Removal of elemental mercury by iodine-modified rice husk ash sorbents

Iodine-modified calcium-based rice husk ash sorbents(I2/CaO/RHA) were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction,X-ray fluorescence,and N2 isotherm adsorption/desorption.Adsorption experiments of vapor-phase elemental mercury(Hg0) were performed in a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor.I2/CaO/RHA performances on Hg0 adsorption were compared with those of modified Ca-based fly ash sorbents(I2/CaO/FA) and modified fly ash sorbents(I2/FA) .Effects of oxidant loading,supports,pore size distribution,iodine impregnation modes,and temperature were investigated as well to understand the mechanism in capturing Hg0.The modified sorbents exhibited reasonable effciency for Hg0 removal under simulated flue gas.The surface area,pore size distribution,and iodine impregnation modes of the sorbents did not produce a strong effect on Hg0 capture effciency,while fair correlation was observed between Hg0 uptake capacity and iodine concentration.Therefore,the content of I2 impregnated on the sorbents was identified as the most important factor influencing the capacity of these sorbents for Hg0 uptake.Increasing temperature in the range of 80-140°C caused a rise in Hg0 removal.A reaction mechanism that may explain the experimental results was presumed based on the characterizations and adsorption study.     

铝改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附水溶液中砷的性能研究

采用湿法与干法相结合的方法合成铝改性粉煤灰漂珠环境材料,借助静态吸附实验研究吸附剂量、pH值、离子强度、共存离子、反应时间和温度对其吸附水溶液中砷性能的影响,并进行吸附等温线和动力学拟合.结果表明:铝改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附水中As(V)的最佳pH值范围为中性偏酸;混合离子和H2PO4-对As(V)的吸附影响较大,CO32-次之;离子强度对As(V)吸附的影响不明显;在温度298K、吸附剂量2.5g/L和反应时间24h的条件下,最大吸附容量约5000μg/g;吸附等温线符合Langmuir单层吸附模型;动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型.     

Mercury removal from coal combustion flue gas by modified fly ash

Fly ash is a potential alternative to activated carbon for mercury adsorption. The effects of physicochemical properties on the mercury adsorption performance of three fly ash samples were investigated. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and other methods were used to characterize the samples. Results indicate that mercury adsorption on fly ash is primarily physisorption and chemisorption. High specific surface areas and small pore diameters are beneficial to efficient mercury removal. Incompletely burned carbon is also an important factor for the improvement of mercury removal efficiency, in particular. The C-M bond, which is formed by the reaction of C and Ti, Si and other elements, may improve mercury oxidation. The samples modified with CuBr2 , CuCl 2 and FeCl3 showed excellent performance for Hg removal, because the chlorine in metal chlorides acts as an oxidant that promotes the conversion of elemental mercury (Hg0) into its oxidized form (Hg2+). Cu2+ and Fe3+ can also promote Hg 0 oxidation as catalysts. HCl and O2 promote the adsorption of Hg by modified fly ash, whereas SO2 inhibits the Hg adsorption because of competitive adsorption for active sites. Fly ash samples modified with CuBr2 , CuCl2 and FeCl3 are therefore promising materials for controlling mercury emissions.     

Silver impregnated carbon for adsorption and desorption of elemental mercury vapors

The Hg0 vapor adsorption experimental results on a novel sorbent obtained by impregnating a commercially available activated carbon (Darco G60 from BDH) with silver nitrate were reported. The study was performed by using a fundamental approach, in an apparatus at laboratory scale in which a synthetic flue gas, formed by Hg0 vapors in a nitrogen gas stream, at a given temperature and mercury concentration, was flowed through a fixed bed of adsorbent material. Breakthrough curves and adsorption isotherms were obtained for bed temperatures of 90, 120 and 150°C and for Hg0 concentrations in the gas varying in the range of 0.8–5.0 mg/m3. The experimental gas-solid equilibrium data were used to evaluate the Langmuir parameters and the heat of adsorption. The experimental results showed that silver impregnated carbon was very effective to capture elemental mercury and the amount of mercury adsorbed by the carbon decreased as the bed temperature increased. In addition, to evaluate the possibility of adsorbent recovery, desorption was also studied. Desorption runs showed that both the adsorbing material and the mercury could be easily recovered, since at the end of desorption the residue on solid was almost negligible. The material balance on mercury and the constitutive equations of the adsorption phenomenon were integrated, leading to the evaluation of only one kinetic parameter which fits well both the experimentally determined breakthrough and desorption curves.     

Characteristic and mercury adsorption of activated carbon produced by CO2 of chicken waste

Preparation of activated carbon from chicken waste is a promising way to produce a useful adsorbent for Hg removal. A three-stage activation process （drying at 200℃, pyrolysis in N2 atmosphere, followed by CO2 activation） was used for the production of activated samples. The effects of carbonization temperature （409-4500℃）, activation temperature （700-900℃）, and activation time （1-2.5 h） on the physicochemical properties （weight-loss and BET surface） of the prepared carbon wereinvestigated. Adsorptive removal of mercury from real flue gas onto activated carbon has been studied. The activated carbon from chicken waste has the same mercury capacity as commercial activated carbon （Darco LH） （Hg^v： 38.7% vs. 53.5%, Hg^0： 50.5% vs. 68.8%）, although its surface area is around 10 times smaller, 89.5 m^2/g vs. 862 m^2/g. The low cost activated carbon can be produced from chicken waste, and the procedure is suitable.     

粉煤灰陶粒对废水中磷酸盐的吸附试验研究

以粉煤灰为主要原料制成粉煤灰陶粒,研究其对废水中磷酸盐的去除情况.同时,考察了影响粉煤灰陶粒吸附磷酸盐的主要因素及平衡吸附量,并对其进行吸附等温模型拟合分析.结果表明,粉煤灰陶粒对磷酸盐的去除率随粉煤灰陶粒投加量的增大而增加,较高的磷酸盐初始浓度可以加快磷酸盐的吸附.在较宽pH(4～10)范围内,均能呈现较好的磷酸盐去...     

载溴活性炭去除烟气中的单质汞

为提高活性炭对烟气中单质汞的吸附作用,利用溴对活性炭进行处理.通过对吸附容量和吸附动力学的测试,研究了载溴活性炭对气体中的单质汞的去除行为.结果表明,载溴可使活性炭对单质汞的吸附量显著增加,并加快对单质汞的吸附速率.实验条件下,当载溴量为0.33%时,活性炭对汞的饱合吸附量可增加约80倍,吸附容量达0.2mg/g;相对吸附系数增加了约40倍.溴负载量越高,吸附强化作用越显著.温度升高,载溴活性炭的吸附能力略有下降,烟气中的二氧化硫对单质汞的吸附速率略有抑制作用.     

Kinetics and equilibrium of adsorption of dissolved organic matter fractions from secondary effluent by fly ash

Fly ash was used as a low-cost adsorbent for removing dissolved organic matter (DOM) in secondary effluent. Batch experiments were conducted under various adsorbent dosages, pH, contact time, temperatures and DOM fractional characteristics. Under the optimum conditions of fly ash dosage of 15 g/L, temperature of 303 K and contact time of 180 min, a removal of 22.5% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 23.7% of UV-254, 25.9% of the trihalomethanes precursors in secondary effluent was obtained. The adsorption of DOM fractions onto fly ash all followed the pseudo second-order kinetic model, and the hydrophilic fraction adsorption by fly ash also fitted the intraparticle diffusion model quite well. Freundlich and Langmuir models were applicable to the fly ash adsorption and their constants were evaluated. The maximum adsorption capacities of the adsorptions revealed that fly ash was more effective in adsorbing hydrophilic fraction than the acidic fractions. Structure changes of the DOM fractions after fly ash adsorption were also characterized via spectrum analyzing. Those mechanisms presented critical step toward improved efficiencies of fly ash adsorption via further surface-modification.     

深圳市废弃物焚烧炉飞灰中二噁英含量水平和特征分析

采用同位素稀释的高分辨气相色谱/高分辨磁式质谱联用仪(HRGC/HRMS)对深圳市8所垃圾焚烧厂飞灰中二噁英进行准确定量检测,分析比较不同炉型、不同种类废弃物焚烧厂飞灰中的二噁英浓度水平和分布情况.结果发现8所废弃物焚烧炉飞灰中二噁英浓度差异较大,5所往复炉排生活垃圾焚烧炉样品中二噁英的质量浓度和TEQ浓度平均值都小于热解型医疗垃圾焚烧炉.两所不同的工业危险废物焚烧炉中,以烧废物矿油的立式筒焚烧炉的二噁英含量远大于以焚烧电路板为主的回转窑焚烧炉.不同焚烧炉飞灰中二噁英异构体的浓度分布具有相类似的特征,高氯代二噁英的含量明显高于低氯代二噁英同系物.不同的PCDD/Fs单体对I-TEQ的贡献率在不同的焚烧设备中十分相似,2,3,4,7,8-Pe CDF、1,2,3,7,8-Pe CDD、2,3,4,6,7,8-Hx CDF 3种单体是TEQ浓度的主要贡献单体.在布袋除尘器前喷淋活性炭能有效吸附烟气中二噁英,将其转移到飞灰中.本研究是首次针对深圳市运行中的废弃物焚烧炉进行飞灰中二噁英排放分析,为二噁英排放监控提供重要的基础数据.     

Metal chlorides loaded on activated carbon to capture elemental mercury

Activated carbon (AC) was considered to be an effective sorbent to control mercury in combustion systems. However, its capture capacity was low and it required a high carbon-to-mercury mass ratio. AC loaded with catalyst showed a high elemental mercury (Hg0) capture capacity due to large surface area of AC and high oxidization ability of catalyst. In this study, several metal chlorides and metal oxides were used to promote the sorption capacity of AC. As a result, metal chlorides were better than metal oxides loaded on AC to remove gaseous mercury. X-ray diffractometer (XRD), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and specific surface area by Brunauer- Emmett-Teller method (BET) analysis showed the main mechanisms: first, AC had an enormous surface area for loading enough MClx; second, Cl and MxOy were generated during pyrogenation of MClx; finally, there were lots of active elements such as Cl and MxOy which could react with elemental mercury and convert it to mercury oxide and mercury chloride. The HgO and HgCl2 might be released from AC’s porous structure by thermo regeneration. A catalytic chemisorption mechanism predominates the sorption process of elemental mercury. As Co and Mn were valence variable metal elements, their catalytic effect on Hg0 oxidization may accelerate both oxidation and halogenation of Hg0. The sorbents loaded with metal chlorides possessed a synergistic function of catalytic effect of valence variable metal and chlorine oxidation.     

粉煤灰提铝中间产物合成4A分子筛对氨氮的吸附行为研究

采用粉煤灰提铝中间产物合成4A分子筛,利用XRD、SEM、热重分析、化学成分分析、阳离子交换容量对4A分子筛进行表征.考察吸附时间、pH、分子筛投加量、氨氮初始浓度、共存阳离子对其吸附性能的影响,研究其对模拟废水中氨氮的吸附效果,并结合准二级动力学方程、吸附等温线研究吸附性能和机理.结果表明,初始浓度为50 mg·L~(-1)、4A分子筛投加量为5 g·L~(-1)、pH值为6~9、吸附时间为80 min时氨氮去除率可达71.34%;随着氨氮初始浓度升高,其去除率降低,吸附容量增加;共存阳离子Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)对NH_4~+有强烈的竞争吸附,Mg~(2+)无明显竞争作用.吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程和Freundlich模型.Langmuir吸附等温线显示最大吸附容量为20 mg·g~(-1).     

CeCl3/活性炭纤维去除模拟烟气中单质汞的实验研究

运用等量浸渍法制备了一系列CeCl3/ACF去除剂,研究了不同负载量、不同温度和不同烟气成分对其脱汞效果的影响,并采用BET和XRD 等手段对去除剂的理化性质进行了表征.结果表明,负载CeCl3后显著改善了活性碳纤维的脱汞能力,在本实验条件下,CeCl3的最佳负载量为5%(质量分数);当反应温度低于140°C时,去除剂的脱汞效率随着温度的升高而升高,当反应温度超过140°C后,去除效率随温度的升高而下降; 通过考察NO、SO2和水蒸气对ACF脱汞效果的影响发现,NO对单质汞脱除具有一定的促进作用,不同浓度的NO与单质汞的脱除效率之间存在正相关关系;SO2对单质汞的脱除具有抑制作用,且脱除效率随着SO2浓度的增加而下降;水蒸气对单质汞的脱除具有阻碍作用.     

粉煤灰对渗沥液氨氮的吸附试验及其动力学研究

为有效提高生活垃圾填埋场渗沥液的C/N,增加渗沥液的可生化性,应用粉煤灰吸附处理实际渗沥液中的氨氮,分别研究投加量,温度,pH值对吸附效果的影响,并在最佳吸附条件下对吸附过程进行动力学分析.结果表明,反应180min时,吸附达到平衡,氨氮去除率达到63.44%,单位吸附量为8.7428mg/g,可有效地调节渗沥液的营养比例,有利于生物处理作用;动力学数据拟合吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程;动边界模型推算表明,液膜扩散为吸附过程的速度控制步骤;采用Dünwald-Wagner公式,估算有效扩散系数(Dc)为3.058×10-9cm2/s.     

餐厨废油捕收剂浮选高炭粉煤灰

通过对餐厨废油进行处理,制备餐厨废油捕收剂用以处理高炭粉煤灰.分别采用机械活化试验确定高炭粉煤灰原灰的最佳机械活化时间,通过不同温度工况的浮选试验获得餐厨废油捕收剂的脱炭性能规律并同常规捕收剂煤油对比,通过FTIR、SEM、TG等技术对餐厨废油捕收剂和脱炭产物进行系统分析.结果表明：最佳机械活化时间为30min,最佳温度工况下,浮选炭热值可达到中高热值燃料要求,产物脱炭粉煤灰矿物成分可达到Ⅰ级粉煤灰标准.真正实现了"以废治废"和"变废为宝",对环境保护、节能减排和资源的综合利用有着重要意义.     

西维因在活性炭及草木灰上的吸附及解吸特性

在详细表征活性炭(AC)、草木灰(PA)和沉积物(S)表面性质及化学组成的基础上,研究他们对农药西维因的吸附等温线及吸附和解吸动力学特征.结果表明,化学组成类似,孔隙结构不同的碳吸附剂所遵循的吸附机理不同.介孔分布较多的AC吸附机理复杂,介孔分布较少的PA以线性分配作用为主,AC对西维因的吸附量远大于PA,表面积标化饱和吸附量显示,表面积是影响吸附量的关键因素.AC对西维因的解吸量远小于吸附量,与PA的解吸量相当,PA的解吸量与吸附量相近,且解吸动力学数据均能用准一级动力学方程拟合,说明以分配作用黏附于碳吸附剂上的西维因可能又以分配的形式解吸.沉积物(S)中掺混AC和PA后,对西维因的吸附量增加,解吸量降低,证明AC和PA均具有应用于污染沉积物治理的潜力,但复杂的沉积物体系使得吸附并非简单的叠加.     

粉煤灰合成NaA型沸石对重金属离子的吸附动力学

以粉煤灰为原料,采用两步法合成了单一沸石矿物种的NaA型沸石,对合成产物的结构和性能进行了表征.通过静态吸附实验,研究了NaA型沸石对水溶液中Cu(ΙΙ)、Cr(Ⅵ)和Zn(ΙΙ)离子的吸附特性,从动力学角度探讨了吸附机理.结果表明,在所研究的浓度和pH值条件下,NaA型沸石对3种重金属的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,静态饱和吸附量(Qm)分别为82.30,65.96,47.78mg/g;3种金属离子在水溶液中的存在方式和大小是影响它们吸附行为的主要因素,通过动边界模型推算表明:NaA型沸石对Cu(ΙΙ)和Zn(ΙΙ)离子的吸附过程的速度控制步骤为液膜扩散,对Cr(Ⅵ)离子的吸附过程的速度控制步骤为颗粒扩散,3种金属离子的吸附过程符合伪二级方程.     

Mercury adsorption characteristics of HBr-modified fly ash in an entrained-flow reactor

In this study, the mercury adsorption characteristics of HBr-modified fly ash in an entrained-flow reactor were investigated through thermal decomposition methods. The results show that the mercury adsorption performance of the HBr-modified fly ash was enhanced significantly. The mercury species adsorbed by unmodified fly ash were HgCl₂, HgS and HgO. The mercury adsorbed by HBr-modified fly ash, in the entrained-flow reactor, existed in two forms, HgBr₂ and HgO, and the HBr was the dominant factor promoting oxidation of elemental mercury in the entrained-flow reactor. In the current study, the concentration of HgBr₂ and HgO in ash from the fine ash vessel was 4.6 times greater than for ash from the coarse ash vessel. The fine ash had better mercury adsorption performance than coarse ash, which is most likely due to the higher specific surface area and longer residence time.     

Evaluation of zeolites synthesized from fly ash as potential adsorbents for wastewater containing heavy metals

Both pure-form zeolites (zeolites A and X) were synthesized by applying a two-stage method during hydrothermal treatment of fly ash prepared initial gel. The difference of adsorption capacity of both fly ash-synthesized zeolits was assessed under the same adsorption conditions. Copper and zinc were chosen as target heavy metal ions. It was found that adsorption capacity of zeolite A showed much higher value than that of zeolite X. Thus, attention was focused on investigating the removal performance of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution on the synthetic pure-form zeolite A from fly ash, zeolite HS (hydroxyl-solidate) prepared from the residual fly ash (after synthesis of pure-form zeolite A from fly ash) and a commercial grade zeolite A. Batch method was employed to study the influential parameters such as initial pH value, adsorbents dosage and adsorption temperature on the adsorption process. The equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir model and showed the affinity: Cu2+ > Zn2+ (adsorbent FA-ZA). The removal mechanism of metal ions followed adsorption and ion exchange processes. Attempts were also made to recover heavy metal ions and regenerate adsorbents (adsorbent FA-ZA).     

渗滤液浸沥下稳定化飞灰中重金属的浸出行为

稳定化飞灰与生活垃圾混合填埋过程中,在渗滤液浸沥作用下,存在稳定化飞灰中重金属溶出的风险.为探究渗滤液浸沥环境下稳定化飞灰中重金属的浸出行为,基于浸提实验,以填埋场早期、晚期渗滤液为浸提剂,研究了不同液固比（10：1、20：1、30：1、50：1、100：1、150：1、200：1）条件下磷酸稳定化飞灰、螯合剂稳定化飞灰中重金属（Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni）的浸出行为.结果表明：随着液固比的增加,浸出液中Cd、Cu和Zn浓度先上升后下降,在液固比20：1时达到最大值,Pb的浸出浓度随液固比的升高整体呈现缓慢增加的趋势,Cr、Ni浸出浓度变化较小,液固比对其影响不显著;Cd和Cu在早期渗滤液浸沥环境下更容易浸出,Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni在早期、晚期渗滤液浸沥环境下差别不大.在两种渗滤液浸沥环境下,螯合剂稳定化飞灰比磷酸稳定化飞灰具有更好的稳定性.     

黏土与粉煤灰吸附农村生活垃圾渗滤液的效能及机理

分别以黏土和粉煤灰作为吸附剂,研究单一材料下吸附时间、吸附剂投加量和渗滤液初始pH对农村生活垃圾渗滤液吸附效能的影响及吸附机理。综合考虑去除效果、运行成本及可操作性,选择吸附时间为180 min、吸附剂投加量为50 g/L、渗滤液初始pH为自然值(7.5~8.0)作为实际运行工况。结果表明:黏土对农村生活垃圾渗滤液中化学需氧量(COD_Cr)、氨氮(NH₃-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的去除率分别为25.58%、14.87%、41.63%和62.25%,粉煤灰为33.01%、18.18%、22.07%和60.46%;黏土对重金属Cr、As、Cd、Ni和Pb的去除率分别为13.04%、43.34%、60.24%、47.52%和61.77%,粉煤灰为10.53%、31.52%、84.30%、65.73%和68.65%。黏土和粉煤灰对渗滤液中污染物的等温吸附较符合Freundlich模型,化学吸附在多种吸附作用中占主导作用。