沉淀回流对石灰软化法去除地下水硬度的影响

针对地下水硬度去除问题,在传统石灰软化法基础上,通过静态实验对比研究了沉淀回流过程对石灰软化法处理效果的影响。结果表明:在进水硬度385 mg/L,Ca O投加量200 mg/L条件下,经"沉淀回流-石灰软化"处理后,出水滤后总硬度为140 mg/L,比传统石灰软化法低40 mg/L;出水滤前浊度在20 NTU以下,比传统石灰软化法低100 NTU;石灰有效利用率为88%,比传统石灰软化法高25%。这表明通过沉淀回流有效提高了石灰有效利用率,降低了出水浊度。在Ca O投加量200 mg/L,Fe Cl_3投加量3.6 mg/L条件下,通过"沉淀回流-石灰软化/Fe Cl3混凝"处理12 min,静沉30 min后,出水滤后总硬度可维持在140 mg/L左右,浊度低于1 NTU,达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006),加热煮沸后无沉淀和漂浮物产生。     

印染RO浓水深度处理及回用

采用Fenton-石灰苏打法耦合工艺对某印染厂印染反渗透(RO)浓水进行深度处理。通过实验研究了不同H2O2和Fe2+投加量、p H和反应时间对废水COD去除率的影响,以及不同石灰和碳酸钠投加量对废水硬度的脱除效果,出水回用于染色工段进行染色实验。结果表明,在p H=3.0,Fe2+投加量为1.5 mmol/L,H2O2投加量为3.75 mmol/L,反应时间为45 min,石灰和碳酸钠投加量分别为450 mg/L和1 000 mg/L的条件下,出水COD和硬度的去除率可分别达到73.9%和85.0%,耦合工艺出水水质符合该厂回用染色水标准,且减少了盐的使用,可实现印染RO浓水回用。     

流化床结晶软化高硬度地下水及其晶体生长动力学

采用流化床结晶软化的方法对北京市城区某地下水进行软化处理,研究考察了软化药剂投加量、诱晶颗粒粒径、诱晶颗粒填料高度、入水流速、碳酸钙过饱和度等参数对水质硬度去除的影响。研究发现,当药剂投加量为220 mg·L~(-1)时,出水钙硬度去除率可达90%以上,总硬度去除率达到60%,出水总硬度可达300 mg·L~(-1)左右。使用石英砂颗粒作为诱晶材料,粒径为0.21~0.43 mm。当诱晶材料填料高度为40 cm,入水流速控制在40~70 m·h-1时,均可得到较好的出水水质。优化反应参数,可控制处理后的出水总硬度在300 mg·L~(-1)左右,即去除235 mg·L~(-1)的暂时硬度,煮沸的水不再浑浊,无水垢生成,并且出水pH可控制在8.5以下。此外,探究了多相流化过程中诱晶颗粒的线性增长速率以及床层增长速率与过饱和度、颗粒粒径、入水流速的关系,通过计算得到晶体线性增长速率相关表达式。     

含表面活性剂的采油废水催化氧化处理

对含有表面活性剂的废水(以下简称表活废水)进行了傅里叶红外光谱分析(FTIR),结果表明,废水中所含表面活性剂主要为环烷酸钠。采用次氯酸钙(Ca(ClO)2)和活性炭-Ni催化氧化处理,在Ca(ClO)2投加量为4 500 mg/L,活性炭-Ni投加量为7 000 mg/L时,反应90 min,出水COD为158.91 mg/L,去除率达62.92%。催化氧化出水经沸石吸附处理,在pH为6.85,吸附时间为2 h,沸石投加量为17 g/L的条件下,吸附出水COD和油含量分别为88.92 mg/L和2.53mg/L,去除率分别为45.65%和90.02%,均达到《污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)》的一级标准要求。催化剂活性炭-Ni和吸附剂沸石均具有较稳定的活性,在重复使用20次后,出水COD的去除率仅分别降低了1.16%和1.32%。     

MB(A2/O)处理城市污水富磷上清液的化学除磷研究

为开发新型除磷脱氮工艺,研制了将MBR和A2/O工艺相结合的新型MB(A2/O)反应器.研究了MB(A2/O)反应器处理城市污水厌氧富磷上清液的化学除磷,并分析了过程机理及特性.结果表明:对于TP在30～45 mg/L的富磷上清液,采用含20% Ca(OH)2的工业石灰与P的最佳投加质量比为22.5;纯Ca(OH)2与P的最佳投加质量比为5.6(摩尔比为2.5);FeSO4·7H2O与P的最佳投加质量比为10.7(Fe2 与P的摩尔比为1.3);Al2(SO4)3·12H2O与P的最佳投加质量比为12(Al3 与P的摩尔比为1.3)时,均可使出水TP稳定在0.3 mg/L以下;以石灰、NaOH的联合投加方式可大幅减少石灰投加量.     

复合赤泥在高浓度含磷废水处理中的应用

赤泥与石灰粉（CaO和Ca（OH）₂）按不同比例混合制成复合赤泥,通过投加实验考察了复合赤泥的除磷效果。结果证明,对于磷酸盐浓度为45 000 mg/L左右（以P计）的酸性工业废水,复合赤泥（赤泥与Ca（OH）₂按质量比1：1混合）投加量为240 g/L,去除率为99.97%;对于10 mg/L左右的含磷废水,赤泥的最佳投加浓度为15 g/L,上清液磷浓度可降至0.30 mg/L,出水低于0.5 mg/L的排放标准。根据以上研究结果,提出了对高浓度酸性磷酸盐废水的处理宜采用复合赤泥再加原状赤泥的二级处理方法。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液物化深度处理研究

通过Fenton法和结合聚合硫酸铁的混凝作用,实现垃圾渗滤液氧化塘出水COD的深度处理;并利用水泥水化产物的凝胶物质,强化COD去除率。30％H2O2投加量为0．75mL／L、七水硫酸亚铁投加量为1．5g／L、n（H2O2）：n（Fe^2＋）=1．2：1（摩尔比）时,Fenton法对渗滤液COD的去除率可达52％;水灰比为2：1、搅拌24h的水泥水化物将Fenton法的出水pH值从4调至10,该工艺流程总的COD去除率为73．6％,较普通的Ca（OH）2调节法提高9．3％,出水COD可以从进水的1200mg／L降至315mg／L。     

焦化废水除氰工艺的优化研究

对某焦化厂生化出水进行了除氰研究。对硫酸亚铁混凝除氰法进行了优化,采用沉淀净化法对其出水进行深度处理,考察了工艺中不同影响因素对总氰化物(TCN)去除效果的影响。结果表明,硫酸亚铁混凝除氰法的最佳反应条件为pH 5.00、FeSO4·7H2O投加量500mg/L、反应时间15min、沉淀时间30min;在此条件下,当原水TCN质量浓度为3.1~4.1mg/L时,出水TCN质量浓度达到0.60~0.70mg/L,需作进一步的深度处理。采用沉淀净化法处理硫酸亚铁混凝除氰法出水的最佳反应条件为先同时投加药剂A和药剂B,投加量分别为150、0.75mg/L,反应15min后,再按2mg/L投加药剂C,继续反应3min,最终出水TCN质量浓度低于0.1mg/L,达到《炼焦化学工业污染物排放标准》(GB 16171—2012)要求(氰化物排放限值为0.2mg/L);在此条件下,单位废水处理的药剂成本合计约为0.25元/t。     

污水深度处理微絮凝-D型滤池工艺运行性能与经济性分析

根据昆明市第一污水处理厂深度处理微絮凝-D型滤池工艺的运行数据,评价了工艺出水水质及总磷(TP)去除效果,同时分析了混凝剂投加量及药剂费用。结果表明,微絮凝-D型滤池工艺出水TP平均浓度为0.15 mg/L,最优水平值为0.05 mg/L,95%保证值为0.37 mg/L,TP平均去除率为63.6%。出水悬浮固体(SS)浓度95%保证值为10 mg/L。混凝剂聚合氯化铝(PAC)的投加量在1.5~4 mg Al2O3/L范围波动,去除单位TP的PAC投加量平均值为16.7 mg Al2O3/mg-P,投加比为2~8 mol-Al/mol-P。当投加比超过5时,出水TP浓度可达到0.3 mg/L以下。吨水PAC成本平均值为0.017元/t。     

强化混凝-光电氧化组合工艺深度处理垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液

采用强化混凝-光电氧化组合工艺对北京某垃圾填埋场垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液进行处理。探讨了不同混凝剂投加量、电流密度和反应时间对COD去除率的影响,并考察了溶解性有机物的分子量和结构在本工艺中的变化。结果表明:同时投加Ca(OH)2、Fe2(SO4)3和PAM混凝后,COD去除率为28.00%,含量由4 700 mg/L降低到3 384 mg/L;同时投加KMnO4、Fe2(SO4)3和PAM进行二次混凝,COD去除率为60.20%,含量为1 870 mg/L;混凝后水样在电流密度为400A/m2,经3 h光电氧化后,COD去除率为86.20%,含量为650 mg/L。本工艺将垃圾渗滤液膜滤浓缩液中部分大分子量有机物降解为小分子量有机物;光电氧化后,有机物结构被迅速破坏。     

Silica removal in industrial effluents with high silica content and low hardness

High silica content of de-inked paper mill effluents is limiting their regeneration and reuse after membrane treatments such as reverse osmosis (RO). Silica removal during softening processes is a common treatment; however, the effluent from the paper mill studied has a low hardness content, which makes the addition of magnesium compounds necessary to increase silica removal. Two soluble magnesium compounds (MgCl₂?6H₂O and MgSO₄?7H₂O) were tested at five dosages (250–1,500 mg/L) and different initial pH values. High removal rates (80–90 %) were obtained with both products at the highest pH tested (11.5). With these removal efficiencies, it is possible to work at high RO recoveries (75–85 %) without silica scaling. Although pH regulation significantly increased the conductivity of the waters (at pH 11.5 from 2.1 to 3.7–4.0 mS/cm), this could be partially solved by using Ca(OH)₂ instead of NaOH as pH regulator (final conductivity around 3.0 mS/cm). Maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal obtained with caustic soda was lower than with lime (15 vs. 30 %). Additionally, the combined use of a polyaluminum coagulant during the softening process was studied; the coagulant, however, did not significantly improve silica removal, obtaining a maximum increase of only 10 %.     

Potential of ultrafiltration for organic matter removal in the polymer industry effluent based on particle size distribution analysis

The purpose of the study was the experimental evaluation of ultrafiltration as a potential innovative technology for the removal of organic matter of around 15,000 mg chemical oxygen demand (COD) per liter in the polymer industry wastewater. Particle size distribution (PSD) analysis served as the major experimental instrument along with conventional chemical settling. Biodegradation characteristics of the remaining COD after ultrafiltration were determined by model interpretation of the corresponding oxygen uptake rate (OUR) profile. The study first involved a detailed characterization of the polymer wastewater including PSD analysis of the COD content. Chemical treatability was investigated using lime alone and with ferric chloride as coagulants followed with a PSD assessment of the chemically settled effluent. Modeling of the OUR profile generated by the ultrafiltration effluent defined related biodegradation kinetics and provided information on the overall COD removal potential. PSD analysis indicated that more than 70 % of the total COD accumulated in the 220- to 450-nm size range. It indicated that ultrafiltration was potentially capable of removing more than 90 % of the COD with an effluent lower than 1,500 mg COD/L. Chemical settling with 750 mg/L of FeCl₃ dosing at a pH of 7.0 provided a similar performance. The ultrafiltration effluent included mainly hydrolysable COD and proved to be biodegradable, with the process kinetics compatible with domestic sewage. PSD evaluation proved to be a valuable scientific instrument for underlining the merit of ultrafiltration as the appropriate innovative technology for polymer wastewater, removing the major portion of the COD in a way that is suitable for recovery and reuse and producing a totally biodegradable effluent.     

Chemical modifications of groundwater contaminated by recharge of treated sewage effluent

Long-term monitoring of the chemical composition of recharge sewage effluent and associated contaminated groundwater from the Dan Region Sewage Reclamation Project shows, after 16 years of recharge operation, the presence of a distinct saline plume (up to 400 mg/l Cl), extending 1600 m downgradient in the Coastal Plain aquifer of Israel. The recorded electrolyte composition of groundwater in the vicinity of the recharge area reflects the variations in the compositions of the sewage effluents, as well as water-rock interactions induced by the recharge of treated sewage effluents. The original sewage composition was modified, particularly during early stages of effluent migration in the unsaturated zone, by cation-exchange and adsorption reactions. Since the soil sorption capacity is finite these reactions caused only limited modifications, and once the system reached a steady state the inorganic composition of the contaminated groundwater became similar to that of the recharge water. Decomposition of organic matter in the unsaturated zone resulted in CO₂ generation and dissolution of CaCO₃ minerals in the aquifer. It was shown that chemical and/or bio-degradation of organic matter takes place mainly in the unsaturated (vadose) zone. Hence, monitoring the efficiency of the vadose zone to retain contaminants is essential for evaluating the quality of groundwater since it was shown that organic compounds behave almost conservatively once the effluents enter and flow within the saturated zone.     

焦化废水深度处理试验研究

采用BC法＋复合过滤技术工艺对焦化废水生化出水进行深度处理试验。结果表明,在SE混凝剂投药量为30 mg/L、BC池停留时间为1.5 h、复合过滤器水力负荷为2.4 m³/（m²·h）的条件下,当深度处理进水水质为COD＝196.1 mg/L、色度＝120倍、NH₃-N＝35.1 mg/L时,其去除率分别为74.7%、86.7%和69.7%,出水可达回用水要求。     

高浓度钻井废水的混凝-催化氧化处理

以华北油田某深井的高浓度钻井废水(COD高达14 460.0 mg/L)为研究对象,提出了酸化-混凝-催化氧化-吸附的组合处理工艺。重点研制了钻井废水催化氧化处理催化剂(镍基催化剂),通过实验确定了最佳工艺参数条件。着重考察了催化氧化处理的工艺条件,在pH值为4,次氯酸钙投加量为4.4 g/L,催化剂投加量为1.6 g/L的条件下COD降至403.5 mg/L,进一步吸附处理后COD降至139.9 mg/L、色度为30倍、石油类含量为3.8 mg/L、pH为8.0和SS浓度为52mg/L,最终出水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)二级标准,处理成本为84.8元/m3。     

壳聚糖混凝处理丁腈橡胶废水的实验研究

利用壳聚糖作混凝剂处理丁腈橡胶废水。对投加量、pH、搅拌速率和沉降时间四因素进行L₉(3⁴)正交实验,确定壳聚糖混凝处理丁腈橡胶废水的最佳实验条件。结果表明,壳聚糖投加量为100 mg/L, pH为6,搅拌速率为200 r/min,沉降时间为5 min,COD去除率达96.7%,出水COD降为276 mg/L,达到国家三级排放标准。     

A2O-MBR 工艺处理城市污水作农业灌溉用水中试研究简

为开发一种污水再生利用于农田灌溉领域的新型技术,本实验以城市污水为研究对象,采用A²O-MBR工艺进行中试研究,并将系统出水水质与《农田灌溉水质标准（GB5084-2005）》的主要水质指标进行对比分析。结果表明,系统COD和BOD₅出水浓度范围分别为3.2~59.6 mg/L、1.0~7.6 mg/L,系统出水pH为7.16~7.54,悬浮物浓度几乎为0,上述指标均符合标准;TP、TN和氨氮的出水范围分别为0.03~0.79 mg/L、1.6~17.7 mg/L和0.8~10.3 mg/L。《农田灌溉水质标准》没有对上述3个指标提出具体要求,且少量的氮磷是植物生长的营养元素。该系统出水的主要水质指标符合标准要求。     

Coupling of solar-assisted advanced oxidative and biological treatment for degradation of agro-residue-based soda bleaching effluent

This study evaluates the effect of integrated solar-assisted advanced oxidation process (AOP) and biological treatment on the extent of degradation of effluents from chlorination (C) and first alkaline extraction (E₁) stages of soda pulp bleaching in agro-residue-based pulp and paper mill. Biodegradation of the effluents was attempted in suspended mode using activated sludge from the functional pulp and paper industry effluent treatment plant acclimatized to effluents in question. The photocatalytic treatment was employed using zinc oxide (ZnO) in slurry mode for decontamination of effluents in a batch manner and the degradation was evaluated in terms of reduction in chemical oxygen demand. The biological treatment (24?h) of C and E₁ effluent resulted in 30 and 57?% of degradation, respectively. Solar-induced AOP of C and E₁ effluents resulted in 53 and 43?% degradation under optimized conditions (2.5?g?L^?1 ZnO at pH?8.0) after 6?h of exposure. For C effluent, a short duration of solar/ZnO (1?h) prior to biological treatment reduced the time required at biological step from 24 to 12?h for almost same extent (92?%) of degradation. However, sequential biological treatment (24?h) followed by solar/ZnO (2?h) resulted in 85.5?% degradation. In contrast, in the case of E₁ effluent, sequential biological (24?h)?Csolar/ZnO (2?h) system effectively degrades effluent to 95.4?% as compared to 84.8?% degradation achieved in solar/ZnO (2?h)?Cbiological treatment (24?h) system. In the present study, the sequencing of photocatalysis with the biological treatment is observably efficient and technically viable process for the complete mineralization of the effluents.