退化沙质草地恢复过程土壤颗粒组成变化对土壤-植被系统稳定性的影响

通过对不同恢复程度的6个退化沙质草地群落样地的土壤取样,分析了土壤颗粒组成,进行了饱和持水量和土壤粘结力与结持性能的室内试验与测定.结果表明:在退化最为严重和沙漠化程度最高的群落1,土壤颗粒组成以0.25～0.10 nm的细砂和0.50～0.25 mm的中砂等粗粒成分为主,其质量分数分别为77.62%和19.02%;而0.10～0.05 mm的极细砂和<0.05 mm的粘粉粒等细粒成分的质量分数极低,分别为1.65%和1.67%.土壤颗粒组成的这种特征是沙漠化过程土壤各级颗粒受到强烈分选、土壤组成粗粒化的反映.退化沙质草地恢复过程土壤颗粒组成的变化主要表现为:粘粉粒和极细砂质量分数显著上升,在恢复程度最高的群落6分别达到了16.27%和27.38%;细砂质量分数则显著降低,在恢复程度最高的群落6下降到33.85%.极细砂和粘粉粒能够提高土壤持水能力,其质量分数每提高1%,相当于使土壤饱和持水质量分数分别提高0.18%和0.32%;增强土壤的粘结力和抗风蚀能力,是土壤基质的稳定剂,其质量分数每提高1%,相当于使土壤粘结力分别提高0.078 3 kg·cm-2和0.1363 kg·cm-3.退化沙质草地恢复过程土壤颗粒组成变化是土壤-植被系统互馈作用、良性发展的指示器,其生态意义在于:引起水分人渗和分配变化,使表层土壤截存的降水量增加,有利于浅根系草本植被发育,而深层土壤水分补给减少,沙地旱化;使土壤基质的黏结力和结持性能增强,稳定性增强,抗风蚀能力提高,进一步推动土壤-植被系统的良性发展,加速恢复进程.     

除草剂使它隆对土壤酶活性及呼吸强度的影响

通过室内避光培养法研究了添加不同质量分数使它隆对土壤酶活性、土壤呼吸强度以及土壤全酚的影响.结果表明使它隆在0.5 mg·kg-1和5 mg·kg-1质量分数时对土壤多酚氧化酶、酸性磷酸酶和呼吸强度的影响为轻微抑制-激活-恢复稳定的趋势,50 mg·kg-1质量分数时为轻微激活-抑制-恢复稳定的趋势;使它隆在0.5 mg·kg-1和50 mg·kg-1质量分数时对土壤脲酶活性的影响为激活-恢复稳定的趋势,5 mg·kg-1时则处于抑制-激活的趋势;各质量分数的使它隆浓度对土壤蔗糖酶和土壤全酚均为抑制作用,且质量分数越大抑制越强烈.研究表明,施用一定量的使它隆对土壤生态环境是安全的.     

坝上高原栗钙土退化的一些特征

坝上高原生境脆弱与人为不合理活动的叠加影响,导致票钙土退化。表现为土壤代换量降低,养分含量减少,有机复合体破坏;松结合态、稳结合仓和紧结合态腐殖质下降,其下降率依序为21％～34％、44％～55．5％和5％～62％。     

沿海侵蚀台地不同恢复阶段土壤团聚体组成及其与丛枝菌根真菌的关系

生态恢复是防治土壤侵蚀、恢复地带性植被并实现可持续发展的重要措施。丛枝菌根真菌能够促进土壤团聚体的形成和稳定,进而改良土壤结构,对退化生态系统的恢复和重建具有重要作用。通过分析小良沿海侵蚀台地不同恢复阶段(裸地—桉树林—阔叶混交林—次生林)土壤团聚体组成、细根生物量、微生物群落结构以及球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白(Glomalin-Related Soil Protein,GRSP)质量分数等指标,探讨沿海侵蚀台地植被恢复过程中土壤团聚体组成及其与丛枝菌根真菌的潜在关系。结果表明,(1)随着植被恢复的进行,土壤大团聚体(粒径2 000μm)含量、土壤结构稳定性指数(平均质量直径,Mean Weight Diameter,MWD)、细根生物量、各微生物生物量以及总GRSP(Total GRSP,T-GRSP)质量分数均有所增加。(2)丛枝菌根真菌生物量与细根生物量、各微生物类群生物量以及T-GRSP质量分数间均呈显著的正相关关系。(3)土壤中细根生物量、各微生物类群生物量以及T-GRSP质量分数与其MWD、大团聚体含量呈显著正相关关系。可见,在植被恢复过程中,丛枝菌根真菌能够促进大团聚体的形成与稳定,进而增强土壤结构稳定性,其机制可能在于丛枝菌根真菌生物量的增加能够促进其分泌更多的GRSP,并提高土壤微生物量和细根生物量。     

铝对土壤微生物区系组成的影响

通过大豆盆栽试验,研究了金属铝对土壤微生物区系组成的影响。结果表明,当铝质量分数<1.1 g/kg时,土壤细菌、放线菌的数量随着铝质量分数的增加而增加;当铝质量分数>1.1 g/kg时,土壤细菌、放线菌的数量随着铝质量分数的增加而减少。铝对丝状真菌的生长具有明显的促进作用。在低质量分数下,铝对土壤氨化细菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌具有一定的刺激作用;当质量分数>1.1 g/kg时,则表现为抑制作用,最大抑制率分别达48%、96%和95%;土壤硝化细菌、反硝化细菌可以作为铝污染土壤生态环境的指示菌。自生固氮菌的数量随铝质量分数的升高而逐渐下降。铝对土壤微生物区系产生抑制作用的临界质量分数在1.3 g/kg左右。     

农牧交错带草地植被土壤氮磷比季节动态及相关分析

近年来,典型草原面临严重的退化和沙化,草地生产力低下。了解典型草原植被土壤养分季节动态,尤其是植被土壤N:P的季节变化,有助于指示植被缺素状态。因此,以北方农牧交错带典型草原为研究对象,探讨植物-土壤N:P比季节变化,并分析植物土壤N:P比之间的关系,调查草地群落地上生物量的月动态变化,为合理利用与科学管理草原提供理论依据。结果表明,随着生长季温度的升高和降雨量的增加,草地植物群落地上生物量也不断增加,在8月份达到峰值后开始下降。植物N、P质量分数随生长季的推进而显著降低(P0.01),且与月份呈极显著负相关(P0.01),而N:P与月份呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。土壤N、P质量分数和N:P的变化情况与植物相似,表现为土壤总N、P质量分数随生长季的推进而显著降低(P0.01),且与月份呈极显著负相关(P0.01),而总N:P与月份呈极显著正相关(P=0.0008)。就土壤有效N、P质量分数和N:P的动态变化来看,土壤有效N质量分数随生长季的推进显著下降(P0.01),而有效P也具有下降趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05);但有效N、P质量分数及其N:P均与月份呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。植物N:P与土壤总N:P呈显著正相关关系(r~2=0.42,P=0.026),而与土壤有效N:P呈极显著负相关关系(r~2=0.62,P0.01),且与有效N:P的相关性更高。综上所述,土壤总N:P和有效N:P均可反映植物N:P的情况,土壤有效N:P能更好地反映植物的缺素状态。     

青海三江源区植被退化对土壤养分和微生物区系的影响

采用化学分析法、微生物平皿分离计数和形态鉴定技术研究了青海三江源地区天然与退化植被下的土壤养分和微生物生态特征。结果表明,随着三江源地区天然草地植被退化,土壤有机质含量急剧下降,退化高山草甸土的有机质平均含量为14.85gkg-1,较天然高山草甸土的平均含量降低54.3%,较高山草原土和沼泽化草甸土分别降低74.5%和90.7%,其他养分含量也有不同程度的降低,土壤养分状况明显恶化.不同类型植被下土壤微生物区系特征变化显著,退化高山草甸土的细菌、真菌、放线菌(GA)平均数量分别为8.8×106、9.5×103、8.1×105cfug-1,较天然高山草甸土降低65.8%、46.6%、57.3%,较高山草原土降低37.1%、23.3%、62.6%,较沼泽化草甸土降低90.3%、48.1%、69.6%;退化草地土壤微生物组成较天然草地更为简单,退化高山草甸土的真菌种类数明显降低,土壤放线菌组成趋于简单化,其小单孢菌和其他菌属所占比例明显低于天然草地.三江源高寒湿地生态系统中土壤养分与微生物数量之间存在密切关系,土壤全磷对微生物数量影响最大.     

不同退化程度喀斯特生态系统根际土壤的养分分布特征

以贵州中部喀斯特地区由乔木林、灌木林和灌草丛等不同退化程度生态系统中的优势物种根际土壤为研究对象,测定其C、N、P全量及有效态质量分数,分析各优势物种根际土壤的养分变化。结果表明：3个生态系统中不同优势物种根际各类土壤养分质量分数变化较大,其中,土壤C、N、P养分为乔木林中园果化香根际土壤质量分数最高,白枥根际养分质量分数最低。可溶性有机碳质量分数为乔木林中最低,其平均水平不超过10 mg·kg-1。土壤磷素的供给能力为乔木林的园果化香和刺秋相对较强,其中园果化香中达到1.5%。而且优势树种间根际土壤有效态养分质量分数的差异明显高于全量养分,说明喀斯特地区根际土壤养分差异性主要受植被因素的影响,土壤有效态养分较全量养分对植被群落演替的响应更为灵敏,而且根际土壤养分质量分数和形态的变化与土壤有机碳质量分数有显著的正相关关系,这进一步说明喀斯特地区植被类型的变化对土壤养分的循环利用具有重要的影响作用。     

交替冻融对东北典型土壤腐殖质的影响

以受季节性冻融过程影响显著的东北地区的黑土、暗棕壤和水稻土为例,采用实验室模拟的方法,研究交替冻融循环过程（分别在-20℃和20℃下处理）对土壤腐殖质的影响。研究表明：交替冻融后,黑土和暗棕壤松结态腐殖质质量分数分别增加了39%和28%,HA/FA分别上升了45%和35%;水稻土松结态腐殖质质量分数和HA/FA分别下降了18%和31%。三维荧光结果进一步验证,黑土、暗棕壤在交替冻融中土壤芳香化程度增高,HA/FA上升,而水稻土则相反。黑土和暗棕壤松结态腐殖质和HA/FA升高,主要是微生物分解作用和土壤大团聚体破坏等原因造成,水稻土松结态腐殖质和HA/FA降低,主要是水稻土的缺氧环境造成。     

湿地土壤动物及其与湿地恢复的关系

土壤动物是湿地生态系统物质循环和能量流动的关键环节,也是湿地生态系统演化的重要驱动因子,湿地土壤动物的动态变化可以作为湿地退化和恢复响应的重要生态指标。近年来基于湿地土壤动物群落生态学的单一研究颇多,对湿地土壤动物及其与环境因子关系的研究亦取得了长足进展,但关于湿地土壤动物和湿地退化与恢复的研究鲜有报道。本文论述了湿地土壤动物在湿地恢复过程的机制和优势,阐述了湿地土壤动物研究现状与进展,表明湿地土壤动物是湿地生态系统和湿地生物多样性的重要组成部分,已成为湿地恢复的重要指标。通过分析湿地土壤动物及其与湿地恢复的关系,认为湿地土壤动物的动态变化可以较好地反映退化和恢复过程中生态功能的变化,建议深入探索土壤动物对湿地退化和恢复的响应机制。关于土壤动物对湿地生态指示功能的研究,是恢复生态学和湿地重建领域未来需要研究解决的一个重要问题,是研究人为干扰过程以及湿地恢复过程中土壤动物变化规律的关键。今后要进一步融合土壤动物和整个湿地生态系统的研究为一体,把不同强度干扰下湿地土壤动物生态学及其与不同土地利用方式下土壤质量及湿地植被结合起来,从土壤动物群落特征变化角度阐明湿地生态系统对不同强度干扰的响应机制,为深入探索不同强度干扰下湿地生态系统的退化过程和机制,从而为退化湿地恢复与部分重建的生物学与生态学基础提供科学依据。     

Zur Humusausstattung ostbayerischer Mittelgebirgsböden

Background

Important properties and processes of soils are influenced by their humus contents. Therefore knowledge about the humus status of soils is an important requirement for a meaningful evaluation on dynamics and risk potentials.

Aim

Based on the extensive database of the Bavarian Environment Agency typical humus content and humus storage are compiled for soils of the Bavarian and Upper Palatinate Fores. Their importance for questions on soil and environment is estimated.

Results and Discussion

The evaluation revealed rising soil organic matter with an increasing cool and moist climate on the mountains of the Bavarian and Upper Palatinate Forest. This is particularly true for the mineral soil above 600 m above sea-level, where more organic matter is stored than in the humus layer. Depending on altitude the calculated total humus stock of soils varies between 12 and 40 kg^*m^?2, which means medium to very high humus contents. The highest humus stock occur between 900 and 1200 m above sea-level, where intensively rooted ‘Lockerbraunerden’ are prevailing. The somewhat lower humus content in soils above 1200 m above sea-level (about 5 kg^* m^?2) is explained by a shallow indurated horizon, that reduce the rooting to the upper 3–5 decimetres. The even though considerable humus stock of this concrete like indurated horizon is therefore explained by infiltration. The remarkable thickness of organic layers above 1200 m above sea-level is probably not only a result of climate, but also of a difficult decomposition of the prevailing spruce litters.

Conclusions

The high contents of organic matter in the examined soil should release appreciable amounts of CO₂ if there will be a change in climate. Furthermore a decomposition of humus may considerably worsen the supply with water and nutrients on these sites.     

环青海湖固沙治理区与流动沙丘土壤特征研究

选择了青海湖沙区的防沙区、流动沙丘及天然草地,对土壤的全N、全P、全K、pH值、有机质及土壤机械组成的分布特征开展研究,初步取得以下结果：治理区与流动沙丘的养分含量均较低。湖东、沙岛、鸟岛区的有机质含量属于强变异,沙岛的含磷量存在强度变异,其它指标均属于中等变异。生态监测站的天然草地有机质、含氮量及含磷量均高于克土、湖东、沙岛与鸟岛。青海湖沙区土壤呈碱性,各防沙区的沙土pH值均高于草地。鸟岛与克土的流动沙丘（0～30 cm）分别是细沙、中沙含量最高,克土的草方格内（0～30 cm）的粒度分布为中沙含量〉细沙〉粗沙。湖东种羊场的草方格与沙岛治理区（0～30 cm）的均表现为细沙〉中沙〉粗沙。生态监测站的围封天然草地（0～25 cm）粒径〈0.05 mm的土壤颗粒占绝大部分。     

Ecology, management and monitoring of grey dunes in Flanders

Grey dunes are a priority habitat type of the European Union Habitats Directive and demand special attention for conservation and management. Knowledge of the ecology of coastal grey dunes can contribute to this policy. Dune grassland succession is initiated by fixation and driven by the complex of soil formation (humus accumulation) and vegetation development. Leaching and mobilization of CaCO₃. which are important in nutrient dynamics, complicate the picture. At present, grass- and scrub encroachment greatly overrules these fine scaled soil processes and causes substantial loss of regional biodiversity. Belgium has an international responsibility in grey dune conservation because of the limited range of its characteristic vegetation, flora and fauna. As biomass removal seems essential in grassland preservation, grazing is an important management tool. Evaluation of management measures focuses on biodiversity measurements on the levels of landscape, community and species.     

Comparative effects of different maize straw returning modes on soil humus composition and humic acid structural characteristics in Northeast China

In order to evaluate the effects of different maize straw returning modes on humus composition and humic acid (HA) structural, a field experiment was designed to have five treatments, i.e. Treatment CK (no straw returned), Treatment EIS (straw incorporated evenly into the soil using the crashing-ridging technique), Treatment SP (straw plowed into the soil), Treatment SM (straw returned as mulch) and Treatment SG (straw returned as pellets). Our results showed that Treatment EIS significantly increased the content of soil organic carbon (SOC), soil humus substances (HEC), soil humic acid carbon (HAC) and fulvic acid carbon (FAC) by 27.8%, 47.6%, 63.3% and 33.8%, respectively, as compared with CK. Among all the straw returning treatments, Treatment EIS was the most significant in effect of increasing the content of HEC, HAC and FAC. Moreover, Treatment EIS altered the composition of humus more significantly than all the other treatments, by increasing the proportion of alkyl C and the ratio of aliphatic C/aromatic C. These results suggest that straw returning accelerated the accumulation of soil organic C and various components of humus, significantly improved the structure of soil HA, with the practice of EIS in particular.     

A simulation model for organic phosphorus transformation in a forest soil ecosystem

A numerical model which simulates the decomposition of litter and mineralization and immobilization of P in the humus layer of a temperate forest (beech site of Solling) is described. The model takes into account the effect of moisture, temperature and C/N ratio. The simulated concentration of P in the effluent of the humus layer agrees well with the measured values. The model predicts an increase in the C/P ratio of the unde-composed litter with time and that there is no direct mineralization of P from litter without passing through a microbial body. The net rate of mineralization is, however, always positive with its highest peak in July. Maximum immobilization of P from solution occurs in June and the minimum in January.The model is stable against changes in the litter input, its C/P ratio and other initial conditions, but it is very sensitive to changes in the efficiency factor which represents the fraction of decomposed C incorporated into microbial tissue. This is a site-specific model but can be used for grassland or agricultural systems with changes in certain parameters.     

南海北部海域底泥微生物的腐殖质还原性能研究

微生物的腐殖质还原过程自1996年发现以来,日益成为环境领域的一个研究热点。以南海北部海域的8个底泥为实验材料,利用蒽醌-2,6,-双磺酸（AQDS）为腐殖质模式物,初步探讨了南海北部8个底泥培养物对腐殖质的还原能力,并探讨了驯化后的8个底泥微生物对腐殖质的还原过程。结果发现：从南海北部深海海域到海陆交接的香港米浦红树林的8个底泥样品培养液均能很好的还原AQDS;驯化后的8个站点底泥微生物对腐殖质还原的能力有所不同,在48 h,E425站点培养液中的OD450只有0.74,其余7个站点培养液中的OD450都在2.0~3.0之间,推测其原因是8个站点中腐殖质还原微生物的数量具有明显差异,使得各站点的OD450差异很大。研究结果为认知腐殖质还原微生物的分布和探究腐殖质还原微生物在环境中的生态学意义提供重要的理论依据。     

Climatic/edaphic controls on soil carbon/nitrogen response to shrub encroachment in desert grassland.

The proliferation of woody plants in grasslands over the past 100+ years can alter carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles and influence land surface-atmosphere interactions. Although the majority of organic carbon in these ecosystems resides belowground, there is no consensus on how this change in land cover has affected soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) pools. The degree to which duration of woody plant occupation, climate, and edaphic conditions have mediated SOC and TN responses to changes in life-form composition are poorly understood. We addressed these issues at a desert grassland site in Arizona, USA, where the leguminous shrub velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina) has proliferated along an elevation/precipitation/temperature gradient and on contrasting soil morphologic surfaces. On sandy loam complexes of mid-Holocene origin, mean SOC and TN of soils in the grassland matrix increased approximately 68% and approximately 45%, respectively, with increasing elevation. Soil organic carbon pools were comparable and TN pools were approximately 23% higher in Pleistocene-aged clay loam complexes co-occurring with Holocene-aged soils at the upper elevation/climatic zone. Across the site, belowground resources associated with large Prosopis plants were 21-154% (SOC) and 18-127% (TN) higher than those in the grassy matrix. The variance in SOC and TN pools accounted for by Prosopis stem size (a rough surrogate for time of site occupation) was highest at the low- and mid-elevation sites (69-74%) and lowest at the upper elevation site (32-38%). Soil delta15N values ranged from 5.5 per thousand to 6.7 per thousand across the soil/elevation zones but were comparable in herbaceous and shrub-impacted soils and exhibited a weak relationship with Prosopis basal stem diameter (r2 < 0.1) and TN (r2 < 0.08). The SOC delta13C values decreased linearly with increasing Prosopis basal diameter, suggesting that size and isotopic composition of the SOC pool is a function of time of Prosopis site occupation. Isotopic mixture models indicate that encroachment of C3 woody plants has also promoted SOC additions from C4 plant sources, indicative of long-term herbaceous facilitation. Grassy sites in contrasting soil/elevation combinations, initially highly distinctive in their SOC pool size and delta13C, appear to be converging on similar values following approximately 100 years of woody plant proliferation.     

西湖沉积物有机质特征

分析了西湖沉积物腐殖质的组成及腐殖酸的红光谱特性,结果显示西湖沉积物腐殖质具有典型的湖泊沉积物腐质特征,腐殖化程度较高;结合形分析表明,腐殖质中：胡敏素〉胡敏酸〉富里酸〉脂类,钱塘江引水工程、水面种植荷花明显改变了沉积物有机质的构成,对西湖的碳和富营养化状况有显著影响。     

Variationen der Nährstoff-und Schwermetallgehalte in Böden

This article investigates the variations of nutrient (phosphorus (P) and potassium (K)) and heavy metal contents in soils. Therefore, selected regions in Eifel and Hunsrueck (region around Trier) were examined. The data base consists of more than 100.000 existing measurements plus own investigations on the main land use classes —field, grassland, vinicultural areas and forest—with regard to their intensities (conventional und biological). The evaluation of the nutrient contents for P and K was made using the manual adequate fertilization for field and grassland. The creation of heavy metal distribution maps is based on the Kriging method. In the past, soils in the region of Trier received a too large amount of P and K—especially in vinicultural areas. Mineral and organic fertilization has a great influence on the heavy metal contents on farmland. The immission of dust contaminated with heavy met|als is important on forest and grassland locations. On vineyards the use of cupreous plant protection agents is critical. The land use classes have had a substantial influence on the nutrient and heavy metal contents of the soil. In contrast to this, the intensities showed less differences. In order to reduce the anthropogenic impact on heavy metals in soils, it is necessary to create specific reduction strategies for each land use class. For example the fertilization has to be limited to the need of the plant, contaminated secondary raw material fertilizer has to be avoid the comparability of analytical methods has to be ensured.     

水杉凋落物分解过程中溶解性有机质的分组组成变化

采用XAD-8树脂分组的方法研究水杉凋落物降解过程中DOM的含量及其组成的变化。结果表明，培养35天后DOC含量达到稳定值，而其组成仍未稳定。在整个培养过程中，HOA和HIM含量有明显变化；HON含量呈缓慢增加的趋势；AIM和HOB含量则没有明显变化。凋落物淋滤液DOM与表层土壤DOM组成相似，是土壤DOM的主要来源。土壤DOM中的AIM不是来源于凋落物淋滤液，而是主要来源于土壤腐殖质、根系分泌物等其它物质。