流域尺度的营养物质输移模型研究综述

近几十年来,水体富营养化已成为许多国家密切关注的环境问题,氮、磷等湖泊富营养化营养元素与流域的点源、非点源排放密切相关。随着点源治理水平的逐步提高,非点源污染的比重和危害将逐步增大。对流域的营养物质输移进行数值模拟对于揭示我国浅水湖泊富营养化的机制有重要的意义。国内外对这类模型已经有相当多的研究,形成了种类繁多的各类非点源污染模型。从湖泊营养盐外源输移的研究角度出发,分析了流域尺度的营养盐输移模拟机理性模型的结构特征,并对非点源污染模型在国内外的研究概况、模型的研究动态、主要模型的功能、结构及其特点和发展趋势进行了多视角的综述。     

基于降雨和地形特征的输出系数模型改进及精度分析

降雨是非点源污染产生的主要驱动条件,地形是非点源污染输移的重要影响因素,两者均与非点源污染紧密相关。输出系数模型是大尺度流域非点源污染模拟的常用模型,从降雨和地形对非点源污染产生、迁移的影响出发,对现有输出系数模型进行了改进,并给出了改进模型中降雨影响因子和地形影响因子的确定方法,以提高模型在大尺度流域的模拟精度。最后,以长江上游1990和2000年TN负荷估算为例,分析了模型改进前后的精度变化。精度对比表明,通过模型改进,流域综合相对误差从4502%和4249%减小到2393%和1838%,直门达站、沱江大桥站和罗渡溪站控制流域的相对误差有明显减小。改进后的输出系数模型结构更合理,模拟更符合实际。     

乐安河流域面源营养物质输移研究

根据乐安河流域2009~2011年17个监测断面的定期观测数据,初步分析了流域内总氮、总磷的时空分布规律。运用WATLAC水文模型和MESAW营养盐模型,对乐安河流域营养物质产出与输移进行模拟,估算主要土地利用方式营养物输出系数、产出量及河道滞留率。研究表明：该流域氮年产出量为10 4380 t,对流域出口处的贡献量为5 8557 t,滞留率为439%;磷年产出量为1 0037 t,对流域出口贡献量为3449 t,滞留率为656%。由于氮的可溶性强和流动性更强,因此比磷的产生量和贡献量都更多,并且滞留率受降雨影响更为显著。延长污染物的迁移路径和时间,可增加营养物的滞留率,减少对河道的贡献量     

三峡水库上游流域非点源颗粒态磷污染负荷研究

为有效控制三峡水库上游流域因水土流失产生的非点源颗粒态磷污染，改善库区水质，以美国通用土壤流失方程为基础，从影响土壤流失年际变化的水文条件和人类活动两个主导因素着手，并从地形指数的角度考虑泥沙输移比的空间分布，提出了能反映流域输沙量逐年动态变化的新估算方法。在此基础上，建立了流域颗粒态磷污染年负荷模型。在GIS辅助下，应用所建模型，对研究流域1990~2006年颗粒态磷污染负荷进行了空间分布模拟和定量研究。结果表明：所建年输沙量模型和颗粒态磷年负荷模型有良好的模拟精度；金沙江中下游流域，雅砻江中下游流域和岷江的大渡河流域是颗粒态磷污染的主要源区，嘉陵江流域通过治理水土流失和颗粒态磷流失情况明显好转；“长治”工程后，三峡水库上游流域的颗粒态磷年负荷总体上有下降趋势，近5年的年均负荷为16 482 t/a，比治理初期的1990年减少约37%。     

三峡水库上游流域非点源颗粒态磷污染负荷研究

为有效控制三峡水库上游流域因水土流失产生的非点源颗粒态磷污染,改善库区水质,以美国通用土壤流失方程为基础,从影响土壤流失年际变化的水文条件和人类活动两个主导因素着手,并从地形指数的角度考虑泥沙输移比的空间分布,提出了能反映流域输沙量逐年动态变化的新估算方法。在此基础上,建立了流域颗粒态磷污染年负荷模型。在GIS辅助下,应用所建模型,对研究流域1990~2006年颗粒态磷污染负荷进行了空间分布模拟和定量研究。结果表明：所建年输沙量模型和颗粒态磷年负荷模型有良好的模拟精度;金沙江中下游流域,雅砻江中下游流域和岷江的大渡河流域是颗粒态磷污染的主要源区,嘉陵江流域通过治理水土流失和颗粒态磷流失情况明显好转;“长治”工程后,三峡水库上游流域的颗粒态磷年负荷总体上有下降趋势,近5年的年均负荷为16 482 t/a,比治理初期的1990年减少约37%。     

基于SWAT模型的太湖西北部30a来氮磷的输出特征

随着工业的迅速发展和农业生产方式的转变,使得太湖富营养化现象日趋严重,对流域内生态环境构成极大的威胁。以研究区6个时期土地利用数据和30a逐日降雨数据为模型的主要输入变量,利用SWAT模型分别对研究区内6个不同时期营养盐输出进行模拟研究,得到研究区内30a时间尺度(1984~2013年)营养盐输出情况。根据模型输出结果探究研究区内营养盐输出与降雨量、径流量以及土地利用变化的关系。以2009~2013年宜兴站径流数据和水质数据作为模型的率定和验证数据,总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)在模型率定期确定系数R2为0.76和0.92,纳什效率系数Ens为0.76和0.79,验证期确定系数R2为0.66和0.95,纳什效率系数Ens为0.6和0.54,模拟结果较好。结果表明:营养盐输出与降雨在时间是呈现较强的相关性,但是在空间上降雨与营养盐输出相关性不明显;土地利用类型与营养盐输出密切相关,耕地和建设用地是研究区主要的营养盐输出源,土地利用类型空间分布与TN、TP空间分布相关系数分别为0.74和0.73。将为太湖流域非点源污染控制和治理提供理论支撑及数据基础。     

巢湖流域丰乐河洪水事件营养盐输出动态研究

洪水期是非点源污染输出的关键时期。通过对巢湖典型农业型流域丰乐河桃溪断面两次暴雨洪水过程（发生于2010年6月初的Event06和8月底的Event08）进行集中取样监测,结合该断面流量数据,分析了洪水过程中氮和磷营养盐不同指标（包括总氮、铵氮、硝态氮、总磷和可溶磷）浓度和瞬时负荷的动态变化规律。结果表明：Event06氮磷各指标浓度最小值、最大值及平均值均比Event08大,这与6月初农作物大量施肥,氮磷来源丰富有很大关系。丰乐河洪水事件氮输出的形式以可溶性无机氮（铵氮和硝态氮）为主,而磷则以颗粒态为主,但在涨水段的初、中期颗粒态氮和颗粒态磷所占比例比其它时段高。洪水过程中主要氮、磷指标浓度和瞬时负荷随流量增大而总体呈上升趋势(除了硝态氮),在流量峰值前达到最大值,然后呈总体下降趋势。总磷、总氮浓度与流量呈比较典型的顺时针圈形结构,表明暴雨洪水较强烈的冲刷输送作用。虽然进一步的负荷累积分析并没有显示显著的初期冲刷效应,但洪水期,特别是涨水段营养盐输出的重要性已较明显。丰乐河流域面积较大、地势较平坦,以农业活动为主,水体污染的非点源来源与农业活动有关,具体的洪水过程对营养盐的输出动态也有一定影响     

三江源高寒草甸下溪流溶解性有机碳的季节性输移特征

溶解性有机碳（DOC）在生态系统中起着重要作用,但河流DOC输移动态及其对气候变化和多年冻土退化的响应还不清楚。对青藏高原三江源地区高寒草甸下8条小流域河流于2016年8月至2017年7月进行逐月采集水样,同步测定流量,在室内对DOC浓度进行分析,研究河流DOC浓度和输移通量的逐月变化规律以及对降雨和温度逐月变化的响应。结果表明：（1）DOC的年平均浓度介于4.05±1.20~6.55±2.86 mg·L-1之间,均值为5.30 mg·L-1;DOC平均浓度与流域内高寒沼泽草甸（ASM）覆盖面积比例呈显著线性负相关,而与高寒草甸（AM）呈显著线性正相关;此外,有多年冻土发育的流域内河流平均DOC浓度明显高于无多年冻土发育的流域。（2）DOC浓度随季节性气温的变化呈现较大的变异性,在-8~2℃气温回升的过程中,DOC平均浓度随气温的升高呈急剧上升的趋势,在随后2~13℃气温继续升高到最高的过程中,DOC平均浓度又急速降低,而在之后13~-8℃气温下降的过程中,DOC平均浓度呈一个缓慢降低的趋势,并在12月达到最低。（3）DOC平均输移通量也显示出较大的季节差异,其范围为0.006±0.000 5~3.01±0.74 kg·km-2·d-1,均值为1.12±0.81 kg·km-2·d-1;DOC输移通量与流域内平均径流量显著线性正相关,DOC的输移主要集中在春季融雪期和夏季丰雨期。气候变暖会导致多年冻土活动层厚度增加,因此,温度增加导致DOC输移增加的结果提示,气候变暖可能会增加青藏高原高寒草甸区河流对有机碳输移和释放。     

SWAT与MIKE21耦合模型及其在澎溪河流域的应用

结合SWAT分布式模型研究污染负荷的优势和MIKE21模型对水动力水质先进的模拟技术,构建SWAT与MIKE21耦合模型。根据澎溪河地形、土壤、植被、气象、水文、水质资料,在空间上建立流域SWAT水文单元与MIKE21水动力模型边界的连接,在量值上建立SWAT模型各水文单元污染物负荷输出量与MIKE21模型污染浓度输入量之间的分配关系,研究澎溪河流域输沙量、氮、磷负荷量和水污染。模拟结果表明：2009年3月至2010年3月澎溪河渠马、高阳、黄石、双江大桥4个断面的总氮、总磷浓度和叶绿素a含量的模拟值与实测值具有较好的一致性,澎溪河回水区水质为中营养~中富营养状态,水体氮、磷等营养盐浓度主要受面源污染的影响。SWAT与MIKE21耦合模型可靠性好,适合于流域水污染研究     

太湖流域上游外源氮、磷入湖通量模拟初步研究

湖泊-流域构成的复杂系统是湖泊富营养化研究的热点。应用SWAT模型对长江下游太湖流域上游外源氮、磷入湖通量进行模拟,以反映陆源入湖氮、磷营养盐的通量、空间分布和时间变化情况。以水文模拟为基础,引入相关系数（R）和Nash Sutcliffe效益系数（Ens）评价模拟结果。水文模拟率定期月均值R多在85%以上,Ens在024~090,模拟年平均径流量相对误差为32%。验证期各站月均值R均在80%以上,模拟年总量误差为81%。模拟结果显示,流域多年平均径流量为10415×108m3,营养盐输出浓度浙西区TN、TP分别为238 mg/L、018 mg/L;湖西区分别为568 mg/L、043 mg/L;武虞锡澄区分别为614 mg/L、040 mg/L。流域营养盐多年平均入湖通量TN为42 730 t/a,TP为3 075 t/a,2000年开始,流域TN、TP的入湖通量均有下降趋势。流域营养盐具显著空间差异,陈东港-大浦口、小梅口-长兜港、武进港-直湖港是最主要的入湖通道,贡献率分别达到27%、24%和20%,应作为流域外源营养物质管理和控制的重要区域     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.