添加垃圾焚烧飞灰冷固小球的工业烧结实验

将垃圾焚烧飞灰添加进烧结冷固球团配料进行造球,对冷固小球的成分及强度进行分析,结果表明,添加垃圾焚烧飞灰冷固小球化学组成稳定,重金属浸出毒性远低于危险废物鉴别标准,落下强度较基准期略微降低,但符合运输、贮存的要求.并对添加了飞灰的冷固小球对其后续烧结、冶炼工序的影响进行分析,结果表明,用添加飞灰的冷固小球进行烧结所得烧结矿的转鼓强度、落下强度及常规化学成分较基准期没有太大变化,添加飞灰进行造球、烧结,对其后续冶炼工序的顺行几乎没有影响,所带来的额外的环境污染微乎其微.     

调质对垃圾焚烧飞灰烧结处理的影响

为提高经磷酸预处理后的焚烧飞灰在烧结处理过程中的烧结体机械强度,研究了添加SiO2或粉煤灰进行调质,其添加比例对烧结温度和烧结体性能的影响。同时进一步研究了利用硼酸钠作为助熔剂对焚烧飞灰烧结试验影响。结果表明,在烧结温度为1 150℃时,添加30%或者更低比例的SiO₂,或添加20%比例的粉煤灰,焚烧飞灰烧结体已经具有足够的抗压强度和致密化程度。添加5%的硼酸钠时,坯体烧结温度在1 050℃,而添加10%的硼酸钠时烧结温度可降低至980℃。     

冶金高炉高温熔融处理垃圾飞灰

为了探讨冶金高炉处理垃圾飞灰的可能性,将一定量的垃圾飞灰作为造球原料通过快凝水泥固化制备冷固飞灰球团,模拟高炉温度、气氛条件对飞灰球团进行高温冶金性能实验研究,并采用X射线衍射仪对飞灰球团中物相变化进行了研究。结果表明:在造球原料里配入5%左右的飞灰通过水泥固化造出的球团能达到入炉要求;配入10%飞灰球团的高炉炉料的高温冶金性能变化不大,且能够保持高炉内的工作环境相对稳定,符合当前冶炼要求的炉内工程条件;在高温下飞灰中的重金属能有效还原固封,二恶英能有效分解,为垃圾飞灰的资源化处理开辟了新的途径。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的熔融分离处理

焚烧法处理城市生活垃圾已在世界先进发达国家广泛采用。垃圾焚烧飞灰含有大量的重金属,必须进行合理安全处置。在分析城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的物理化学性质基础上,研究了垃圾焚烧飞灰固化成型、熔融分离的无害化处理新工艺。实验结果表明：飞灰固化成球的适宜粘结剂为5%～7%消石灰,养护时间为10～12 d,固化球强度达0.24 kg/cm²以上,可以满足运输和熔化分离要求;固化后的飞灰在1 300℃左右熔融分离后,重金属的分离效果好,达到97%以上,可达到无害化处理标准;对1 300℃和1 400℃熔融分离后熔渣的重金属浸出毒性测试显示,重金属浸出毒性问题可以完全解除。研究结果表明,采用飞灰固化-熔融分离工艺处理城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰是可行的。     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属药剂稳定化研究

采用几种不同厂家提供的有机重金属飞灰螯合剂和一种无机飞灰稳定剂对湖北某垃圾焚烧厂及四川某垃圾焚烧厂所产飞灰分别进行了稳定化处理的研究。结果表明,就2种飞灰而言,有机螯合剂在处理效果上较无机药剂具有一定的优势,为使飞灰处理后的浸出毒性低于《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB16889-2008)所规定的限值,满足进入垃圾填埋场分区填埋的要求,不同种类的有机螯合剂添加量在1%~5%之间,各有机螯合剂的稳定效果与其分子结构和分子大小的关系密切。而某无机药剂在添加剂量为15%时仅能使四川某厂所产生的飞灰勉强达标。从经济上考虑,使用有机螯合剂的药剂成本费用也低于某无机药剂,同时对比实验发现,飞灰初始浸出毒性的大小,飞灰粒径大小,飞灰的物理性状对螯合过程具有一定的影响。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出特性及固化试验的研究

垃圾焚烧飞灰残留有重金属元素和二恶英等物质而被认为是危险废物,必须对之进行稳定化处理.通过试验研究分析了国内首家自主开发成功的广东省东莞市某回转窑垃圾焚烧发电厂垃圾焚烧飞灰的化学成分及矿物组成,研究了飞灰的浸出毒性,考察了水泥固化焚烧飞灰的效果,并与熔融/玻璃固化进行了比较.研究表明,该焚烧飞灰中重金属Cd的浸出毒性严重超标,并且随pH值的减小而增大,水泥固化效果随龄期的增大而更加显著.熔融/玻璃固化的效果优于水泥固化,但其经济性有待提高.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰有毒重金属固化稳定技术研究综述

采用焚烧法处理生活垃圾正呈快速增长的趋势,焚烧过程产生的飞灰中所含有的大量有毒重金属对自然环境和人类生存都造成极大影响。阐述了目前常用的几种固化稳定垃圾焚烧飞灰有毒重金属的方法,综合分析了其固化特点和优缺点,并初步探索了一种低能耗环境下实现高温熔融处置技术的有效途径,从而为垃圾焚烧飞灰高温固化稳定有毒重金属的实施提供一定的理论基础和技术支持。     

垃圾焚烧飞灰物理化学性质的实验研究

应用激光粒度粒形分析仪、灰熔融性测定仪、原子吸收光谱仪和XRD等仪器手段对国内2种垃圾焚烧飞灰的密度、颗粒特性、熔点、成分和晶相结构等物理化学性质进行了详细的研究。研究发现，2种灰样颗粒直径的数量积分分布非常接近，其中基本没有超过40 μm的颗粒。由于垃圾焚烧飞灰在化学成分上存在的差异导致了其熔点有很大的不同。此外，XRD结果显示不同来源的飞灰其晶相结构存在较大的差别，这可能与垃圾的来源和焚烧工艺以及烟气处理方法有关。实验结果为飞灰无害化低温烧结工艺的选择和运行参数的制定提供了依据。     

本期推荐

正本期"专论"栏目刊发了罗小勇、王艳明、龚习炜、徐辉撰写的《垃圾焚烧固化稳定化飞灰填埋处置面临的问题与对策》一文。该文提出的对策与建议对开展固化飞灰安全填埋处置相关研究具有参考价值。随着我国生活垃圾终端处置由填埋逐渐转变为焚烧,飞灰产量迅速增加,其安全处置已经成为生活垃圾焚烧全过程污染控制和风     

满足《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》的生活垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属药剂稳定化研究

基于<生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准>(GB 16889-2008)对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰(以下简称飞灰)的豁免管理规定,选用磷酸盐组合药剂和硫基螯合剂对飞灰进行重金属稳定化实验,考察了2类药剂对飞灰重金属的稳定效果.寻求达到最佳重金属稳定效果的药剂添加量,同时分析了稳定化飞灰进入生活垃圾填埋场时初期渗滤液中的重金属浸出情况.结...     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.