流电电解污泥的最佳工艺条件为：电压梯度7 V/cm;支持电解质Na₂SO₄加入量0.4.0 mmol/g（以每克干污泥计）。在最佳工艺条件下电解pH为5.8、SS=（7 850 ±200）mg/L、VSS=（6 150±150）mg/L、溶解性化学需氧量（SCOD）为（61.2 ±20）mg/L的污泥,电解60 min时污泥的SCOD最大,达393.3 mg/L,SS去除率达14.4%,VSS/SS为58.5%,污泥pH为3.1。电解后污泥中微生物的细胞结构已不完整,污泥絮体被严重破坏。电解时间越长,污泥的沉降速率越快。     

厌氧消化法处理石油化工废水剩余活性污泥的研究

辽阳石油化纤公司采用两段厌氧消化工艺处理石油化工废水剩余活性污泥,引进鞍山市城市污水处理厂的厌氧污泥作为种泥,中温驯化约110天,投配率为4.7％,消化达到平衡时的有机物去除率为31％、产气量为0.22米~3/公斤有机物(产气中的甲烷含量为68％)、有机物负荷为1.1公斤/米~3日。污泥两段消化与传统消化处理的对比试验结果表明,前者的处理效果优于后者。     

用高效优势菌强化升流式厌氧污泥床的废水处理性能

针对酒精废水中难生物降解的有机物,从氧化塘污泥中筛选分离出高适应能力和降解能力的高效优势菌群,将其投加到升流式厌氧污泥床反应器中进行中试。运行结果表明:利用高效优势菌群培养高活性的颗粒污泥,可大大强化UASB反应器的废水处理性能,35d即可完成系统的启动;反应器容积负荷从2.0kg/(m3.d)提高到39.0kg/(m3.d),COD去除率保持在90%左右,最高达到96%。     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

Historical Weathering Based on Chemical Analyses of Two Spodosols in Southern Sweden

Chemical weathering losses were calculated for two conifer stands in relation to ongoing studies on liming effects and ash amendments on chemical status, soil solution chemistry and soil genesis. Weathering losses were based on elemental depletion trends in soil profiles since deglaciation and exposure to the weathering environment. Gradients in total geochemical composition were assumed to reflect alteration over time. Study sites were Horröd and Hasslöv in southern Sweden. Both Horröd and Hasslöv sites are located on sandy loamy Weichselian till at an altitude of 85 and 190 m a.s.l., respectively. Aliquots from volume determined samples from a number of soil levels were fused with lithium metaborate, dissolved in HNO₃, and analysed by ICP – AES. Results indicated highest cumulative weathering losses at Hasslöv. The weathering losses for the elements are in the following order:Si > Al > K > Na > Ca > MgTotal annual losses for Ca+Mg+K+Na, expressed in mmol_c m^-2 yr^-1, amounted to c. 28 and 58 at Horröd and Hasslöv, respectively. Variations between study sites could not be explained by differences in bulk density, geochemistry or mineralogy. The accumulated weathering losses since deglaciation were larger in the uppermost 15 cm than in deeper B horizons for most elements studied.     

Transformations of nitrogen at the interface between the topsoil and an impervious clay subsoil

Much work has been done on gaseous emissions and leaching of nitrogenous compounds from whole soil profiles and also from soil surface measurements which are assumed to be mainly due to topsoil activity. In soils with an impervious clay subsoil, the boundary between the topsoil and subsoil may provide an interface for microbial activity, including N transformations. In this study, we investigated movement and transformations of two reactive N species (nitrate and urea) at the subsoil interface using a series of replicate, intact soil blocks, under two contrasting watering regimes. We measured fluxes in both liquid and gaseous phases and demonstrated that nitrate reaching the subsoil interface does not necessarily leach into water systems, but may denitrify immediately and could, therefore, add to atmospheric pollution through N₂O production. On the other hand, ammonium reaching the subsoil interface either directly, or after mineralization, appears to be more mobile than expected and has the potential to pollute watercourses.     

The Spatial and Temporal Variation of Measured Urban PM10 and PM2.5 in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area

We have studied particulate matter (PM) concentrations,PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, measured in an urban air qualitymonitoring network in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area during1997–1999. The data includes PM₁₀ concentrationsmeasured at five locations (two urban traffic, one suburbantraffic, one urban background and one regional backgroundsite) and PM_2.5 concentrations measured at twolocations (urban traffic and urban background sites). Theconcentrations of PM₁₀ show a clear diurnal variation,as well as a spatial variation within the area. Bycontrast, both the spatial and temporal variation of thePM_2.5 concentrations was moderate. We have analysedthe evolution of urban PM concentrations in terms of therelevant meteorological parameters in the course of oneselected peak pollution episode during 21–31 March, 1998.The meteorological variables considered included wind speedand direction, ambient temperature, precipitation, relativehumidity, atmospheric pressure at the ground level,atmospheric stability and mixing height. The elevated PMconcentrations during the 1998 March episode were clearlyrelated to conditions of high atmospheric pressure,relatively low ambient temperatures and low wind speeds inpredominantly stable atmospheric conditions. The resultsprovide indirect evidence indicating that the PM₁₀concentrations originate mainly from local vehiculartraffic (direct emissions and resuspension), while thePM_2.5 concentrations are mostly of regionally andlong-range transported origin.     

Methane generation from corncobs treated with xylanolytic consortia

Consortia were developed for the treatment of corncobs for use as a feedstock in a biogas fermentor. The treatment of corncobs with xylanolytic consortia enhanced the production of methane and biogas. All five consortia developed produced the maximum biogas and methane at a 6% loading rate and 20 days hydraulic retention time (HRT). The maximum biogas yield of 0.59m³/kg volatile solids (VS) with a methane content of 62% was produced with the KK-10 consortium. This was apparently due to a maximum hemicellulose degradation of 88%.     

Recovery of Acidified Lakes: Lessons From Sudbury, Ontario, Canada

Over 7,000 lakes around Sudbury, Ontario, Canada were acidified by S deposition associated with emissions from the Sudbury metal smelters and more distant S sources. Air pollution controls have led to widespread changes in damaged Sudbury lakes, including increased pH and decreased concentrations of SO₄, metals and base cations. While chemical improvements have often been substantial, many lakes are still acidified, although water quality recovery is continuing. Biological recovery has been observed in some lakes among various groups of organisms including fish, zooplankton, phytoplankton and zoobenthos. Generally, however, biological recovery is still at an early stage. Lakes around Sudbury are also showing that the recovery of acid-damaged lakes is closely linked to the effects of other major environmental stressors such as climate change, base cation depletion and UV-B irradiance. Future studies of the recovery of acid-damaged lakes around Sudbury, and in other regions, will need to consider the interactions of these and other stressors.     

Preparation and Biodegradation of Starch/Polycaprolactone Films

Starch granules were modified with trisodium trimetaphosphate (TSTP) and characterized by P³¹-NMR, FTIR and DSC. Seventy-micron films were prepared from modified starch and polycaprolactone blends by solvent casting technique. Three different types of films—PCL (100% polycaprolactone), MOD-ST/PCL (50% modified starch and 50% polycaprolactone blend) and NONMOD-ST/PCL (50% nonmodified starch and 50% polycaprolactone blends)—were prepared, and their thermal, mechanical, and morphologic properties were investigated to show the increased performance of PCL with the addition of starch and also the effect of modification. It was observed that with the addition of starch the Young's modulus of polycaprolactone was increased and became less ductile, whereas tensile strength and elongation at break values decreased. Biodegradation of these films was inspected under different aerobic environments with the presence of Pseudomonas putida, activated sludge, and compost. It was observed that whereas P. putida had almost no effect on degradation during 90 days, with the presence of activated sludge, considerable deformation of films was observed even in the first 7 days of degradation. In a compost environment, degradation was even faster, and all polymer films were broken into pieces within first 7 days of degradation and no film remained after 15 days.