汽车尾气微粒过滤器喷油助燃再生控制策略研究

微粒过滤器(DPF)已成为当前柴油机汽车尾气微粒排放控制技术的研究热点,以其喷油助燃再生方式为例,对再生控制问题进行有益探索。基于排气背压法判断DPF再生时机,阐述其再生控制原理。设计装有DPF及其喷油助燃再生装置的发动机实验台架,实时采集油耗与DPF背压数据,利用MATLAB建立DPF再生排气背压MAP。随机选取发动...     

柴油机微粒捕集器臭氧再生法离线再生

由R175型柴油机、微粒捕集器(Φ90 mm×150 mm)、CF-G10型臭氧发生器组成实验系统,进行了臭氧再生法离线再生研究。研究表明,在190℃温度下,再生气从DPF上游侧进气再生时,臭氧可以有效再生DPF,再生效率可达90%以上,再生效率达到65%左右时发生臭氧穿透,臭氧利用率下降;穿透时间点随微粒捕集时的柴油机载荷增大而提前,随微粒捕集时间增加而提前;臭氧供给量不变,再生气流量越大,再生效果越明显;再生气从DPF下游侧进气再生时,臭氧穿透时间点较上游侧进气再生滞后,但发生穿透后DPF几乎不再再生,总再生效率低于70%。结果表明,微粒捕集器臭氧再生法是可行的,对于如何提高臭氧利用率需进一步研究。     

孔道结构对柴油机DPF压降及再生特性的影响

针对微粒捕集器(DPF)内部碳烟及灰分颗粒特征,运用AVL-Fire软件建立了六边形孔道结构柴油机微粒捕集器模型。针对不同排气流量、进口温度、孔密度、碳烟和灰分沉积量,对六边形孔道及四边形孔道DPF压降特性和碳烟再生特性进行分析,并研究灰分分布形式对不同孔道形状DPF的影响。结果表明:排气质量流量越大,进口温度越高,不同孔道结构的压降敏感性增大;与传统四边形孔道DPF相比,当碳烟沉积量较低时,六边形孔道DPF压降损失较高;随着碳烟沉积量的增加,六边形孔道DPF压降损失较低,且碳烟承载量较大;灰分在DPF孔道表面层状分布可以有效阻止碳烟深床捕集模式,降低压降损失;六边形孔道DPF能够有效提高碳烟及灰分容量,且碳烟捕集及再生效率较高,再生速率较快,热应力较小,可以降低DPF主动再生频率,延长使用寿命。     

不同气氛下微米捕集器的离线再生

基于NO_2、NO_2/O_2以及O_3与PM的化学反应模型,探究了气氛对微粒捕集器(DPF)离线再生效果的影响。研究结果表明,NO_2/N_2的气氛下,PM的起燃温度为250℃,而在NO_2/O_2/N_2气氛下,PM的起燃温度降至150℃左右,但在O_3/N_2气氛下,PM可在低于100℃的再生温度下起燃。在3种气氛下,DPF的再生效率受再生温度的影响均较为明显。当再生温度较低(≤250℃)时,O_3/N_2气氛下,DPF的再生效果最好,且实现完全再生的时间最短;当再生温度较高(250℃)时,NO_2/O_2/N_2气氛下,DPF再生效果最好,且温度越高,实现完全再生的时间越短。在所选的再生温度范围内,O_3/N_2气氛下的壁面最大温度梯度峰值均高于NO_2/N_2和NO_2/O_2/N_2气氛,但远小于DPF安全的温度梯度极限。     

环丁砜-哌嗪溶液吸收烟道气中二氧化碳

采用搅拌实验装置,研究环丁砜溶液及不同配比的环丁砜-PZ复合溶液对烟道气中二氧化碳的吸收和解吸性能,揭示了吸收容量与酸碱度、时间之间的内在联系,并对CO2初始逸出温度、试液再生温度、试液再生率、再生pH下降率进行了细致记录分析。实验结果表明,环丁砜-PZ复合溶液配比为0.4∶0.6时:吸收效果最佳,吸收量约为0.126 mol;再生温度最高,为105℃;再生率最高,为90.34%。同时与相同配比的MEA、DEA相比具有较大再生优势。实验结果还表明,环丁砜-PZ复合体系之间存在负交互作用。     

湿法并联氧化的脱硝机理

采取模拟烟气通过含有强氧化性的溶液(H_2O_2和KMnO_4)在鼓泡反应装置中进行单一的实验,研究吸收剂的温度和浓度对脱硝效率的影响,得出其最优脱硝条件,选取3种氧化剂的最优值进行并联实验,并分析其脱硝机理得出并联条件下的最优脱硝试剂。结果表明,H_2O_2的最优脱硝条件为:温度为60℃,浓度为0.5%,其达到稳定时的脱硝效率为58%;KMnO_4的最优脱硝条件为温度为40℃,浓度为0.2%,达到稳定时的脱硝效率为77%;并联条件下最优脱硝试剂为KMnO_4和NaClO_2,其脱硝效率为83%。     

制备条件对不同玻璃材料负载TiO_2活性影响研究

以光催化降解苯酚为探针反应,通过正交实验,系统研究了胶液配比、涂覆次数和焙烧温度等条件对以溶胶-凝胶法分别在普通钠钙玻璃和磨砂玻璃上制备TiO2光催化性能的影响,并利用环境扫描电镜（ESEM）对TiO2催化膜形貌进行了分析。研究表明,在普通钠钙玻璃片上负载TiO2催化膜的影响因素主次顺序为：硝酸体积〉涂覆次数〉焙烧温度〉V乙醇∶V酞酸丁酯,在选定实验条件下的最优条件为：涂覆次数为4次;焙烧温度=450℃;V乙醇∶V酞酸丁酯∶V硝酸（1∶4）：V水=400∶40∶1∶4。在磨砂玻璃片上负载TiO2催化膜的的影响因素主次顺序为：涂覆次数〉硝酸体积〉焙烧温度〉V乙醇：V酞酸丁酯,在选定实验条件下的最优条件为：涂覆次数为4次;焙烧温度=500℃;V乙醇∶V酞酸丁酯∶V硝酸（1∶4）∶V水=400∶40∶2∶4。通过扫描电镜可以观察到在普通钠钙玻璃片和磨砂玻璃片表面均附着一层白色的TiO2薄膜,颗粒粒径在100 nm左右。磨砂玻璃比普通钠钙玻璃负载更多的催化剂,磨砂玻璃基TiO2活性更高。磨砂玻璃是一种非常有前景的TiO2催化剂载体材料。     

重型国六在用柴油车劣化排放特性研究

基于车载排放测试(PEMS)和加载减速法(Lugdown)测试对一辆采用废气再循环(EGR)结合选择性催化还原(SCR)+催化氧化器(DOC)+颗粒捕集器(DPF)技术路线的国六在用柴油车进行部件劣化模拟排放研究。结果表明：EGR或SCR劣化后氮氧化物(NO_x)排放均明显恶化,DPF劣化后粒子数量(PN)排放明显升高,任一部件的劣化都无法达到国六排放水平。PEMS对劣化后排放最敏感,总通过率仅为28.6%,Lugdown测试的总通过率高达100.0%,而车载诊断系统(OBD)检查只有在载体泄露时未能有效识别并报出故障,总通过率为42.9%。可见,Lugdown测试已难以对重型国六在用柴油车进行有效的排放监督。     

改良Fenton工艺用于化工园区污水深度处理的小试

针对传统Fenton工艺产泥量大,处理成本高等问题,开发了一种基于含铁污泥再生回用的改良Fenton工艺。改良Fenton工艺主要包括Fenton水处理和含铁污泥再生两部分,其中含铁污泥再生工艺包括酸化过程和还原过程。实验结果表明,酸化反应的加酸量和上清液总铁浓度可根据含铁污泥浓度进行估算;还原反应铁粉投加量与酸化后溶液中总铁浓度1∶1时最优,生成的Fe2+浓度约为原溶液总铁浓度1.5倍,剩余铁粉可重复利用。含铁污泥再生催化剂用于Fenton工艺,降解COD的效果与Fe SO4作为催化剂的效果一致。利用改良Fenton工艺对化工园区污水进行深度处理,出水COD低于60 mg·L~(-1)。与传统Fenton工艺相比,改良Fenton工艺能减少60%的含铁污泥排放,降低运行成本40%以上。     

混合动力轿车城市典型道路排放特性

基于车载式排放测试系统(PEMS),对混合动力轿车进行典型城市道路行驶工况下的排放测试,对比分析实验车辆速度、加速度和比功率区间下的排放特性。混合动力轿车在车速低于50 km/h时,发动机处于关闭状态无排放,温度也下降,会降低NOx排放。主干道上NOx排放最少,快速路上NOx排放较高,高速公路上NOx排放最多。车速超过50km/h时发动机再起动,产生CO和HC排放峰值。主干道上CO和HC排放峰值最频繁,总平均排放因子最高;快速路上排放峰值稀少,总平均排放因子居中;高速公路上没有很大的排放峰值,总平均排放因子最低。     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.     

Kinetic and structural relationships of transition monomeric and oligomeric carboxyl- and choline-esterases

The kinetic and structural relationships of eight electrophoretically pure mammalian serum and liver serine carboxylesterases (CE) and cholinesterases (ChE) have been studied. Eight CE's and ChE's, which were fully resolved but only partially purified, provided additional information. Five of the electrophoretically pure esterases were monomeric, and of these, four belonged to a new and widely distributed class. These four monomeric esterases hydrolyzed choline esters, but at widely differing rates. Thus two were termed monomeric butyrylcholinesterases, mBuChE I and II, and two were monomeric CE's (mCE). The rabbit liver mCE was not a subunit of the oligomeric CE (oCE), although the oCE also hydrolyzed choline esters at a very low rate. The complex kinetics of the mCE's, mBuChE's, oCE's, and of the oligomeric BuChE's of horse and human serum could be interpreted according to a single reaction scheme involving an allosteric site and the equation derived from it. Thus activation and inhibition at high substrate concentrations, together with sigmoidal activity versus substrate concentration plots, all of which characterize the reactions of these esterases, could be interpreted by a single scheme and equation. Structural and kinetic comparisons showed a progressive transition of properties from the oCE's through the mCE's to the oBuChE's. One of the purified mCE's was from horse serum, and it exhibited physical and kinetic properties unlike those of the liver mCE's or oCE's.     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Sorption and desorption behavior of chloroanilines and chlorophenols on montmorillonite and kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Bacterial and archaeal diversity in oil fields and reservoirs and their potential role in hydrocarbon recovery and bioprospecting

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Hydrocarbon is a primary source of energy in the current urbanized society. Considering the increasing demand, worldwide oil productions are declining...     

畜禽养殖业污染与循环经济

解决畜禽养殖业的污染问题要以充分利用资源为根本出发点，通过对污染全过程控制及废物综合利用，达到畜禽粪便的减量化、无害化、资源化，走循环经济的发展道路。     

Degradation in soil and water and ecotoxicity of rimsulfuron and its metabolites.

The degradation and ecotoxicity of sulfonylurea herbicide rimsulfuron and its major metabolites were examined in batch samples of an alluvial sandy loam and in freshwater. An HPLC-DAD method was adapted to simultaneously identify and quantify rimsulfuron and its metabolites, which was successfully validated by GC-MS analysis. In aqueous solutions, pure rimsulfuron was rapidly hydrolyzed into metabolite 1 (N-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-N-(3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinylurea)), which itself was transformed into the more stable metabolite 2 (N-((3-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-pyridinyl)-4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidineamine)), with half-life (t(1/2)) values of 2 and 2.5 days, respectively. Hydrolysis was instantaneous under alkaline conditions (pH = 10). In aqueous suspensions of the alluvial soil (pH = 8), formulated rimsulfuron had a half-life of 7 days, whereas that of metabolite 1 was similar to that in water (about 3.5 days). The degradation of the two major metabolites was also studied in soil suspensions with the pure compounds at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mg l(-1). The half-life of metabolite 1 ranged from 3.9 to 5 days, close to the previous values. Metabolite 2 was more persistent and its degradation is strongly dependent on the initial concentration (C0): half-life values ranged from 8.1 to 55 days at 2-10 mg l(-1), respectively. These values are higher than those determined from the kinetics of metabolite 1 transformation into metabolite 2 (t(1/2) = 8-19 days). The ecotoxicity of the three chemicals was evaluated through their effect on Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri (Microtox bioassay). No effect was observed on D. magna with 24 and 48 h acute toxicity tests. Similarly, no toxic effect was observed with the Microtox test for the three chemicals in the range of concentrations tested that included the field application dose. Thus, being of low persistence and lacking acute toxicity, these chemicals present a low environmental risk. However, chronic effects should be studied in order to confirm the safety of rimsulfuron and its major metabolites.     

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane levels in urban and industrial areas and possible emission-related activities

Isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane are becoming relevant compounds in urban and industrial air, as they are used in important amounts in automobile industry and building insulation, as well as in the manufacture of foams, rubber, paints and varnishes. Glass multi-sorbent tubes (Carbotrap, Carbopack, Carboxen) were connected to LCMA-UPC pump samplers for the retention of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexanes. The analysis was performed by automatic thermal desorption (ATD) coupled with capillary gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry detector (MSD). TD-GC/MS was chosen as analytical method due to its versatility and the possibility of analysis of a wide range of volatility and polarity VOC in air samples. The method was satisfactory sensitive, selective and reproducible for the studied compounds. The concentrations of iso- and isothioisocyanatocyclohexanes were evaluated in different urban, residential and industrial locations from extensive VOC air quality and odour episode studies in several cities in the Northeastern edge of Spain. Around 200–300 VOC were determined qualitatively in each sample. Higher values of iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane were found in industrial areas than in urban or residential locations. The concentrations ranged between n.d.−246 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively, for industrial areas. On the other hand, urban and residential locations showed concentrations ranging between n.d.−164 and n.d.−29 μg m⁻³ for isocyanatocyclohexane and isothiocyanatocyclohexane, respectively. The site location (urban or industrial), the kind and nearness of possible iso- and isothiocyanatocyclohexane emission activities (industrial or building construction) and the changes of wind regimes throughout the year have been found the most important factors influencing the concentrations of these compounds in the different places.