鄂尔多斯气田泥浆池防渗层对有害物质的阻滞作用评价

随着天然气勘探开发速度的加快,鄂尔多斯气田井场废泥浆产生量越来越大,固化处理后将其填埋于有防渗层的泥浆池中是目前该区域最常用的方法,但国内外就气田井场泥浆池防渗层对池内污染物实际阻滞效果的研究报道较少。为研究上述处理方法的实际环境效应,以2010年盆地内正在开发气井井场泥浆池内预固化处理沉淀物的分析结果为参照,选择其中污染程度较为严重的石油类、COD、硫化物和砷、钡、镍、铅、铜4种为重点污染物,选择2005—2009年分别投入使用的5个气田井场废弃泥浆池为考察对象,分析研究了防渗层投运时间对不同污染物阻滞作用的影响。结果表明,投运1年的防渗层可阻留污染物90%以上,投运2年以上的防渗层对污染物的阻滞作用有不同程度下降,投运5年的防渗层对所监测污染物的阻滞作用最好的是钡(40.14%)、最差的为硫化物(10.89%),结合不同时间防渗层破损状况和其对污染物的阻滞效率的变化情况,说明机械刺穿和不均匀降是导致防渗层在研究区域的环境下阻滞功能退化较快的主要原因。     

高原地区铬渣污染场地污染特性研究

在我国高原地区某铬渣污染场地进行钻孔取样,分析场地工程地质特性,对场地铬的污染状况及空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明:场地地质结构较单一,地下水丰富,土质的渗透性强,渗透系数在1.78×10-3~0.243 cm/s之间;场地铬污染严重,总铬与六价铬的浓度最大值分别为22 485.6 mg/kg和7 495.2 mg/kg,地下水中六价铬的浓度最大值为107.2 mg/L;通过剖面铬浓度分析:铬在纵向上浓度分布受土壤质地的影响,均呈现表层4 m浓度较高,4 m以下浓度较低且变化较小的规律。由Kriging插值法绘的铬浓度分布等值线图可清晰看出场地表层土表现出向沟谷位置迁移趋势,地下水中残留的铬向地下水流场方向迁移。     

电动与渗透反应格栅联合修复镉污染地下水实验

通过实验方法研究了地下水中镉污染的电动力学修复效果,并分析其迁移变化特征。实验结果表明,电动修复中由于阴阳两极的氧化还原反应造成电极附近pH值产生明显变化,其中阳极附近的pH值由开始时的7.0逐渐变小到6.8,而阴极附近则相反,由开始时6.9逐渐增大到9.1,表明土壤的酸碱条件变化明显。Cd浓度变化反映在自然渗透条件下含水层中重金属污染物的迁移能力较弱,阳极附近地下水中Cd的去除率仅8.4%,而在电场作用下地下水中重金属的浓度发生明显变化,使得重金属污染物能在电极附近富集而被去除,当实验电场强度为0.5 V/cm时,Cd在阴极的累积使得阳极附近地下水中去除率为72.9%,说明电动修复重金属Cd污染地下水的效果明显好于自然渗透状态。     

渗滤液氨氮在地下咸水环境中的迁移过程

海滨填埋场是沿海地区垃圾处理的一个重要选择,但其渗滤液泄漏引发的地下环境污染具有一定的独特性。以渗滤液中长时间保持高浓度的氨氮作为指标,通过构建砂箱实验,探讨咸水条件下氨氮在地下环境中的迁移转化过程。结果表明,在地下水环境中,渗滤液氨氮较易沿水流水平方向扩散,扩散速度随空间推移不断降低,从开始的4 cm/d降低到出水处的3.2 cm/d;其衰减率沿饱和区、过渡区、调整区依次增高;同时其衰减率随时间的增加不断降低,在实验的第15、25、35、45和55天,分别为100%、98.7%、95.6%、91.8%和83.5%。     

非正规垃圾填埋场包气带介质的污染物阻滞能力研究

非正规垃圾填埋场已成为地下水的潜在污染源,给城市供水安全带来了极大风险。以北京某非正规垃圾填埋场的3种典型包气带介质为研究对象,以Br-为示踪剂,采取土柱实验和数值模拟相结合的方法,通过对场区3种典型包气带介质饱和与非饱和状态下的Br-迁移速率的比较,探讨包气带介质对污染物的阻滞能力。结果表明,Br-在不同包气带介质饱和状态下的迁移速率为中砂>细砂>砂质粉土,这可能与不同介质中粉粒和粘粒的含量有关,同时介质的有机质含量也会影响Br-的迁移速率,但前者因素占了主导作用;在Br-迁移过程中,不同包气带介质的含水量是影响其迁移速率的主要因素,若能合理控制场区的地下水位,使得包气带介质长期处于非饱和状态,将会大大延缓垃圾渗滤液中污染物向地下水迁移;针对特定的非正规垃圾填埋场,可采取抽水等措施,控制场区的细砂和砂质粉土层处于非饱和状态,充分利用包气带介质在非饱和状态时较强的污染物阻滞能力,阻隔或延缓垃圾渗滤液中的污染物进入地下水中。     

天然矿物组合材料渗透反应墙修复地下水镉污染

实验模拟地下环境,以天然矿物材料石灰石、海泡石和膨润土作为可渗透反应墙(PRB)填充材料,采用正交实验法设计了16种可渗透反应器,研究了天然矿物组合材料组配对污染地下水模拟液中镉污染的修复效果、出水pH、有效孔隙度和渗透系数的影响,同时对机理进行了分析。实验结果显示,组合材料对镉去除率达99.8%以上,石灰石对处理效果贡献最大,增加石灰石用量,处理效果明显改善,当石灰石含量为10%及更高时,对含镉1.0 mg/L的污染地下水模拟液处理后镉浓度低于0.7μg/L,达到地下水质量标准GB/T 14848-93规定的II类水质标准;石灰石用量的增加对渗透系数影响不大,但出水pH呈弱碱性(7pH9),随反应时间延长逐渐降低并稳定于8。增加海泡石和膨润土用量对处理效果改善作用不大,但显著降低体系渗透系数,影响透水性。以正交实验直观分析法计算得到修复效果最优的PRB填充材料组配为石灰石/海泡石/膨润土=20/10/2(质量分数)。     

地下水环境管理与污染防治技术

归纳了造成地下水污染的主要污染源，分析了污染物入渗的主要途径，探讨了污染物在土壤及地下水中迁移转化过程，提出了加强污染源管理，保护地下水环境的技术措施。     

鼠李糖脂促进地下水苯和氯苯污染的空气喷射修复

通过一维砂柱室内模拟实验,研究生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对空气喷射修复地下水中苯和氯苯污染的促进作用。实验研究了水中表面张力的变化对曝气过程中空气饱和度的影响,结果发现,在一定范围内,随着表面张力的下降,空气饱和度有大幅度的增加,当表面张力下降到37.75 m N/m以后,空气饱和度基本不再上升。曝气流量固定为300 m L/min,当地下水的表面张力由71.65 m N/m降到29.25 m N/m时,对应地下水中空气饱和度可由9.21%提高到20.1%。污染物去除实验的结果表明,添加低浓度的鼠李糖脂可以环保高效地提高苯和氯苯的去除量以及去除速率。因此,添加鼠李糖脂可以作为一种有效的强化方法来提高空气喷射法去除地下水中苯和氯苯污染的效率。     

沸石床处理农田暴雨径流氮磷中试研究

对沸石床去除农田暴雨径流中氮磷进行了人工模拟中试研究。结果表明 ,沸石床对暴雨径流有较好的净化作用 ,系统水力负荷介于 0 2 4m3 /m2 ·d和 2 4m3 /m2 ·d之间时 ,暴雨径流中主要氮磷污染物的总去除率可达 :TN 4 5 % ,NH4 N 6 0 % ,NO3 N 2 0 % ,TP 38%。平均去除能力为TN 8 14g/m2 ·d ,NH4 N 3 6 4g/m2 ·d ,NO3 N 1 17g/m2 ·d ,TP 0 5 9g/m2 ·d。茭草床的效果明显好于芦苇床 ,植物床的效果明显好于空白对照床。系统在最大进水能力 31L/min下 ,对氨氮仍然能保持4 0 %以上的去除率     

ABR-生物滴滤池组合工艺处理农村生活污水

采用ABR-生物滴滤池组合工艺,研究在水力停留时间为3 d、滴滤池水力负荷为5 m3/（m2·d）的条件下,组合工艺对生活污水中主要污染物的去除效果、滴滤池内部污染物浓度变化和微生物的沿程分布规律。实验结果表明,组合工艺对COD、TN、NH＋4-N和TP的平均去除率分别可达73%、32%、58%和30%;滴滤池内各层污染物浓度除TP在中层略有升高外,其余均沿程逐渐降低。滴滤池底层对各种污染物的去除能力均较强,原因是果壳活性炭填料较强的截留吸附能力以及底层微生物优势菌属较好的降解作用。总氮的去除依靠滴滤池内填料的物理化学作用和微生物同步硝化反硝化作用,其中微生物作用约占60%,成为脱氮的主要途径。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.