密闭压力容器小型循环试验结果

在联合国危险品运输试验和标准建议书(桔皮书)中,系列E涉及评价物质在密闭容器中对剧烈加热的热爆炸敏感性的标准。但是人们一直希望并致力于发展一种定量,可靠,重复性好的方法来评价物质的热爆炸敏感性。本文介绍了一种小型密闭压力容器循环试验的研究及其作为一种筛选试验向联合国提案的最新进展。实验结果表明,几种物质在不同实验室的重复性非常好,其(dP／dt)max平均偏差率在20％以内,表明该小型密闭压力容器作为评价物质热反应危险性的测试方法具有较高的可靠性。     

Explosibility of hydrogen–graphite dust hybrid mixtures

To evaluate the hazard of combined hydrogen/dust explosions under severe accident conditions in International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), standard method of 20-L-sphere was used to measure the explosion indices of 4-μm fine graphite dust in lean hydrogen/air mixtures. The mixtures were ignited by a weak electric spark. The tested fuel concentrations were 8–18 vol% H₂ and 25–250 g/m³ dust. If the hydrogen content is higher than 10 vol%, the dust constituent can be induced to explode by the hydrogen explosion initiated by a weak electric spark. Depending on the fuel component concentrations, the explosions proceed in either one or two stages. In two-stage explosions occurring at low hydrogen and dust concentrations, the mixture ignition initiates first a fast hydrogen explosion followed by a slower phase of the dust explosion. With increasing dust concentration, the dust explodes faster and can overlap the hydrogen-explosion stage. At higher hydrogen concentrations, the hybrid mixtures explode in one stage, with hydrogen and dust reacting at the same time scale. Maximum overpressures of hybrid explosions are higher than those observed with hydrogen alone; maximum rates of pressure rise are lower in two-phase explosions and, generally, higher in one-stage explosions, than those characteristic of the corresponding H₂/air mixtures.     

Moderation of dust explosions

Inherent safety is a proactive approach to process safety in which hazards are removed or minimized so as to reduce risk without engineered (add-on) or procedural intervention. Four basic principles are available to attain an inherently safer design—minimization, substitution, moderation, and simplification. The subject of the current paper is the principle of moderation as it applies to the prevention and mitigation of dust explosions.

Moderation can be achieved by processing a material under less severe operating conditions or by processing the material in a less hazardous form. With respect to the latter approach, it may be possible to alter the composition of a dust by admixture of solid inertants, or to increase the dust particle size so as to decrease its reactivity. Additionally, avoidance of the formation of hybrid mixtures of explosible dusts and flammable gases is an application of moderation of the material hazard.

Several examples are given for each of the above three forms of moderation. The discussion on admixture of solid inertants includes examples from the following industrial applications: (i) refractory materials manufacturing, (ii) food processing, (iii) power generation, (iv) industrial recycling, and (v) foundry shell mold fabrication. The importance of particle size consideration is explained first from the perspective of engineering tools such as the Dow Fire & Explosion Index, and professional guidance on the definition of a dust and suitable particle sizes for explosibility testing. Industrial examples are then drawn from the following areas: (i) rubber recycling and textile manufacturing, (ii) industrial recycling, (iii) wood processing, (iv) dry additive handling (polyethylene facility), (v) polyethylene production, (vi) carbon block recycling, and (vii) coal mining. The concluding discussion on hybrid mixtures includes brief cases from the process safety literature.     

Experimental investigation of the complex deflagration phenomena of hybrid mixtures of activated carbon dust/hydrogen/air

This paper aims to develop quantitative insights based on measured deflagration parameters of hybrid mixtures of activated carbon (AC) dust and hydrogen (H₂) gas in air. The generated experimental evidence is used to reject the claim of the null hypothesis (H₀) that severity of deflagrations of H₂/air mixtures always bound the severity of deflagrations of heterogenous combustible mixtures of AC dust/H₂/air containing the same H₂ concentrations as in the H₂/air binaries. The core insights of this investigation show that the maximum deflagration pressure rise (ΔP_MAX) and maximum rate of pressure rise ((dP/dt)_MAX) of this hybrid mixture are greater than those corresponding to deflagrations of H₂/air mixtures for all the dust and H₂ concentrations being examined. The deflagration severity indices (K_St and ES) of the hybrid mixture containing 29 mol% H₂ are found to be greater than those of the H₂/air mixture containing 29 mol% H₂. Also, the minimum explosible concentration (MEC) of the hybrid mixture is lower than that of the AC dust in air only. The insights gained should lead to better realization of the severity of a postulated safety-significant accident scenario associated with on-board cryoadsorption H₂ storage systems for fuel-cell (FC) powered light-duty vehicles. The identified insights could also be relevant to other industrial processes where combustible dusts are generated in the vicinity of solvent vapors. Moreover, these insights should be useful for supporting quantitative risk assessment (QRA) of on-board H₂ storage systems, designing improved safety measures for cryoadsorption H₂ storage tanks, and guiding H₂ safety standards and transportation regulations.     

Explosion pressure prediction via polynomial mathematical correlation based on advanced CFD Modelling

Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD can be used as a powerful tool supporting engineers throughout the steps of the design. The combination of CFD with response surface methodology can play an important role in such cases. During the conceptual engineering design phase, a quick response is always a matter of urgency. During this phase even a sketch of the geometrical model is rare. Therefore, the utilisation of typical response surface developed for congested and confined environment rather than CFD can be an important tool to help the decision making process, when the geometrical model is not available, provided that similarities can be considered when taking into account the characteristic of the geometry in which the response surface was developed. The present work investigates how three different types of response surfaces behave when predicting overpressure in accidental scenarios based on CFD input. First order, partial second order and complete second order polynomial expressions are investigated. The predicted results are compared with CFD findings for a classical offshore experiment conducted by British Gas on behalf of Mobil and good agreement is observed for higher order response surfaces. The higher order response surface calculations are also compared with CFD calculations for a typical offshore module and good agreement is also observed.     

粉胶比对沥青混合料安全性能影响的试验研究

为研究出合理的、适合大兴安岭通县公路沥青混凝土路面的粉胶比,选用大兴安岭本地石材、大庆AH-130基质沥青,按密级配AC-16Ⅰ上限配比,通过标准马歇尔、浸水马歇尔、车辙、小梁低温弯曲等试验对沥青混合料的安全性能进行了研究。结果表明：最佳沥青用量OAC为6.0%,沥青混合料的抗水侵性能满足要求;在同一油石比的条件下,随着粉胶比的增大,动稳定度有显著增大的趋势,但当粉胶比超过1.0时,增长趋势逐渐缓慢,并且在粉胶比达到1.3之后达到峰值,然后开始下降;随着粉胶比的逐渐增大,弯拉应变有增大的趋势,粉胶比在1.0-1.1左右沥青混合料低温抗弯拉性能最佳。     

A correlation of the lower flammability limit for hybrid mixtures

Hybrid mixtures are widely encountered in industries such as coal mines, paint factories, pharmaceutical industries, or grain elevators. Hybrid mixtures explosions involving dust and gas can cause great loss of lives and properties. The lower flammability limit (LFL) is a critical parameter when conducting a hazard assessment or developing mitigation methods for processes involving hybrid mixtures. Unlike unitary dust or gas explosions, which have been widely studied in past decades, only minimal research focuses on hybrid mixtures, and data concerning hybrid mixtures can rarely be found. Although methods to predict the LFL have been developed by using either Le Chatelier's Law, which was initially proposed for homogeneous gas mixtures, or the Bartknecht curve, which was adopted for only certain hybrid mixtures, significant deviations still remain. A more accurate correlation to predict an LFL for a hybrid mixtures explosion is necessary for risk assessment. This work focuses on the study of hybrid mixtures explosions in a 36 L dust explosion apparatus including mixtures of methane/niacin, methane/cornstarch, ethane/niacin and ethylene/niacin in air. By utilizing basic characteristics of unitary dust or gas explosions, a new formula is proposed to improve the prediction of the LFL of the mixture. The new formula is consistent with Le Chatelier's Law.     

深圳世界大学生夏季运动会体育场馆观众座椅火灾试验研究

根据深圳世界大学生夏季运动会体育场馆内座椅实际情况,对5种典型座椅材料进行了小型锥形量热计试验,并按座椅的布置形式开展了全尺寸火灾试验.通过实体试验,得到座椅燃烧时的火灾热释放速率、烟气生成率、点燃时间、CO/CO2生成率和平均比消光面积等燃烧特性参数,为科学分析大运会体育场馆座椅的火灾危险性提供科学的基础数据支持和理论依据,进而提出消除、预防或降低座椅火灾风险、提高场馆消防安全等级的对策措施.     

正交实验法优选煤炭自燃凝胶阻化剂及其应用

煤炭自燃不仅造成巨大的能源损失，也是重大的灾害，为减少采空区煤炭自燃，研制了新型的凝胶阻化剂。本文选用了合适的阻化剂的基料，通过比较不同促凝剂和基料的成胶时间，最终选用碳酸氢铵作为该凝胶阻化剂的促凝剂。采用正交实验设计的方法，通过对实验结果的正交分析，确定了阻化剂的最终配方。实际应用表明该凝胶阻化剂能有效的防灭火，并且成本低廉。     

氯化镁微胶囊泡沫作用机理及阻化效果研究

针对现有硫化矿石自燃防治技术在应用中存在的不足,提出了采用氯化镁微胶囊泡沫防治硫化矿石自燃火灾的新思路。首先阐述了氯化镁微胶囊泡沫的特性与作用机理,然后通过实验,制备了微胶囊与微胶囊泡沫并以正交试验确定了制备微胶囊泡沫的最佳配方:微胶囊与水质量比为1∶5、ABS浓度为6 g/L、稳泡剂X浓度为6 g/L;最后采用对照实验,以温度与阻化率为优选依据,对氯化镁微胶囊泡沫、氯化镁溶液与水三者的阻化效果进行比较。结果表明在氯化镁微胶囊泡沫的作用下,硫化矿石堆的温度上升最慢,阻化率最高,达到81.6%,阻化效果优于其他两种阻化剂。     

Evaluation of limits for effective flame acceleration in hydrogen mixtures

Results of experiments and data analysis on turbulent flame propagation in obstructed channels are presented. The data cover a wide range of mixtures: H₂/air, H₂/air/steam (from lean to rich) at normal and elevated initial temperatures (from 298 to 650 K) and pressures (from 1 to 3 bar); and stoichiometric H₂/O₂ mixtures diluted with N₂, Ar, He and CO₂ at normal initial conditions. The dataset chosen also covers a wide range of scales exceeding two orders of magnitude. It is shown that basic flame parameters, such as mixture expansion ratio σ, Zeldovich number β and Lewis number Le, can be used to estimate a priori a potential for effective flame acceleration for a given mixture. Critical conditions for effective flame acceleration are suggested in the form of correlations of critical expansion ratio σ^* versus dimensionless effective activation energy. On this basis, limits for effective flame acceleration for hydrogen combustibles can be estimated. Uncertainties in determination of critical σ^* values are discussed.     

Determination of turbulent burning velocities of dust air mixtures with the open tube method

Correlating turbulent burning velocity to turbulence intensity and basic flame parameters-like laminar burning velocity for dust air mixtures is not only a scientific challenge but also of practical importance for the modelling of dust flame propagation in industrial facilities and choice of adequate safety strategy. The open tube method has been implemented to measure laminar and turbulent burning velocities at laboratory scale for turbulence intensities in the range of a few m/s. Special care has been given to the experimental technique so that a direct access to the desired parameters was possible minimising interpretation difficulties. In particular, the flame is propagating freely, the flame velocity is directly accessible by visualisation and the turbulence intensity is measured at the flame front during flame propagation with special aerodynamic probes. In the present paper, those achievements are briefly recalled. In addition, a complete set of experiments for diametrically opposed dusts, starch and aluminium, has been performed and is presented hereafter. The experimental data, measured for potato dust air mixtures seem to be in accordance with the Bray Gülder model in the range of 1.5 m/s<u′<3.5 m/s. For a further confirmation, the measurement range has been extended to lower levels of turbulence of u′<1.5 m/s. This could be achieved by changing the mode of preparation of the dust air mixture. In former tests, the particles have been injected into the tube from a pressurised dust reservoir; for the lower turbulence range, the particles have been inserted into the tube from above by means of a sieve–riddler system, and the turbulence generated from the pressurised gas reservoir as before. For higher levels of turbulence, aluminium air mixtures have been investigated using the particle injection mode with pressurised dust reservoir. Due to high burning rates much higher flame speeds than for potato dusts of up to 23 m/s have been obtained.