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1.
This paper investigates local recognition of the link between incentive-based program (IBP) benefits and conservation, and
how perceptions of benefits and linkage influence attitudes in communities surrounding Chitwan National Park, Nepal. A survey
of 189 households conducted between October and December 2004 examined local residents’ perceived benefits, their attitudes
toward park management, and perception of linkages between conservation and livelihoods. Linkage perceptions were measured
by a scale compared with a respondent’s recognition of benefits to determine whether IBPs establish a connection between benefits
and livelihoods. An attitude scale was also created to compare attitudes toward park management with perceptions of benefits
and linkage to determine if IBPs led to positive attitudes, and if the recognition of a direct tie between livelihoods and
natural resources made attitudes more favorable. Research results indicate that as acknowledgement of benefit increases, so
does the perception of linkage between the resource and livelihoods. Similarly, when perceived benefit increases, so too does
attitude towards management. Positive attitude towards park management is influenced more by perception of livelihood dependence
on resources than on benefits received from the park. However, overwhelming positive support voiced for conservation did not
coincide with conduct. In spite of the positive attitudes and high perception of linkage, people did not necessarily behave
in a way compatible with conservation. This suggests that while benefits alone can lead to positive attitudes, without clear
linkages to conservation, the IBP may lose persuasion when alternative options—conflicting with conservation objectives—arise
promising to provide greater economic benefit. 相似文献
2.
Use of Soil and Water Protection Practices Among Farmers in Three Midwest Watersheds 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Data were collected from 1011 farmers in three Midwestern watersheds (Ohio, Iowa, and Minnesota) to assess factors that influence
the use of conservation production systems at the farm level. The “vested interests” perspective used to guide the investigation
was derived from elements of social learning and social exchange theories. Respondents were asked to indicate their frequency
of use for 18 agricultural production practices that could be adopted on Midwestern farms at the time of the study. Responses
to the 18 items were summed to form a composite variable, termed “conservation production index,” for use as the dependent
variable in multivariate analysis. Eleven independent variables were identified from the theory as likely predictors of conservation
adoption, including respondents' perceptions about production costs, output and risks, and perceived importance of access
to subsidies, technical assistance, and informational/educational programs. Regression analysis was used to assess the performance
of the independent variables in explaining variance in the conservation production index. Explained variance in the three
regression models ranged from 2% in the Minnesota watershed to 19% in the Ohio watershed. The researchers concluded that the
model had limited utility in predicting adoption of conservation production systems within the three study watersheds. Findings
are discussed in the context of conservation programs within the three areas. 相似文献
3.
Selective Patronage and Social Justice: Local Food Consumer Campaigns in Historical Context 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
C. Clare Hinrichs Patricia Allen 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2008,21(4):329-352
In the early 2000s, the development of local food systems in advanced industrial countries has expanded beyond creation and
support of farmers’ markets and community supported agriculture farms and projects to include targeted Buy Local Food campaigns.
Non-governmental groups in many U.S. places and regions have launched such campaigns with the intent of motivating and directing
consumers toward more local food purchasing in general. This article examines the current manifestations and possibilities
for social justice concerns in Buy Local Food campaigns, by considering them within the more general category of “selective
patronage“ campaigns. Historical campaign examples, such as Buy Union, Buy American, and Buy Black campaigns, offer instructive
comparisons to contemporary consumer campaigns promoting local food. Through examining the construction of threats, intended
beneficiaries, products to be avoided, and those to be preferentially selected, the paper demonstrates how selective patronage
campaigns have emphasized social justice needs and concerns for designated groups in ways that have been potentially exclusionary
of other disadvantaged groups and thus undermining of social justice more broadly. As a contemporary instance of “selective
patronage,“ Buy Local Food campaigns exhibit similar contradictory impulses, which are intensified by the conceptual and practical
pitfalls in designating “local.“ The article concludes by considering how the challenges and prospects for commitments to
social justice in local food consumer campaigns reinforce the importance of emerging initiatives centered on domestic fair
trade. 相似文献
4.
MacMynowski DP 《Environmental management》2007,39(6):831-842
The conceptual rubric of ecosystem management has been widely discussed and deliberated in conservation biology, environmental
policy, and land/resource management. In this paper, I argue that two critical aspects of the ecosystem management concept
require greater attention in policy and practice. First, although emphasis has been placed on the “space” of systems, the
“time”—or rates of change—associated with biophysical and social systems has received much less consideration. Second, discussions
of ecosystem management have often neglected the temporal disconnects between changes in biophysical systems and the response
of social systems to management issues and challenges. The empirical basis of these points is a case study of the “Crown of
the Continent Ecosystem,” an international transboundary area of the Rocky Mountains that surrounds Glacier National Park
(USA) and Waterton Lakes National Park (Canada). This project assessed the experiences and perspectives of 1) middle- and
upper-level government managers responsible for interjurisdictional cooperation, and 2) environmental nongovernment organizations
with an international focus. I identify and describe 10 key challenges to increasing the extent and intensity of transboundary
cooperation in land/resource management policy and practice. These issues are discussed in terms of their political, institutional,
cultural, information-based, and perceptual elements. Analytic techniques include a combination of environmental history,
semistructured interviews with 48 actors, and text analysis in a systematic qualitative framework. The central conclusion
of this work is that the rates of response of human social systems must be better integrated with the rates of ecological change. This challenge is equal
to or greater than the well-recognized need to adapt the spatial scale of human institutions to large-scale ecosystem processes and transboundary wildlife. 相似文献
5.
Manfred Fehr 《The Environmentalist》2006,26(1):21-29
Summary Present municipal waste management paradigms in Brazil do not allow for flexible approaches to solving an extremely dynamic
problem. This paper discusses the basic flaws in present thinking models of residents and municipal administrators. Fundamental
arguments presented on municipal solid waste relate to nomenclature, destinations, definitions, logistics, social dynamics,
social assistance programs, education and employment philosophies. In each case, the consequences of the stalemate are explained
in terms of the unsustainable situation of constantly growing landfills. In sequence, a proactive thinking model is presented
and explained that has the potential of drastically reducing landfill size. It is called Municipal Transit Material Processing.
The model has been tested successfully in small communities and is now available for scale-up. The landfill diversion achieved
stands at 62% of household waste in comparison with 15% theoretically possible in Brazil with selective collection models.
Although of necessity the arguments apply directly to Brazil, the basic ideas behind the reasoning may be extrapolated to
other Southern countries. The following simple example will illustrate to the reader the type of paradigm inversion the paper
proposes to convey. The classical political slogan in Brazil is “get children out of garbage dumps”. The inversion proposed
and explained is “do away with garbage dumps”. 相似文献
6.
Benefits-based management seeks to provide recreation benefits for recreation participants by managing the physical environments
in which recreation occurs. This study investigates the relationship between benefits desired by visitors and the physical,
social, and managerial characteristics of settings that facilitate realization of recreation benefits. Data such as perceived
benefits from recreation experiences, setting attributes that significantly influenced perceived benefits, and sociodemographic
variables were collected from 376 visitors to Sorak-san National Park in the eastern part of the Korean peninsula. Cluster
analysis was used to group visitors' desired benefits into 12 domains: relationship with nature/scenery, escaping pressure,
learning about nature, family togetherness, introspection, exploration, autonomy/achievement, being with friends, leading
others, skills/learning, risk taking, and meeting/observing new people. Multiple regression was used to link benefit domains
with the characteristics of settings. The social attribute of recreation settings was linked to eight of the ten benefit domains.
There were two statistically strong multiple regression correlations: (1) between domain of “relationship with nature /scenery”
and the attributes “forest/water,”“attractive nature,” and “facility/maintenance” and (2) between the domain of “escaping
pressure” and the attributes “attractive nature” and “social.” The results of this study are useful to managers in their efforts
to provide recreation opportunities for visitors to achieve beneficial outcomes. 相似文献
7.
Francisco Seijo Maria Marcela Godoy Dante Guglielmin Cecilia Ciampoli Samuel Ebright Omar Picco Guillermo Defoss 《Environmental management》2020,65(4):448-462
The creation of protected conservation areas may result in protracted conflicts between stakeholders. In this study we examine the drivers of anthropogenic wildfire ignitions in the National Park of “los Alerces” (NPA) in Patagonia, Argentina. The NPA was established in 1937 to protect the native “andino-patagónico” forests from wildfires as well as preserving its scenic beauty and native flora and fauna. At the time of its creation state authorities prohibited all extractive human activities in the “intangible”—fully protected—“National Park” section, while other regulated extractive and ecotourism activities were allowed to continue in the “Natural Reserve” section in an effort to accommodate the historical entitlements of the displaced populations of “pobladores” (settlers) that had been living in the NPA for over a century. Here we interviewed the main stakeholder groups—“pobladores”, forest rangers and administrators, ecolodge owners and angler club members—to identify the drivers of wildfire ignitions in the park. Wildfires have been singled out by state authorities as the main threat to the NPA though considerable scientific uncertainty exists regarding their complex ecological effects. This study argues, based on the human and biophysical system data collected, that two conflicting cultural frames exist within the NPA that provide the necessary backdrop for understanding the drivers of wildfire ignitions. In turn, these findings raise puzzling dilemmas for the main theoretical approaches that have been used to inform and design conflict management strategies in protected conservation areas. 相似文献
8.
The reintroduction and reinterpretation of the wild 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Eileen O’Rourke 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2000,13(1-2):145-165
This paper is concerned with changing social representations of the “wild,” in particular wild animals. We argue that within
a contemporary Western context the old agricultural perception of wild animals as adversarial and as a threat to domestication,
is being replaced by an essentially urban fascination with certain emblematic wild animals, who are seen to embody symbols
of naturalness and freedom. On closer examination that carefully mediatized “naturalness” may be but another form of domestication.
After an historical overview of the human-animal, domestic-wild construction, an anthropological approach is used to interpret
the social representation of wild animals held by different social actors — farmers, hunters, and tourists — within the context
of an inhabited National Park, that of the Cévennes in south east France. Within the Park, the domestic and the wild, along
with agriculture, hunting, conservation, re-introduced wild animals, and tourists cohabit. It is argued that changes in the
representation of “wildness” may well be an important indicator of changes in the social representation of nature. 相似文献
9.
Does Community-Based Conservation Shape Favorable Attitudes Among Locals? An Empirical Study from Nepal 总被引:15,自引:1,他引:14
Like many developing countries, Nepal has adopted a community-based conservation (CBC) approach in recent years to manage
its protected areas mainly in response to poor park–people relations. Among other things, under this approach the government
has created new “people-oriented” conservation areas, formed and devolved legal authority to grassroots-level institutions
to manage local resources, fostered infrastructure development, promoted tourism, and provided income-generating trainings
to local people. Of interest to policy-makers and resource managers in Nepal and worldwide is whether this approach to conservation
leads to improved attitudes on the part of local people. It is also important to know if personal costs and benefits associated
with various intervention programs, and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics influence these attitudes.
We explore these questions by looking at the experiences in Annapurna and Makalu-Barun Conservation Areas, Nepal, which have
largely adopted a CBC approach in policy formulation, planning, and management. The research was conducted during 1996 and
1997; the data collection methods included random household questionnaire surveys, informal interviews, and review of official
records and published literature. The results indicated that the majority of local people held favorable attitudes toward
these conservation areas. Logistic regression results revealed that participation in training, benefit from tourism, wildlife
depredation issue, ethnicity, gender, and education level were the significant predictors of local attitudes in one or the
other conservation area. We conclude that the CBC approach has potential to shape favorable local attitudes and that these
attitudes will be mediated by some personal attributes. 相似文献
10.
Michael E. Loevinsohn 《Environmental management》1993,17(5):705-712
Central to the environmental and health hazards created by the expanding use of pesticides in developing countries is the
weakness of national regulatory agencies. This article reviews current international efforts aimed at supporting these institutions
and describes the contribution that an external “hazard auditor” might make in assessing the pesticide industry's adherence
to accepted standards of health and environmental protection. An independent evaluation of this kind may prove attractive
to all parties in the long-standing confrontation over the control of pesticide technology: the industry, public interest
groups, developing and developed countries, and international agencies. The article outlines one approach to operationalizing
the concept and examines initial responses to the proposal.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Commission on Occupational Health/International Development
Research Centre Symposium on the Impact of Pesticide Use on Health in Developing Countries, 17–21 September 1990, Ottawa,
Canada. 相似文献
11.
Maolin Li Xianshi Jin Qisheng Tang 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(1):33-54
Marine ecosystems are in serious troubles globally, largely due to the failures of fishery resources management. To restore
and conserve fishery ecosystems, we need new and effective governance systems urgently. This research focuses on fisheries
management in ancient China. We found that from 5,000 years ago till early modern era, Chinese ancestors had been constantly
enthusiastic about sustainable utilization of fisheries resources and natural balance of fishery development. They developed
numerous rigorous policies and regulations to guide people to act on natural laws. Being detailed and scientific, the legal
systems had gained gratifying enforcement, due to official efforts and folks’ voluntary participation in resource management.
In-depth analyses show that people’s consciousness of ecological conservation was derived from the edification of kinds of
ancient eco-ethical wisdom, such as totemism, nature worship, Zhou Yi, Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Mohism, etc. All this Chinese classical wisdom have the same cores: “Nature and Man in One”
spirit, frugality and “All things are equal” concept. The findings show that eco-ethical thinking is never inconsistent with
social ethic systems, and it’s of great importance to give legal effect to usual ecological moral claims and eco-ethical requirements
of the public in protecting the environment. The eco-ethical wisdom is efficient in assisting and urging people to fulfill
humans’ obligation for nature. Finally, it’s believed that present world fisheries management will benefit a lot from all
these ancient Chinese thoughts and practices. People are expected to make the most of the eco-ethical wisdom, strengthen fishery
legislation and fully stimulate their voluntary participation in both marine fishery resources conservation and fishery cyclic
economy. 相似文献
12.
Kishor Atreya Bishal K. Sitaula Fred H. Johnsen Roshan M. Bajracharya 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(1):49-62
The rationale for pesticide use in agriculture is that costs associated with pesticide pollution are to be justified by its
benefits, but this is not so obvious. Valuing the benefits by simple economic analysis has increased pesticide use in agriculture
and consequently produced pesticide-induced “public ills.” This paper attempts to explore the research gaps of the economic
and social consequences of pesticide use in developing countries, particularly with an example of Nepal. We argue that although
the negative sides of agricultural development, for example- soil, water, and air pollution; pest resistance and resurgence;
bioaccumulation, bio-magnification; and loss of biodiversity and ecosystem resilience caused by the use of pesticides in agriculture,
are “developmental problems” and are “unintentional,” the magnitude may be increased by undervaluing the problems in the analysis
of its economic returns. Despite continuous effort for holistic system analyses for studying complex phenomena like pesticides
impacts, the development within the academic science has proceeded in the opposite direction that might have accelerated marginalization
of the third world subsistence agricultural communities. We hypothesize that, if these adversities are realized and accounted
for, the benefits from the current use of pesticides could be outweighed by the costs of pollution and ill human health. This
paper also illustrates different pathways and mechanisms for marginalization. In view of potential and overall negative impacts
of pesticide use, we recommend alternative ways of controlling pests such as community integrated pest management (IPM) along
with education and training activities. Such measures are likely to reduce the health and environmental costs of pesticide
pollution, and also enhance the capabilities of third world agricultural communities in terms of knowledge, decision making,
innovation, and policy change. 相似文献
13.
Sekhar NU 《Environmental management》2007,39(4):497-505
This article shows how social capital impacts fisheries management at the local level in Chilika Lake, located in the state
of Orissa in India. In Chilika, the different fishing groups established norms and “rules of the game” including, but not
limited to, spatial limits that determine who can fish and in what areas, temporal restrictions about when and for how long people may fish, gear constraints about what harvesting gear may be used by each group, and physical controls on size and other characteristics of fish that may be harvested. A survey of the members of fishing groups has shown
that the bonding social capital is strong within the Chilika fishing groups. Bonding and bridging social capital keeps the
fishers together in times of resource scarcity, checks violations of community rules and sanctions, and strengthens the community
fisheries management. In contrast, linking social capital in Chilika appears to be weak, as is evident from the lack of trust
in external agencies, seeking the help of formal institutions for legal support, and increasing conflicts. Trust and cooperation
among fishers is crucial in helping to build the social capital. A social capital perspective on fisheries governance suggests
that there should be a rethinking of priorities and funding mechanisms, from “top-down” fisheries management towards “co-management”
with a focus on engendering rights and responsibilities for fishers and their communities. 相似文献
14.
As complex social phenomena, public involvement processes are influenced by contextual factors. This study examined agency
goals for public involvement and assessed the importance of local context in remedial action planning, a community-based water
resources program aimed at the cleanup of the 42 most polluted locations in the Great Lakes Basin. Agency goals for public
involvement in remedial action plans (RAPs) were agency-oriented and focused on public acceptance of the plan, support for
implementation, and positive agency-public relations. Corresponding to these goals, citizen advisory committees were created
in 75% of the RAP sites as a primary means for public input into the planning process. Factors that influenced the implementation
of public involvement programs in remedial action planning included public orientation toward the remediation issue, local
economic conditions, the interaction of diverse interests in the process, agency and process credibility, experience of local
leadership, and jurisdictional complexity. A formative assessment of “community readiness” appeared critical to appropriate
public involvement program design. Careful program design may also include citizen education and training components, thoughtful
management of ongoing agency-public relations and conflict among disparate interests in the process, overcoming logistical
difficulties that threaten program continuity, using local expertise and communication channels, and circumventing interjurisdictional
complexities. 相似文献
15.
Saproxylic (dead-wood-associated) and old-growth species are among the most threatened species in European forest ecosystems,
as they are susceptible to intensive forest management. Identifying areas with particular relevant features of biodiversity
is of prime concern when developing species conservation and habitat restoration strategies and in optimizing resource investments.
We present an approach to identify regional conservation and restoration priorities even if knowledge on species distribution
is weak, such as for saproxylic and old-growth species in Switzerland. Habitat suitability maps were modeled for an expert-based
selection of 55 focal species, using an ecological niche factor analyses (ENFA). All the maps were then overlaid, in order
to identify potential species’ hotspots for different species groups of the 55 focal species (e.g., birds, fungi, red-listed
species). We found that hotspots for various species groups did not correspond. Our results indicate that an approach based
on “richness hotspots” may fail to conserve specific species groups. We hence recommend defining a biodiversity conservation
strategy prior to implementing conservation/restoration efforts in specific regions. The conservation priority setting of
the five biogeographical regions in Switzerland, however, did not differ when different hotspot definitions were applied.
This observation emphasizes that the chosen method is robust. Since the ENFA needs only presence data, this species prediction
method seems to be useful for any situation where the species distribution is poorly known and/or absence data are lacking.
In order to identify priorities for either conservation or restoration efforts, we recommend a method based on presence data
only, because absence data may reflect factors unrelated to species presence. 相似文献
16.
An active ethically conscious consumer has been acclaimed as the new hero and hope for an ethically improved capitalism. Through
consumers’ “voting” at the checkout, corporations are supposed to be held accountable for their conduct. In the literature
on political consumerism, this has mainly been approached as political participation and governance. In this article, we do
a critical review of this literature. We do so by questioning the existence of what we call a “generic active consumer model.”
At the core of this position, there is a belief that the active consumer is a universal entity, available across nations and
time. Instead we call for an approach that takes accord of the ways consumers and consumer roles are framed in interactive
processes in markets, governance structures, and everyday life. Consumers in different countries assess their responsibilities
and their powers as consumers differently due to different institutionalizations within distinctive contexts. We also must take into account how the inertia
of ordinary consumption and the moral complexities of everyday life restrict the adoption of an active consumerist role. Hence,
the debate on political consumerism should make for a more realistic notion of ethical consumer-sovereignty and its role in
improving the workings of capitalism. In our view, these findings have severe implications for understanding both theories
of political consumption and the dynamics of political consumption per se. 相似文献
17.
Crifasi RR 《Environmental management》2005,36(5):625-639
“A skyscraper is as natural as a bird’s nest” –Alan Watts
For millennia, people have altered freshwater ecosystems directly through water development and indirectly by global change
and surrounding land-use activities. In these altered ecosystems, human impacts can be subtle and are sometimes overlooked
by the people who manage them. This article provides two case studies near Boulder, Colorado that demonstrate how perceptions
regarding these ecosystems affect their management. These examples are typical of lakes and streams along the Front Range
of Colorado that are simultaneously natural and social in origin. Although natural, many of the region’s freshwater ecosystems
are affected by ongoing ecologic, hydrologic, chemical, and geomorphic modifications produced by human activity. People and
nature are both active participants in the production of these freshwater ecosystems. The concept of “hybridity,” borrowed
from geographers and social scientists, is useful for describing landscapes of natural and social origin. Hybrid freshwater
ecosystems are features of the humanized landscape and are derived from deliberate cultural activities, nonhuman physical
and biological processes, and incidental anthropogenic disturbance. Our perceptions of “natural” freshwater ecosystems and
what definitions we use to describe them influences our view of hybrid systems and, in turn, affects management decisions
regarding them. This work stresses the importance of understanding the underlying societal forces and cultural values responsible
for the creation of hybrid freshwater ecosystems as a central step in their conservation and management. 相似文献
18.
Protected areas are integral to the global effort to conserve biodiversity, and, over the past two decades, protected area managers have begun to recognize that conservation objectives are next to impossible to achieve without considering the needs and concerns of local communities. Incentive-based programs (IBPs) have become a favored approach to protected area management, geared at fostering local stewardship by delivering benefits tied to conservation to local people. Effective IBPs require benefits to accrue to and be recognized by those experiencing the greatest consequences as a result of the protected area, and those likely to continue extractive activities if their livelihood needs are compromised. This research examines dispersal of IBP benefits, as perceived by local residents in Nepal's Annapurna Conservation Area. Results reported here are based on questionnaire interviews with 188 households conducted between September and December 2004. Results indicate that local residents primarily identify benefits from social development activities, provisions for resource extraction, and economic opportunities. Overall, benefits have been dispersed equally to households in villages on and off the main tourist route, and regardless of a household's participation in tourism. However, benefits are not effectively targeted to poorer residents, those highly dependent on natural resources, and those experiencing the most crop damage and livestock loss from protected wildlife. This article provides several suggestions for improving the delivery of conservation incentives. 相似文献
19.
Baer SG Engle DM Knops JM Langeland KA Maxwell BD Menalled FD Symstad AJ 《Environmental management》2009,43(2):189-196
Vast areas of arable land have been retired from crop production and “rehabilitated” to improved system states through landowner
incentive programs in the United States (e.g., Conservation and Wetland Reserve Programs), as well as Europe (i.e., Agri-Environment
Schemes). Our review of studies conducted on invasion of rehabilitated agricultural production systems by nontarget species
elucidates several factors that may increase the vulnerability of these systems to invasion. These systems often exist in
highly fragmented and agriculturally dominated landscapes, where propagule sources of target species for colonization may
be limited, and are established under conditions where legacies of past disturbance persist and prevent target species from
persisting. Furthermore, rehabilitation approaches often do not include or successfully attain all target species or historical
ecological processes (e.g., hydrology, grazing, and/or fire cycles) key to resisting invasion. Uncertainty surrounds ways
in which nontarget species may compromise long term goals of improving biodiversity and ecosystem services through rehabilitation
efforts on former agricultural production lands. This review demonstrates that more studies are needed on the extent and ecological
impacts of nontarget species as related to the goals of rehabilitation efforts to secure current and future environmental
benefits arising from this widespread conservation practice. 相似文献
20.
Seeing (and doing) conservation through cultural lenses 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
In this paper, we first discuss various vantage points gained through the authors’ experience of approaching conservation
through a “cultural lens.” We then draw out more general concerns that many anthropologists hold with respect to conservation,
summarizing and commenting on the work of the Conservation and Community Working Group within the Anthropology and Environment
Section of the American Anthropological Association. Here we focus on both critiques and contributions the discipline of anthropology
makes with regard to conservation, and show how anthropologists are moving beyond conservation critiques to engage actively
with conservation practice and policy. We conclude with reflections on the possibilities for enhancing transdisciplinary dialogue
and practice through reflexive questioning, the adoption of disciplinary humility, and the realization that “cross-border”
collaboration among conservation scholars and practitioners can strengthen the political will necessary to stem the growing
commoditization and ensuing degradation of the earth’s ecosystems. 相似文献