BAF组合工艺处理含油废水研究进展

阐述了含油废水的来源和特点,以及含油废水的现有处理方法。含油废水属于污染物浓度高、成分复杂、较难处理的工业废水,难以用单一的处理技术净化。从CAST-BAF组合、A/O-BAF和A2/O-BAF组合、水解酸化—BAF组合、气浮—BAF组合、臭氧—BAF组合、MBR-BAF组合、EGSB-BAF组合、BAC-BAF组合、SF-BAF组合、ABR-BAF组合和超滤反渗透—BAF组合11个方面综述了BAF组合工艺处理含油废水的最新研究进展。针对BAF组合工艺在含油废水处理中存在的问题,提出应加强对脱氮除磷的微生物学机理研究,继续探索现有含油废水BAF组合技术的工艺参数,对某些工艺进行深入研究,全面掌握可能存在的问题,积极开发新型含油废水BAF组合工艺。同时为完善BAF组合工艺的除油和降解有机污染物的机理做出努力。     

套管保护液对钻井废水处理效果的影响＊

通过研究高含硫气田钻井完井后套管保护液对钻井废水处理效果的影响,可知:采用混凝/二次絮凝/吸附工艺处理不含套管保护液的钻井废水时,出水COD<150 mg/L;当套管保护液加量>0.5 mL/L时,出水中COD随套管保护液用量增加而急剧升高,远大于150 mg/L;采用混凝/吸附/微电解组合工艺处理含套管保护液的完井钻井废水,出水COD<150 mg/L,满足GB 8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准的要求。     

生物固定床处理混凝后乳化液出水

乳化液废水可生化性较差,为处理带来了很大难度。为解决混凝破乳后乳化液仍然存在的超标排放问题,采用自行设计的固定床生物接触氧化装置,使用生物载体聚氨酯填料,处理混凝后的乳化液出水。结果表明,室温下在进水COD浓度8. 35×10~3mg/L,曝气溶解氧含量5 mg/L,进水p H为7时,停留时间9天,最佳填料投配率50%及悬浮污泥浓度5 500 mg/L状况下,此装置出水COD去除率可达到95%。为了提高废水可生化性,采用3种自行研制的生物调节剂,并确定最佳使用量,结果表明在3号生物调节剂投加量为2. 97×10~(-3)kg BOD/L时效果最佳,达到相同COD去除停留时间减少至5天,最终处理后出水达到《污水排入城镇下水道控制项目限值》(GB/T 31962-2015) C级标准。该方法处理混凝后乳化液出水效果理想,配合生物调节剂的使用能提高废水可生化性,有效缩短反应的停留时间。     

混凝沉降-微电解-催化氧化法处理钻井废水

采用混凝沉降-微电解-催化氧化法对钻井废水进行处理,筛选出最佳的工艺条件。实验结果表明,该法可使原水的CODCr从5846 mg/L降至150 mg/L以下,色度去除率达到100%,出水达到排放标准。混凝沉降-微电解-催化氧化法对于处理高CODCr、高色度钻井废水是行之有效的,具有广阔的应用前景。     

多级A/O工艺设计及其在应急污水处理工程中的应用

为有效缓解资阳市第二污水处理厂现状处理能力不足导致的污水溢流问题,改善周边水生态环境,新建了规模为5000 m³/d的应急污水处理工程。该工程采用“多级A/O+磁混凝沉淀”组合工艺,对其中的多级A/O工艺段进行了深化设计,并对本项目的实际运行效果进行了分析。深化设计结果表明,多级A/O反应器级数宜采用2级,流量分配比宜为7∶3,污泥回流比宜为100%。运行期间的监测数据表明,出水指标均满足《四川省岷江、沱江流域水污染物排放标准》(DB51/2311-2016),其中的COD_Cr、TP和TN的去除率分别为96.6%、97.6%和87.2%。通过设置初段硝化液回流,充分发挥初级缺氧池的脱氮能力,使多级A/O工艺的脱氮效率得到了强化。该项目采用的组合工艺简单有效,出水效果好,为城市溢流污水的高标准排放提供了一种更优选择。     

绢纺废水处理提升改造工程

在现有废水处理设施/构筑物基础上进行提升改造工程,技改后处理能力为200 m³/d,采用“水解沉淀+A_N/O+二沉池+混凝气浮”处理工艺。运行结果表明,COD_Cr,BOD₅,NH₃-N,TN,TP的去除率分别达到了95.9%,97.9%,94.6%,93.0%,95.5%,出水满足GB 4287—2012《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》中间接排放标准,处理效果良好。     

含铜废水处理技术现状

含铜废水主要来源于工业生产过程,如不经过适当处理排入环境,将给环境带来极大危害。含铜废水的主要处理方法有化学沉淀法、离子交换法、电解法等。由于各生产过程不同,废水中铜的存在状态与价态都各有差异,对于不同类型含铜废水的处理应依据废水性质,选用不同工艺或工艺组合对废水进行处理,以满足排放标准的要求。同时在处理含铜废水时,应考虑处理后出水的回用和废水中铜的资源化问题。     

物化——生化工艺处理印染废水的研究

本文介绍了采用常用混凝剂对毛巾印染废水的脱色及有机物去除进行的试验探讨和混凝气浮工艺参数,并应用混凝气浮——生物转盘——气浮工艺处理毛巾印染废水取得了良好的处理效果。     

混凝沉降-生物膜法处理制革废水

采用混凝沉降-生物膜法处理蓝湿牛皮制革废水。工程实践证明:该法对废水COD和BOD的去除率可达94%以上,且对废水的脱色效果良好,是一种合理有效的处理皮革废水工艺路线。     

强化混凝工艺深度处理含聚采油废水

利用强化混凝工艺对含聚采油废水进行深度处理。在以PFS作为主混凝剂,Potenflo1315和Potenflo1365作为助凝剂的强化混凝实验中,分别考察了pH值、PFS投加浓度以及有机助凝剂Potenflo1365和Potenflo1315的投加浓度对含聚采油废水的处理效果。实验结果表明:在pH值为5.0时,当投加浓度为150 mg/L的PFS与2.5 mg/L的Potenflo1365复配后,对含聚采油废水的处理效果最佳,COD_(Cr)去除率达到88.8%,浊度去除率达到98.1%,经处理后废水主要指标可以达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.