pH、溶解氧、叶绿素a之间相关性研究Ⅱ：非养殖水体

利用国内、外近20年的资料和饮用水水源地潘家口水库现场围隔实验结果,分析非养殖水体中pH、溶解氧（DO）和叶绿素a之间的相互关系。结果表明,当水体处于富营养化状态即叶绿素a平均含量高于10μg/L时,pH、DO与叶绿素a呈显著正相关。当叶绿素a平均含量低于10μg/L时,水体交换强或有机重污染的天然水体中DO与叶绿素a...     

长江口边滩水库藻类增殖潜力及遮光控藻研究

从长江口及两个长江口边滩水库(陈行水库和宝钢水库)采集水样,在人工气候室内进行了藻类增殖潜力研究.结果表明,在完全不添加营养成分的前提下,在培养未灭菌水样时蓝绿藻可成为优势种而大量增殖;在灭菌水样中人工接种铜绿微囊藻时,该藻的藻细胞数最大现存量可达5.65×106个/mL.另一方面,采用遮光控藻思路,在上海交通大学致远湖中设置软体浮式人工围隔,待其发生水华后将围隔遮光,7 d后叶绿素a从发生水华时的176.9 μg/L降至21.4μg/L.因此,使用遮光技术可以达到有效控藻的目的.     

臭氧对河道典型藻类的影响研究

为探究臭氧工艺应用于河道等污染水体控制藻类的可行性,分别针对水体浮游藻类和附着藻类开展臭氧投加影响实验。结果表明:(1)投加臭氧30min后,浮游藻类铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和尖针杆藻(Corynebacterium albicans)藻细胞密度随臭氧浓度的增加而下降,臭氧胁迫影响的质量浓度阈值为4mg/L,此浓度下,细胞出现大量死亡,且此后15d内很难得到恢复。(2)附着藻类受臭氧胁迫的质量浓度阈值为3mg/L。3mg/L臭氧水中藻生物膜的总生物量、叶绿素a、胞外多糖和脱氢酶活性均较原水低,但随着时间的延长,各项指标基本都表现出了与原水差距缩小的趋势,说明附着藻类有较强的恢复能力。     

水生植物配植对景观水体藻类水华的抑制

针对湖岸和湖底进行了硬化处理的景观水,采用盆栽的方法进行沉水植物种植,并与种植池内的挺水植物配植来抑制藻类水华的暴发。野外实验选择在玉渊潭公园的北门和新建小湖进行,种植的沉水植物有穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、大茨藻(Najas marina)和小茨藻(Najas minor),挺水植物有菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、水葱(Scirpus validus)、千屈菜(Lythrum salicaria)、再力花(Thalia dealbata)和荷花(Lotus)。结果表明,在2016年采取水生植物生态修复后,北门、新建小湖的叶绿素a浓度总体低于未进行水生植物修复的东西湖,尤其是在8月,东西湖叶绿素a高达131.8μg/L时,北门和新建小湖的叶绿素a分别为45.4、28.6μg/L。与东西湖相比,只种植挺水植物的引水湖的叶绿素a有时会低于东西湖,但抑藻效果不稳定。4个湖水的COD、TN和TP处于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的Ⅳ至Ⅴ类,修复后改善不明显,但水体透明度显著提高。湖水的三维荧光测定结果显示,只有种植沉水植物的湖水在激发波长(Ex)/发射波长(Em)=255nm/410nm附近出现荧光峰,显示沉水植物在藻华抑制中发挥了主要作用。     

天然橄榄石对水体铜绿微囊藻的去除效果

为开发安全、高效、廉价的水华控制技术,选择铝土矿、磷铁矿、黄铁矿、铬铁矿及橄榄石等10种天然矿物材料,以水体铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,通过跟踪测定其叶绿素a的变化,研究了天然矿物对水体铜绿微囊藻去除特性,并探讨了天然橄榄石去除铜绿微囊藻的影响因素及去除机理。结果表明:相同条件下天然橄榄石具有最高的除藻能力;矿物用量及藻密度对橄榄石除藻过程影响最大,其次为pH及水温,光强影响最小;当橄榄石浓度为1.5 g·L-1,藻密度1.7×106 cells·mL-1、水温15℃、反应介质为弱酸性或中性(pH 5～7)时,吸附1 h后,叶绿素a去除率高于96%。进一步分析可知,天然橄榄石主要通过静电作用对铜绿微囊藻进行吸附,进而使藻细胞絮凝沉降,部分藻细胞破裂分解,同时天然橄榄石在反应过程中吸附培养基中的营养盐,造成藻细胞营养缺少,从而对藻细胞的生长造成一定的抑制作用。     

铁对四尾栅藻生长的影响

采用实验室模拟培养的方法,分别测定了初始Fe3 摩尔浓度为0、10、100、1 000、10 000、30 000 nmol/L时的四尾栅藻生物量、叶绿素a浓度,同时利用扫描电镜观察了初始Fe3 摩尔浓度为0、10 000、30 000 nmol/L时的四尾栅藻细胞的表面结构.结果表明,初始Fe3 摩尔浓度在0、10 nmol/L时,四尾栅藻的生长受到抑制;初始Fe3 摩尔浓度超过10 000 nmol/L时,四尾栅藻生长受到的促进作用仍存在,但不显著;初始Fe3 摩尔浓度增加至30 000 nmol/L时,四尾栅藻生长未受到抑制;四尾栅藻叶绿素a浓度随时间的变化与四尾栅藻生长曲线相似,随初始Fe3 浓度的增加而增加;不同初始Fe3 浓度对四尾栅藻细胞表面结构影响不明显.     

三峡水库泄水期香溪河库湾营养盐动态及干流逆向影响

为了研究水库干流对支流库湾营养盐动态的影响,于2009年春季三峡水库汛前泄水期,通过监测分析了库湾水流特点及叶绿素a、总氮、总磷和溶解性硅酸盐的时空动态。研究发现:三峡水库汛前泄水期,库湾水体表现为分层异向流动,干流水体以异重流形式倒灌入库湾;特定的水流特性为泄水期库湾营养物质运移提供了水动力基础,水库干流对库湾营养盐的补给及水华暴发范围有明显逆向作用;受干流影响,氮和硅自河口至回水末端呈递减趋势,磷主要受上游来水影响,空间分布趋势与氮、硅相反;叶绿素a浓度峰值向上游移动,水华范围向上游收缩,河口处叶绿素a浓度的时间均值明显低于回水末端,表明三峡水库泄水期香溪河库湾下游水体水华受到干流逆向影响的抑制。     

抗菌防臭纤维织物杀藻效果研究

针对水华治理需求,采用市售抗菌防臭纤维织物产品进行了实验室和小型实验池中水华藻杀灭实验。结果显示,在28℃光照强度3 000 lx条件下,在实验室培养的藻悬浮液中放置0.4 cm2/mL抗菌防臭纤维织物1~3 d后,铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)DS和7820种、鲍氏织线藻(Plectonema calothrichoidesGom)、莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas rein-hardtii)的叶绿素a含量即明显降低,处理2周后,叶绿素a浓度分别下降94.8%、92.7%、93.2%和98.9%;鱼腥藻(Anabae-na7120),斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquusK櫣tz)的生长受到强烈抑制,处理3周后其叶绿素a浓度无明显增加;在1.8 m×2.8 m×1.5 m的小型实验池使用1.25 m2/m3抗菌防臭纤维织物8 d后,实验池野生铜绿微囊藻叶绿素a浓度下降86.8%。鱼类急性毒理测试显示该抗菌防臭纤维织物无毒性。     

不同质量浓度苦草对铜绿微囊藻生长及抗氧化酶系统的影响

采用苦草（Vallisneria spiralis Linn.）和铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）共生培养的实验方法,通过追踪测定铜绿微囊藻的生物量、叶绿素a含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性,研究了不同质量浓度苦草对铜绿微囊藻生长及抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明,质量浓度大于10 g/L时,苦草对铜绿微囊藻有明显的抑制作用,表现为苦草质量浓度为10、20和40 g/L时,第15天对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率分别为63.3%、94.7%和99.8%,培养过程中,铜绿微囊藻的叶绿素a含量逐渐减少,而SOD、POD活性及MDA含量呈现先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,表明苦草释放的化感物质在经过一定时间积累后能够明显抑制铜绿微囊藻SOD和POD的活性,引起细胞的氧化损伤,促进叶绿素的分解,从而导致藻类死亡,这是苦草抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的原因之一。     

双氯芬酸钠调控雨生红球藻生长的影响研究

研究不同质量浓度(0～200mg/L)双氯芬酸钠(DCF)对雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)生物量、色素、虾青素、油脂和多糖等的影响。结果表明:(1)低浓度DCF有助于提高雨生红球藻生物量、叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、虾青素含量,高浓度时均起抑制作用。当DCF为50mg/L时,生物量干质量最高达到(1.93±0.04)g/L;当DCF为10mg/L时,叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、虾青素质量浓度最高分别达到(57.75±2.34)、(6.99±0.08)、(23.82±0.87)mg/L。(2)相较于对照组,10～100mg/L DCF有利于提高雨生红球藻多糖;50mg/L DCF促进油脂的合成,其他浓度均降低了油脂含量。     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.     

Bioaccessibility of arsenic in various types of rice in an in vitro gastrointestinal fluid system

Rice can be a major contributor to dietary arsenic exposure because of the relatively high total arsenic concentration compared to other grains, especially for people whose main staple is rice. This study employed in vitro gastrointestinal fluid digestion to determine bioaccessible or gastrointestinal fluid extractable arsenic concentration in rice. Thirty-one rice samples, of which 60 % were grown in the United States, were purchased from food stores in New York City. Total arsenic concentrations in these samples ranged from 0.090 ± 0.004 to 0.85 ± 0.03 mg/kg with a mean value of 0.275 ± 0.161 mg/kg (n = 31). Rice samples with relatively high total arsenic (>0.20 mg/kg, n = 18) were treated by in vitro artificial gastrointestinal fluid digestion, and the extractable arsenic ranged from 53 % to 102 %. The bioaccessibility of arsenic in rice decreases in the general order of extra long grain, long grain, long grain parboiled, to brown rices.     

Assessment of in situ biodegradation of monochlorobenzene in contaminated groundwater treated in a constructed wetland

The degradation of monochlorobenzene (MCB) was assessed in a constructed wetland treating MCB contaminated groundwater using a detailed geochemical characterisation, stable isotope composition analysis and in situ microcosm experiments. A correlation between ferrous iron mobilisation, decreasing MCB concentration and enrichment in carbon isotope composition was visible at increasing distance from the inflow point, indicating biodegradation of MCB in the wetland. Additionally, in situ microcosm systems loaded with 13C-labelled MCB were deployed for the first time in sediments to investigate the biotransformation of MCB. Incorporation of 13C-labelled carbon derived from the MCB into bacterial fatty acids substantiated in situ degradation of MCB. The detection of 13C-labelled benzene indicated reductive dehalogenation of MCB. This integrated approach indicated the natural attenuation of the MCB in a wetland system. Further investigations are required to document and optimise the in situ biodegradation of MCB in constructed and natural wetland systems treating contaminated groundwater.     

Bioaccessibility of arsenic in various types of rice in an in vitro gastrointestinal fluid system

Rice can be a major contributor to dietary arsenic exposure because of the relatively high total arsenic concentration compared to other grains, especially for people whose main staple is rice. This study employed in vitro gastrointestinal fluid digestion to determine bioaccessible or gastrointestinal fluid extractable arsenic concentration in rice. Thirty-one rice samples, of which 60 % were grown in the United States, were purchased from food stores in New York City. Total arsenic concentrations in these samples ranged from 0.090 ± 0.004 to 0.85 ± 0.03 mg/kg with a mean value of 0.275 ± 0.161 mg/kg (n = 31). Rice samples with relatively high total arsenic (>0.20 mg/kg, n = 18) were treated by in vitro artificial gastrointestinal fluid digestion, and the extractable arsenic ranged from 53 % to 102 %. The bioaccessibility of arsenic in rice decreases in the general order of extra long grain, long grain, long grain parboiled, to brown rices.     

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in fishes in Sudan

Abstract

Cotton‐producing areas of the Centrol Sudan, bordered by the Blue and the White Nile, have been subjected to repeated applications of pesticides. This region is irrigated by a series of canals, the Gezira canals, which hold large amounts of fresh water. Lake Nubia at the Sudan‐Egypt border is another important fresh water reservoir and fisheries ground. Fish from both the Gezira and Lake Nubia showed elevated concentrations of pesticides, suggesting that continued pesticides application would endanger the equatic fauna of this region and the proposed fresh water fishery.     

饮用水中硝酸根的催化还原研究进展

由于化肥的过度使用 ,造成地下水中硝酸盐的污染日益严重。饮用水中高浓度的硝酸盐对人类健康会产生极大的威胁。本文综述了催化还原脱除水中硝酸根的研究进展和现状 ,并对其发展趋势进行了简单的论述。     

Involvement of glutathione in the reduction of captan-induced in vivo inhibition of monooxygenases and liver toxicity in the rat

If given orally captan is relatively nontoxic, but it can be extremely toxic after parenteral exposure. Therefore, a single i.p. dose of captan (20 mg/kg) was given to male Sprague-Dawley rats and its effect on liver microsomal mixed function oxidases and certain serum enzymes (SDH, SGPT and SGOT) was studied. The single dose of captan caused marked depression of microsomal cytochrome P-450 and the activity of benzphetamine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase, and moderate elevation of the serum enzymes indicative of liver damage. However, reduced glutathione (100 mg/kg, i.p.) given prior to captan, appears to decrease the liver toxicity as measured by reduced inhibition of the microsomal enzymes and elevation of serum enzymes activity. The results suggest that glutathione and other compounds containing sulfhydryl groups may protect the subjects from captan-induced liver toxicity.     

Origins of Manganese in Air Participates in California

The proportions of manganese to other metals in samples of airborne fine particles taken at some sites in California have increased greatly since the beginning of 1985. Here, data are presented which indicate that the addition of manganese to leaded gasoline is largely responsible for this increase. Concentrations of manganese, silicon, titanium, iron, lead and other elements in airborne particles were measured using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis. Coefficients of correlation among levels of manganese, iron and lead measured at twenty sites in California were calculated. Levels of manganese and iron are generally highly correlated because of the presence of large amounts of these elements in the earth’s crust. Levels of airborne manganese and lead at sites In Southern California are often highly correlated, suggesting a vehicular source of manganese. Observed manganese concentrations are apportioned into two major sources: the earth’s crust and motor vehicles. The apportionment indicates that vehicular emissions of manganese may account for a significant part of the total at urban sites in Southern California. At most other sites, the contribution from vehicles is found to be far smaller than that from the earth’s crust.     

Bioaccumulation of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in perch in Swedish lakes

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), a high production volume chemical used in personal care products, enters the environment both via air and sewage treatment plant (STP) recipients. It has been found in fish, and there is concern that it may be a bioaccumulative substance. In this work D5 was analyzed in perch from six Swedish lakes that did not receive STP effluent, and in perch and sediment from six lakes that received STP effluent. In the lakes receiving the STP effluent, the D5 concentrations in sediment varied over three orders of magnitude and were correlated with the number of persons connected to the STP normalized to the surface area of the receiving body. In the lakes not receiving effluent, the D5 levels in perch were all below the LOQ, while D5 was above the LOQ in almost all perch from lakes that received effluent. The D5 concentrations in perch and sediment from the lakes receiving STP effluent were correlated. This shows that STP effluent is a much more important source of D5 to aquatic ecosystems than atmospheric deposition, and that the risk of adverse effects of D5 on aquatic life will be greatest in small recipients receiving large amounts of STP effluent. The bioaccumulation of D5 was compared to that of PCB 180 on the basis of multimedia bioaccumulation factors (mmBAFs), which describe the fraction of the contaminant present in the whole aquatic environment (i.e. water and surface sediment) that is transferred to the fish. In four of the six lakes the mmBAF of D5 was >0.3 of the mmBAF of PCB 180. Given that PCB 180 is a known highly bioaccumulative chemical, this indicates that the bioaccumulation of D5 in perch is considerable.     

Lead concentrations in birds of prey in Britain

This paper reports on lead (Pb) concentrations in the livers of 424 individuals of 16 raptor species found dead and sent for analysis to the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monkswood, from the early 1980s to the early 1990s. Elevated Pb concentrations in liver (>20 ppm dry wt), within the range associated with Pb poisoning mortality in raptors, were recorded in one peregrine (4% of species sample) and one buzzard (2% of species sample). These birds are likely to have ingested lead gunshot in the flesh of their prey. Another one each of these species had liver Pb concentrations of 15-20 ppm dry wt, reflecting unusually high absorption of Pb. No individuals of any other species had >15 ppm dry wt liver Pb, although some had 6-15 ppm. The source of Pb in these birds was unknown, but it could have resulted from high Pb concentrations in prey items, including some containing lead shot. Median liver Pb concentrations were generally very low (ranging from <0.07 to 1.61 ppm dry wt for species with sample sizes exceeding 10). In sparrowhawks, for which a large sample was available, liver Pb concentrations in all but one individual were low (<2.6 ppm dry wt). Pb concentrations in juveniles were significantly lower than in adults, and were lowest in recently fledged birds.