工程项目大气环境影响评价的扩散模式计算

工程项目对大气污染影响的定量预测是通过大气扩散模式计算来实现的。本文根据近年实践经验，对大气扩散模式的选用、扩散参数的确定及修正、地面长短期浓度的计算和计算结果的验证等方面作了较为系统的介绍，经供环境影响评价工作者参考。     

AERMOD与EIAA大气预测模型在环境影响评价中的应用比较

大气环境影响预测是环境影响评价的一项重要内容,为准确评价项目实施后对周围大气环境的影响,需采用合适的大气预测模型.从大气预测模型系统组成原理、应用范围、应用过程、预测结果等方面对AERMOD和EIAA大气预测模型进行比较,分析两种模型在大气环境影响预测中的优缺点.     

小浦地区的大气扩散特征

一、概况小浦地区位于浙西北滨湖平原向丘陵山区过渡地带。该地区西北部为丘陵山地,合溪涧穿过其中,由西北流向小浦;东南部则为滨湖平原,地势开阔平坦。小浦镇东距太湖约15千米。为了进行某建设项目的环境影响评价,我们在小浦地区用平衡球探测,研究当地大气扩散特征。 1986年12月17日至26日,在小浦释放平衡     

房地产开发建设项目环境影响评价的新问题探讨

对房地产开发建设项目环境影响评价中出现的新问题进行了识别与分析，提出了需要将建筑节能、室内环境质量影响评价引入建设项目环境影响评价的基本内容，并针对绿色概念的实施机制进行了探讨。讨论了房地产开发建设项目环境影响评价中需要重视的内容。     

“环境影响评价专家系统”的开发研究

文章分析了研制环境影响评价专家系统的目的和作用,介绍了该专家系统专家知识的主要内容,描述了环境影响评价专家系统的组成结构和主要构件的设计,并介绍了该系统的使用情况。     

大气污染物等浓度曲线画法初探

介绍一种环境影响评价中大气污染物等浓度曲线的画法,可用于绘制任意接近的等浓度曲线而不会相交或相切,运算量较小且与图形大小无关。     

高架连续点源落地浓度预测中风速的确定

高架连续点源污染物排放落地浓度是大气环境影响预测的主要内容。由于大气污染物扩散明显受气象条件尤其是风速的影响,而现有预测模型中对于风速的取值都是按经验值来确定的。通过分析在不同气象和烟源条件下,平均风速的计算方法对烟羽抬升高度以及最大落地浓度产生的影响,与实测值相比较确定了风速取值的合理方法,缩小了预测偏差。     

高架源大气SO2水平扩散参数的遥测研究

应用加拿大ＣＯＳＰＥＶ Ｖ型相关光谱仪遥测高架源烟羽ＳＯ２浓度剖面，测定烟羽高度处的风向，对Ｅｕｌｅｒｉａｎ平均剖面数据处理及计算σｙ进行了探讨，并用以验证Ｂｒｉｇｇｓ模式，为实测大气扩散参数提供了新的科学方法。     

建筑物对高架点源大气污染物扩散影响的模拟研究

运用数值方法对城市中高架点源排放大气污染物的扩散规律进行了模拟研究,在计算区域内建立了三维数学模型,并将拉格朗日法描述的颗粒轨道模型耦合到风场。本研究计算了地面风速为3 m/s时的大气流场,并模拟研究了该风场条件下气体污染物的扩散和固体颗粒污染物的运动轨迹。通过分析模拟结果,给出了高架点源中排放的气体污染物的扩散区域和固体颗粒污染物运动轨迹的变化规律。     

多点源噪声等值线的软件开发

介绍了多点源噪声等直线绘制软件的开发思路与核心代码。     

The Epa Program to Assess the Public Health Significance of Diesel Emissions

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's program to assess the public health significance of diesel emissions is described. The reasons for the EPA concern over diesel exhaust products are discussed. Some results of EPA research efforts over the last nine months are summarized and preliminary conclusions are drawn. Finally, the planned future health experiments which will hopefully fill some remaining gaps in our knowledge are identified.     

Impact of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from Medical Waste Incinerators on the Urban Atmosphere

Abstract

In this study, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from two batch-type medical waste incinerators (MWIs), one with a mechanical grate and the other with a fixed grate, both operated by a medical center, were assessed. Both MWIs shared the same air-pollution control devices (APCDs), with an electrostatic precipitator and a wet scrubber installed in series. Results show that when APCDs were used, total PAHs and total benzo- [a]pyrene equivalent (total BaP_eq) emission concentrations of both MWIs were reduced from 2220 to 1870 µg/m³ and 50 to 12.4 µg/m³, respectively. We used the Industrial Source Complex Short Term model (ISCST) to estimate the ground-level concentrations of the residential area and the traffic intersection located at the down-wind side of the two MWIs. For the traffic intersection, we found both total PAHs and total BaP_eq transported from MWIs to both studied areas were not significant. For the residential area, similar results were found when APCDs were used in MWIs. When APCDs were not included, we found that total PAHs transported from MWIs accounted for <12%, but total BaP_eq accounted for >90%, of the on-site measured concentrations. These results suggest that the use of proper APCDs during incineration would significantly reduce the carcinogenic potencies associated with PAH emissions from MWIs to the residential area.     

Structural Diversity: A Multi-dimensional Approach to Assess Recreational Services in Urban Parks

Urban green spaces provide important recreational services for urban residents. In general, when park visitors enjoy “the green,” they are in actuality appreciating a mix of biotic, abiotic, and man-made park infrastructure elements and qualities. We argue that these three dimensions of structural diversity have an influence on how people use and value urban parks. We present a straightforward approach for assessing urban parks that combines multi-dimensional landscape mapping and questionnaire surveys. We discuss the method as well the results from its application to differently sized parks in Berlin and Salzburg.     

Effects of the Motor Vehicle Control Program On Hydrocarbon Concentrations in The Central Los Angeles Atmosphere

The body of information presented in this paper is directed to those individuals concerned with the effect of the motor vehicle control program on ambient hydrocarbon concentrations in a metropolitan area during peak traffic hours. The data used in this study are from gas chromatographic analyses of air samples taken in 1963-65, before implementation of the exhaust control program for new motor vehicles, and in 1971 and 1973, after several years’ application of this program. A brief history of the motor vehicle program in California together with emission standards for hydrocarbons are discussed and certain automobile-related hydrocarbons are identified and characterized. Frequency distributions were constructed for total hydrocarbons, non-methane hydrocarbons, methane, acetylene, and isopentane for 1963-65, 1971, and 1973 and the standard deviation (1 sigma) concentration limits are discussed for each of the subgroups mentioned above. The average concentration and relative percent comparisons for methane, ethane, n-butane, isopentane, C₃+ paraffin, eth-ene, propene, C₄ +olefin, acetylene, benzene, and toluene are shown and discussed in detail. These studies: 1) show hydrocarbon emissions from motor vehicles were reduced 47.6% during this time period; 2) indicate selective reduction of compounds; and 3) reveal a 51.8% reduction in the 1973 ambient total hydrocarbon concentration since 1963-65.     

A New Method to Assess Mercury Emissions: A Study of Three Coal-Fired Electric-Generating Power Station Configurations

Abstract

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 7473 for the analysis of mercury (Hg) by thermal decomposition, amalgamation, and atomic absorption spectroscopy has proved successful for use in Hg assessment at coal-fired power stations. In an analysis time of ～5 min per sample, this instrumental methodology can directly analyze total Hg—with no discrete sample preparation—in the solid matrices associated with a coal-fired power plant, including coal, fly ash, bottom ash, and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) material. This analysis technique was used to investigate Hg capture by coal combustion byproducts (CCBs) in three different coal-fired power plant configurations. Hg capture and associated emissions were estimated by partial mass balance. The station equipped with an FGD system demonstrated 68% capture on FGD material and an emissions estimate of 18% (11 kg/yr) of total Hg input. The power plant equipped with low oxides of nitrogen burners and an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) retained 43% on the fly ash and emitted 57% (51 kg/yr). The station equipped with conventional burners and an ESP retained less than 1% on the fly ash, emitting an estimated 99% (88 kg/yr) of Hg. Estimated Hg emissions demonstrate good agreement with EPA data for the power stations investigated.     

Effect of Nitrogen Nutrition on the Response of Tobacco to Ozone in the Atmosphere

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of nitrogen nutrition on the response of tobacco to ozone in the atmosphere. With Nicotiana rustica L., a noncommercial tobacco, plants receiving an “optimum” nitrogen supply were found to be more susceptible to ozone injury than those receiving deficient or luxury supplies. Furthermore, it was found on analyses of the third oldest tobacco leaf that, while these “optimum” plants showed little or no increase in respiration as a result of ozone in concentrations too low to produce visible injury, plants grown with deficient or excess nitrogen showed a significant increase in respiration under these same conditions. The increase in respiration was accompanied by a comparable and equally significant decrease in carbohydrate con-lent in the latter plants which was not apparent in plants at the “optimum” nitrogen supply, as well as an increase in total nitrogen, protein-nitrogen, and amino-acid nitrogen. In conclusion, it is suggested that the carbohydrate reserve built up in plants grown with deficient nitrogen nutrition serves as protection against the ozidative potential of ozone. Likewise, a decrease in carbohydrate content below that of “optimum” plants provides protection in plants grown with an overabundance of nitrogen fertilization, though possibly by a more complex mechanism.     

确定大气环境标准方法的探讨

对使用或生产我国尚无环境控制标准污染物质的企业如何管理．经对有关法规、资料的研究，推荐采用确定环境控制标准的方法，以控制这些污染物质的排放及其对环境的影响。