基于预应力杆的空间桁架天线固有频率调节技术

目的研究预应力杆对大型空间桁架天线固有频率影响,提出采用作动器实时对在轨空间天线低阶固有频率进行调整,主动避免共振现象发生。方法针对大型空间桁架天线结构有限元模型,采用降温法对桁架杆施加预应力,重点分析预应力大小、预应力杆位置、预应力杆数量对整体结构固有频率的影响。结果增加预应力大小、合理布置预应力杆位置、增加预应力杆数量能够增加空间桁架天线固有频率的改变率。结论合理优化空间桁架天线上预应力杆,可实现对在轨运行的空间桁架天线低阶固有频率实时调整,可为空间桁架天线避振设计提供参考。     

结构可靠性的概率设计法综述

摘 要：【目的】概率设计法是结构可靠性设计法的核心。【方法】结构可靠性设计法按其提出时基于的表述方式可以分为非概率设计法,概率设计法。【结果】概率设计法具备可靠高效地满足工程实际需求的能力,因而倍受研究人员青睐。【结论】综述了目前国际上结构可靠性设计法领域现有的概率设计法,讨论了具有代表性的概率设计法的形式、优缺点和适用范围,展望了概率设计法的发展趋势。     

不确定性条件下地下水污染监测井网优化设计——基于XGBoost替代模型

在地下水污染监测井网优化设计中,应用模拟优化方法时客观存在的模型参数不确定性往往会影响到设计监测井网的可靠性.针对该问题,重点考虑了渗透系数和污染源释放强度的不确定性,应用模拟优化方法和蒙特卡罗方法求解上述不确定性参数影响下的最优监测井布设方案.为缓解蒙特卡罗方法多次调用模拟模型所产生的巨大计算负荷,本研究建立了XGBoost替代模型,代替模拟模型与优化模型进行耦合.为提高监测井网对实际污染羽的监测精度,污染监测井网优化模型以监测空间矩误差极小化为优化目标.此外,本次研究还考虑了监测井网设计中污染源释放强度的动态变化过程.最后,以抚顺市某煤矸石堆放场地为基础建立假想例子,验证所提方法的有效性.结果表明:1.XGBoost能够有效近似模拟模型的输入输出关系,显著降低了计算负荷.2.空间矩能够有效评估监测井网插值污染羽和实际污染羽的逼近程度,优化设计后的监测井网能够较为准确地捕捉到实际污染羽的状态.3.模拟优化方法结合蒙特卡罗方法能有效求解不确定性条件下最优监测井网的设计问题.本文为地下水污染监测井网设计提供了一种稳定可靠的方法.     

基于重要抽样法的耐压球壳可靠性计算方法研究

目的 解决耐压球壳极小失效概率的可靠性计算问题。方法 在自适应Kriging的基础上,结合重要抽样法提出耐压球壳可靠性计算方法。该方法在较大失效概率下构建的Kriging模型基础上获得重要方向,在重要方向上计算得到较低失效概率下的设计点,以设计点为中心,构建小失效概率的Kriging模型,并通过此模型采用重要抽样法开展可靠性计算。结果 分别使用提出的重要抽样法和蒙特卡洛法计算了2个算例的失效概率,计算结果表明,该方法具有较高的精度和效率。使用该方法对某耐压球壳工作载荷下的失效概率进行了计算,计算得到该球壳失效概率为4.094×10^–96。结论 研究结果可为无失效方程下极低失效概率的可靠性计算问题提供参考。     

结构可靠性的概率设计法综述

综述了目前国际上结构可靠性设计法领域现有的概率设计法,如随机有限元法、一阶及二阶可靠性设计法、蒙特卡罗法及拉丁超立方采样法、随机过程及随机场。讨论了具有代表性的概率设计法,如多项式混沌扩展法及KL变换。基于随机过程概念的随机扩展法具有良好的分析收敛特性,直接采用随机扩展法进行随机分析是一种高效的可靠性解算方法。Karhunen和Loeve基于由协方差函数导出的正交坐标函数,分别对连续时间过程进行了描述,KL变换能有效减少相关数据集的维度。当协方差函数已知时,可采用KL扩展法表征不确定性系统的随机特征;而当结构响应的协方差函数未知时,可采用PCE代替KL扩展法来表示这种类型的不确定性。出于对工程系统性能的严格要求,安全及可靠性余量的进一步缩小,加之严酷的市场竞争等因素,结构可靠性的概率设计法将迅速在多学科设计领域中得到广泛应用并产生显著的工程及经济效益,有力地推动我国装备质量的跨越式发展。     

粒子群算法在锚拉桩桩身参数优化设计中的应用

锚拉桩结构的桩身设计参数组合的求解是锚拉桩优化设计的重要内容,在所有满足要求的设计参数组合中,必定存在一组设计参数,可使锚拉桩的造价最低,因此获得这组设计参数对于锚拉桩桩身设计具有十分显著的工程实用价值。基于粒子群优化算法(PSO)的特点,通过一个滑坡治理的工程实例,以单位宽度的滑坡土体设置的锚拉桩的造价作为目标函数,对锚拉桩的桩截面宽b、桩截面长a、桩身长l、桩间距d这4个关键设计参数进行迭代搜索求解;采用MATLAB编写PSO的计算程序,并创建粒子群优化算法(PSO)的用户图形界面(GUI),即PSO-GUI,获得4个关键设计参数的组合;应用Visual C++编程计算优化前和优化后的锚拉桩桩身内力和变形,并与各自的桩身内力设计值和变形允许值进行比较。结果表明:在安全储备相同的条件下,两种参数组合设计的锚拉桩桩身内力和变形均在安全控制范围之内,但优化后设计的锚拉桩与优化前设计的相比,还能节省一定的工程造价,可取得较好的经济效益,且PSO的优化效果明显,也说明采用PSO对锚拉桩桩身进行优化设计具有可行性,为锚拉桩的优化设计提供了新的思路和借鉴。     

大型环保项目中工程管理模型设计优化研究

为了提高大型环保项目工程管理的有效性,优化大型环保项目的资本结构,降低项目的风险投资因素,进行大型环保项目中工程管理模型优化设计,提出基于博弈策略和收益均衡的大型环保项目工程管理模型。构建大型环保项目的成本-收益-社会效益的均衡博弈模型,采用变量相关性分析方法进行项目工程管理的资产优化配比,结合市场化效益因素进行项目资本内部结构优化,实现工程管理的资本结构和资源分配的优化重组。     

基于蒙特卡洛法的曲轴结构优化分析

目的:为减轻曲轴质量,对16缸V型柴油机的曲轴进行结构优化。方法:首先,按照柴油机真实的工作环境对曲轴单个曲柄的有限元模型进行边界条件和力的加载,求解获得最大应力及最大位移的数值及位置;然后,建立垂直曲柄中心截面的2D有限元模型,在等效加载的情况下应用ANSYS计算最大应力及位移,计算结果同三维模型进行比较,证明2D截面网格的计算合理性;最后,运用ANSYS PDS模块,基于蒙特卡洛抽样方法,对单位曲柄进行主要尺寸优化。结果:主轴颈直径150 mm、曲柄销直径125 mm、圆角半径4.5 mm时单曲柄质量降低3.37 kg,整个曲轴质量降低26.99 kg,到达优化的目的。结论:证明了二维模型替代三维模型的合理性以及运用蒙特卡洛法进行结构优化的可行性,为今后的曲轴优化提供了参考。     

离散型多准则最优化决策模型在NEQDSS中的应用

离散型多准则最优化决策模型(简称DMODM)是解决由有限决策变量离散取值生成的、评价准则为多个的一类决策优化问题的模型。与目前常见的决策模型或方法相比,该模型具有适应性强、交互式过程、吸收决策者的参与以及离散性和求解速度快等特点。本文简要地介绍了该模型的原理及其两种求解方法,并具体描述了国家环境质量决策支持系统(简称NEQDSS)选择该模型的依据、决策过程、具体数学模型的选择与匹配、决策控制变量确定与取值,以及决策目标确定和交互式过程等应用情况。最后对该模型在NEQDSS中的应用效果作了总结评价。     

基于应力–强度干涉模型的分离螺母可靠性分析

目的 提出一种基于应力强度干涉模型的分离螺母的分离可靠性分析方法。方法 首先,建立分离螺母机构分离动力学模型和极限状态函数。然后,在考虑工作载荷、几何尺寸和药剂燃烧参数等参数不确定性的基础上,建立分离螺母不同分离阶段的基于应力–强度干涉模型的可靠性模型。最后,对分离螺母进行可靠性和灵敏度分析,量化工作载荷、几何尺寸和火药燃烧参数对分离螺母机构分离可靠性的重要性排序。结果 影响可靠性的主要参数依次为火药力、装药密度和预紧力。结论 该方法能够准确描述不确定性因素对分离螺母分离过程可靠性的影响,提升分离螺母机构分离可靠性定量分析的精度和效率,可为分离螺母的精细化设计提供支撑。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.