长春市供暖季办公建筑室内PM2.5中金属元素的污染特征及风险评估

对长春市供暖季某办公建筑室内PM_(2.5)进行采样,用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法(ICP-OES)对其中金属元素进行检测。采用富集因子法与主成分分析法对PM_(2.5)中的金属元素进行源解析,并对其潜在生态风险和人体健康风险进行评估。结果显示,室内PM_(2.5)中金属元素来源主要有燃煤排放尘、工业过程排放尘、机动车排放尘、室内污染源排放尘及土壤扬尘,5种来源的贡献率分别为27.35%、17.57%、12.44%、8.93%、8.05%。PM_(2.5)中金属元素的综合潜在生态风险指数为1 729.63,存在极强生态危害;金属元素对成人的非致癌暴露量以呼吸摄入为主,对儿童的非致癌暴露量以手口摄入为主,对成人和儿童均具有非致癌风险,但不具有致癌风险。     

基于PMF和APCS-MLR模型的工业城市大气降尘金属源解析及综合污染评价

为研究邯郸市区大气降尘的污染状况,在3个功能区逐月采集了2年的大气降尘样品,分析了降尘中Al、 Fe、 Cd、 Cr、 Cu、 Mn、 Ni、 Pb、 Zn和As等10种金属元素的质量分数,使用正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)和绝对主成分-多元线性回归模型(APCS-MLR)解析其来源,并采用大气降尘重金属综合污染指数(IPI.dhm)模型评估8种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn和As)的污染水平,并结合最优源解析结果定量计算各源的污染贡献。结果表明：除Al外,邯郸市大气降尘中9种金属元素质量分数均超过河北省(A层)土壤背景值,不同功能区元素含量差异明显;PMF模型解析出5个源,分别为燃煤源、冶炼排放源、自然源、道路交通源和工业排放源;APCS-MLR解析出3个源,分别是工业与冶炼排放源,燃煤和交通混合源及自然源;PMF的解析结果更优。IPI.dhm结果显示,Cd、Cr、Zn和Pb为显著污染因子。基于源贡献的污染评估结果表明,5个源的贡献率依次为工业排放源(32.81%)>燃煤源(21.73%)>冶炼排放源(16.80%)>道路交通源(15.02%)&g...     

宁波城市扬尘化学组成特征及其来源解析

为有效制定城市扬尘的防治措施,系统研究宁波城市扬尘污染的化学组成特征和来源,选取宁波为研究区域,采集了城市扬尘、土壤风沙尘、煤烟尘和机动车尾气尘4种源类样品,进行了元素、离子和碳3大类分析,并与其他城市进行了比较。结果表明:(1)宁波城市扬尘的主量成分包括Ca、Si、Fe、Al、K、总碳(TC)、有机碳(OC)和SO2-4,质量分数总和为44.14%,其中Ca、Si、Fe、Al、K等地壳元素含量较高。宁波城市扬尘化学组成与其他典型城市相差较大,其中Si、Al和Mg含量明显低于其他城市,而Na、K、Ni等元素含量总体较高。(2)分歧系数计算结果为0.471,说明城市扬尘与土壤风沙尘的化学组成相似度不高,受人为来源类的影响较大。(3)宁波的城市扬尘中Zn富集因子最大,达23.10,其次为Ca、Cu、Pb、Ni、As,且这些重金属元素的富集因子均在5之上,表明Zn、Ca、Cu、Pb、Ni、As显著富集,受人类活动影响较大。(4)土壤风沙尘对城市扬尘的贡献最大(分担率达34.88%),其次为建筑水泥尘(分担率达25.01%)、煤烟尘(分担率达20.19%)。说明城市扬尘中大部分化学组分来自土壤风沙尘、建筑水泥尘和煤烟尘。     

乌鲁木齐市不同区域大气降尘中重金属污染及来源分析

为进一步了解城市不同区域间大气降尘中重金属含量及其差异性,沿城市走向梯度布设降尘采样点采集样品。采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)仪测定样品中Cu、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Zn、Cd、Pb和As等重金属含量,并计算富集因子来判断不同区域间的污染源类型,通过因子分析方法探讨污染的来源。结果显示,所测重金属元素中除Mn外,均受到人为源的影响,且十分严重。从贡献率来看,不同区域间第一因子的贡献率虽有差异,但均为来自土壤的风沙扬尘造成;第二因子的贡献率也不尽相同,主要是燃煤产生的污染;第三因子出现了差异,市南区和市北区主要是受金属冶炼的影响,而市中区的影响可能来自垃圾焚烧;市南区未出现第四因子,而市中区和市北区的污染源也不相同。分析表明,城市大气降尘污染依然严重,做好防控风沙和建筑扬尘,减少煤炭消耗,调整能源结构和产业布局是整体减少大气降尘的关键。     

天津冬季PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子污染特征研究

2015年12月3—21日对天津冬季 PM2.5进行了采样分析,重点分析了 Na~+、Mg~(2+)、NH_4~+ 、Ca~(2+)、K~+、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-) 、NO_3~-8种水溶性无机离子,结合风速、相对湿度、温度等气象资料,并利用主成分分析对水溶性无机离子来源进行了解析。结果表明,风速小、气温高和相对湿度大的天气条件以及冬季燃煤的人为原因是引起霾天的重要原因。采样期间PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为104.22μg/m~3。霾天中,轻微霾天、轻度霾天、中度霾天、重度霾天的PM_(2.5)中总离子平均质量浓度分别为27.63、26.89、105.03、143.92μg/m~3,远高于非霾天的15.43μg/m~3。SO_4~(2-)是水溶性无机离子中含量最高的离子,约占总离子的1/3,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Cl~-和NH_4~+浓度之和占总离子的90%以上。随着霾程度加重,NH_4NO_3占比增加,(NH_4)_2SO_4占比减少。水溶性无机离子主要来源于海盐粒子、生物质燃烧、机动车尾气排放和燃煤等。     

农林生物质燃烧尘中碳组分与水溶性无机离子的分布特征

以吕梁的小米秆、豆秆、玉米秆、树叶和草叶5种典型农林生物质为研究对象进行燃烧实验用武汉天虹TH450C型中流量大气综合采样仪对排放的烟尘进行采集。分析其碳组分(有机碳OC和元素碳EC)及水溶性无机离子,以期为颗粒物来源研究提供重要数据支撑。结果显示:5种农林生物质燃烧尘中,TC(total carbon)在颗粒物中所占比例介于62.37%~73.46%之间,碳组分是农林生物质燃烧尘的重要组成部分其中尤其以树叶燃烧尘中OC和EC的百分含量最大,分別达到39.78%和33.68%;生物质燃烧尘中碳组分的百分含量仅次于机动车尾气尘,但远大于煤烟尘、土壤风沙尘、建筑水泥尘和道路尘等源;OC/EC值介于1.15~1.26之间,该值可以初步用来作为判定农林生物质燃烧的ー个重要指标;K~+,Na~+,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、NH_4~+、F~-C1~-、S0_4~(2-)和NO_3_等9种水溶性无机离子之和在颗粒物中所占比例介于18.22%~24.12%之间,水溶性无机离子是农林生物质燃烧尘的重要组成部分;S0_4~(2-)、K~+、Cl~-、F~-是4种最主要的水溶性性无机离子;生物质燃烧尘中K~+主要以KCl的形式存在。     

成都市道路细颗粒物污染特征

2013年9月20—28日,通过采集成都市城区道路大气环境中的PM2.5样品,分析测定了其中可溶性无机离子、碳组分和金属元素含量。结果表明,PM2.5中Fe、Mn、Ti、Si、Al等主要来源于机动车行驶产生的道路扬尘,Pb、Cu、Ni和Zn等主要来源于机动车尾气及零部件磨损;PM2.5中水溶性无机离子占道路大气环境细颗粒物的33.7%,A/C比值为0.95,表明细颗粒物偏弱碱性;机动车尾气排放的OC1、OC2、OC4和EC1等4种碳组分占道路大气环境细颗粒物碳组分的65.8%,且OC/EC比值为2.9,有二次有机碳(SOC)产生。     

石家庄秋季PM_(2.5)中低分子量有机酸组成特征及来源解析

为探讨石家庄秋季PM_(2.5)中低分子量有机酸组成特征与来源,于2017年9—10月对石家庄PM_(2.5)进行采样并测定了3种低分子量有机酸(甲酸、乙酸、草酸)浓度,还测定了水溶性无机离子(Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、NH_4~+)辅助讨论有机酸来源。结果发现,石家庄秋季PM_(2.5)中草酸浓度高于甲酸和乙酸,而甲酸和乙酸浓度接近,甲酸、乙酸和草酸的质量浓度分别为20~240、50~280、60~1 130ng/m~3。石家庄秋季PM_(2.5)中低分子量有机酸受自然源和人为源的混合影响,以人为源占主导,其中甲酸和乙酸的同源性较高。甲酸的可能来源为工业燃煤、交通汽车尾气排放、生物质燃烧、土壤和扬尘。乙酸的可能来源为工业燃煤、交通汽车尾气排放、生物质燃烧、生活污水、土壤和扬尘。草酸的可能来源为交通汽车尾气排放、大气氧化反应、生物质燃烧、土壤和扬尘、生活污水。     

南昌市大气PM2.5中多环芳烃的来源解析

在南昌市布设5个采样点,分别代表工业区、居住区、交通干线区、商业区以及郊区,于2007年7～8月进行大气PM2.5的采样.根据5个采样点测得的数据,通过因子分析法判断南昌市大气PM2.5中多环芳烃的主要来源,再利用多元线性回归法确定各主要来源对多环芳烃的贡献率.结果表明,南昌市多环芳烃的主要来源为车辆排放源、高温加热源、燃煤污染源,对多环芳烃的贡献率分别为37.9%、28.2%、22.0%.     

潍坊市环境受体中PM2.5污染特征与精细化来源解析

为掌握潍坊市PM2.5的主要来源、各排放源对PM2.5的贡献与内陆、沿海城市的差别,采集了潍坊市2017年不同季节环境受体中PM2.5样品和源样品,分析了样品中的化学组分,建立了源成分谱和受体组分数据库,基于复合受体模型和源排放量等对潍坊市PM2.5进行了来源解析。结果表明:(1)PM2.5和化学组分浓度总体表现为秋冬季较高、春夏季较低。(2)潍坊市源解析结果总体介于沿海城市和内陆城市之间。(3)精细化源解析表明:煤烟尘是首要的贡献源类,其分担率达到36.0%,其中电厂、工业、民用燃煤的分担率分别为14.4%、18.0%和3.6%;机动车尘的分担率达到25.4%,其中载客、载货、其他汽车的分担率分别为6.3%、14.0%和5.1%;扬尘中土壤风沙尘、建筑水泥尘的分担率分别为10.1%和11.7%;工艺过程的贡献相对较低(3.9%)。     

Pesticides in rainfall in Europe

Papers and published reports investigating the presence of pesticides in rainfall in Europe were reviewed. Approximately half of the compounds that were analysed for were detected. For those detected, most concentrations were below about 100 ng/l, but larger concentrations, up to a few thousand nanograms per litre, were detected occasionally at most monitoring sites. The most frequently detected compounds were lindane (gamma-HCH) and its isomer (alpha-HCH), which were detected on 90-100% of sampling occasions at most of the sites where they were monitored. For compounds developed more recently, detection was usually limited to the spraying season. A classification of pesticides according to their deposition pattern is proposed.     

Differences in Cu content in selected mushroom species growing in the same unpolluted areas in Poland

The aim of the study was to estimate copper (Cu) accumulation efficiency in whole-fruiting bodies of 18 edible and non-edible wild growing mushrooms collected from 27 places in the Wielkopolska Voivodeship. Mushrooms were collected each time from the same places to estimate the diversity in Cu accumulation between tested mushroom species within 3 consecutive years of study (2011–2013). The study results revealed various accumulation of Cu in the whole-tested mushroom fruiting bodies. The highest mean accumulation of Cu was observed in Macrolepiota procera (119.4 ± 20.0 mg kg^?1 dm), while the lowest was in Suillus luteus and Russula fellea fruiting bodies (16.1 ± 3.0 and 18.8 ± 4.6 mg kg^?1 dm, respectively). Significant differences in Cu accumulation between mushroom species collected in 2011 and in the two following years (2012 and 2013) were observed. The results indicated that sporadic consumption of these mushrooms was not related to excessive intake of Cu for the human body (no toxic influence on health).     

Mercury in fish in Swedish lakes

The aim of this work has been to try to obtain a picture of the past, present and future mercury situation in fish in Swedish lakes, to make an estimate of the number of lakes threatened by 'blacklisting', and to see if the data can be used to reveal anything about the impact of liming on the Hg content in pike. The register contains a broad set of data from 1456 lakes. The main results are as follows. Trend analyses indicate that the Hg content in 1-kg pike seems to increase with time. This is interesting since there has been a significant decrease in mercury emissions from Swedish industries during the last two decades. High Hg contents in 1-kg pike appear in a very characteristic pattern, linked to specific sources of Hg emission. The data indicate that old Swedish 'sins' are still causing a lot of problems. The factors governing the leakage of Hg from soils to water ought to be a very important topic for further studies. The Hg content in pike shows the highest correlation with the following parameters: Hg in surficial sediments, pH, distance from point source and water hardness, lake water alkalinity and conductivity, water retention time, size of drainage area and lake surface. A formula which provides the best possible degree of explanation (r2 = 0.78) has been derived. At present there are about 250 lakes 'blacklisted' in Sweden due to high Hg content in fish. Our data show that there are at least 9400 lakes that ought to be 'blacklisted' today. A successful liming operation will alter the chemical conditions in lakes and also decrease the Hg content in fish.     

Lead poisoning in swans in Japan

We investigated the occurrence, source and exposure time of lead poisoning in whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus cygnus) and Bewick's swans (Cygnus columbianus bewickii) in Japan during the winters of 1984-1987. Concentrations of lead in various tissues and physiological evidence of lead shot in some birds indicated that lead shotgun pellets were the source of lead, and exposure occurred after the birds arrived in Japan. Mortality probably occurred within 30 days after exposure to, and retention of, lead shot in the gizzard.     

Large-scale spatial variation in mercury concentrations in cattle in NW Spain

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic environmental contaminant and man-made emissions account for between a quarter and a third of total atmospheric levels. Point discharges, particularly coal-burning power stations, are major sources of atmospheric Hg and can result in marked spatial variation in mercury deposition and subsequent uptake by biota. The aims of this study were to quantify the extent to which major point and diffuse sources of atmospheric Hg emissions affected accumulation of Hg by biota throughout Galicia and Asturias, two of the major regions in northwest Spain. We did this by relating renal Hg concentrations in locally reared cattle (n=284) to the proximity of animals to point and diffuse sources of Hg emissions. Mercury residues in calf kidneys ranged between non-detected and 89.4 g/kg wet weight. Point discharges from coal-fired power plants in Galicia had the most dominant impact on Hg accumulation by calves in Galicia, affecting animals throughout the region and explaining some two-thirds of the variation in renal residues between animals located directly downwind from the plants. The effects of more diffuse emission sources on Hg accumulation in calves were not distinguishable in Galicia but were detected in cattle from neighbouring Asturias. The impact of both point and diffuse sources in elevating environmental levels of bioavailable Hg and subsequent accumulation by cattle extended to approximately 140-200 km downwind from source.     

Trends in summer sulphate in Europe

A trend analysis of the sulphate concentration in Europe in the summer half-year was performed. Data from various measuring networks were analysed, but only stations with quality assured sampling methods and a record of more than 10 years were included in the study. 1978 served as the reference year for the trend, because in that year most stations started operation. The relatively dense network in Belgium provided the most valuable data, as evidenced by the fact that two sites at a distance of only 10 km apart correlated better than 95% over a month. The two sites also show a correlation of better than 90% over a season with two other stations at distances of 45 and 95 km. The relative decrease in summer-sulphate at the four stations in Belgium, as analysed by linear regression, was 3.3% per year which corresponds to an absolute decrease of 0.42 μgm⁻³ per year. In the Netherlands the average yearly decrease in summer-sulphate at two stations was 3.5% (−0.34 μgm⁻³). In other countries stations were further apart or only a single site wits in use, which limits the representativeness of the data. In northwestern Germany, a region with several monitoring stations, a yearly averaged decrease of 3.0% occurred. The lower absolute decrease (0.25 μgm⁻³) per year compared to that in the two neighbouring countries reflects the lower summer-time sulphate concentrations. In the remainder of Germany the average decrease was 1.6%. In South-Scandinavia the yearly relative decrease at two sites was 2.6% (0.13 μgm⁻³ absolute). There was no significant trend in the U.K. Al the Polish station the levels increased, it decreased at the Hungarian and Austrian station and remained constant at the Czechoslovakian site. Reasons for omission of the data from France from the trend analysis are discussed.     

Pesticide levels in surface waters in an agricultural-forestry basin in Southern Chile

Residues of five pesticides in surface water were surveyed during 2001 and 2003 in the Traiguen river basin in Southern Chile. Simazine, hexazinone, 2,4-D, picloram herbicides and carbendazim fungicide were selected through a pesticide risk classification index. Six sampling stations along the river were set up based on agricultural and forestry land use. The water sampling was carried out before and after the pesticide application periods and in correspondence to some rain events. Pesticides were analyzed by HPLC with DAD detection in a multiresidue analysis. During 2001, in the first sampling campaign (March), the highest concentrations of pesticides were 3.0 microg l(-1) for simazine and hexazinone and 1.8 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the second sampling (September), the highest concentration were 9.7 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D, 0.3 microg l(-1) for picloram and 0.4 microg l(-1) for carbendazim. In the last sampling period (December), samples indicated contamination with carbendazim fungicide at levels of up to 1.2 microg l(-1). In sampling carried out on May 2003, no pesticides were detected. In October 2003, the highest concentrations of pesticides were 4.5 microg l(-1) for carbendazim and 2.9 microg l(-1) for 2,4-D. Data are discussed in function of land use and application periods of the products, showing a clear seasonal pattern pollution in the Traiguen river. Risk assessment for these pesticides was calculated by using a risk quotient (RQ = PNEC/PEC). For picloram the calculated RQ < was 0, which indicates that no adverse effects may occur due to the exposure to this herbicide in the Traiguen river basin. For 2,4-D, simazine, hexazinone, carbendazim RQ > 1, meaning that adverse effects could occur and it is necessary to reduce pesticide exposure in surface waters. It is recommended to continue with a pesticide monitoring program and the implementation of ecotoxicological testing with local and standardized species in order to consider the probability of effects occurrence, with less uncertainty. Thus, it will be more feasible to make some recommendations to regulatory agencies regarding the pesticide use.     

Heavy metal contamination in bats in Britain

Toxic metals are bioaccumulated by insectivorous mammals but few studies (none from Britain) have quantified residues in bats. We measured renal mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations in bats from south-west England to determine how they varied with species, sex, age, and over time, and if they were likely to cause adverse effects. Residues were generally highest in whiskered bats (Myotis mystacinus). Compared with other species, pipistrelle (Pipistrellus spp) and Natterer's bats (Myotis nattereri) had significantly lower kidney Hg and Pb concentrations, respectively. Renal Hg increased over time in pipistrelles but the contributory sources are unknown. Kidney Pb did not decrease over time despite concurrent declines in atmospheric Pb. Overall, median renal metal concentrations were similar to those in bats from mainland Europe and 6- to 10-fold below those associated with clinical effect, although 5% of pipistrelles had kidney Pb residues diagnostic of acute lead poisoning.     

大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究进展

二（口/恶）（口/英）是世界公认的强致癌物质,对人体健康危害极大.近年来,大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）的研究已成为各国环境化学家研究的热点.本文总结了近年来国际上有关大气中二（口/恶）（口/英）研究的进展情况,以及所取得的主要研究成果,并在此基础上指出了我国目前研究中存在的问题及以后所应开展的工作.