接触氧化过滤去除地表水中的氨氮

接触氧化过滤工艺普遍用于去除地下水中的氨氮,在去除地表水中氨氮的应用较少。为了对此工艺去除地表水中的氨氮进行研究,以附有铁锰氧化物的石英砂为滤料填充滤柱,测试了滤柱对地表水中的铁、锰和氨氮的去除效果,并重点分析了影响氨氮去除的主要因素。结果表明:当滤速为8 m·h-1,进水铁、锰、氨氮浓度分别为0.6、1.1和1.8 mg·L~(-1)时,滤柱对3种污染物的去除率分别为83.3%,95.3%和80.6%,3种污染物的出水浓度均达标。此外,升高进水温度、提高进水碱度可增大氨氮的去除率。当温度由8℃增大到14℃时,氨氮去除率提高了近一倍。进水投加NaOH(浓度为4mg·L~(-1))时,氨氮的平均去除率比不投加NaOH时高23.1%。     

水力负荷对人工湿地修复富营养化景观水体效果的影响

水力负荷对湿地的去污效果有直接影响,但目前的研究一般限于去除率方面,缺少对污染物去除总量影响的研究。为综合考察水力负荷对人工湿地修复富营养化景观水体效果的影响,以某会议中心富营养化景观水体生态修复工程中的2#人工湿地为研究对象,研究了其在水力负荷分别为1.03、1.37m/d时的水质净化效果。结果表明:当水力负荷由1.03m/d提高到1.37m/d时,2#人工湿地仍具有较好的COD、TN和TP去除效果;COD和TN的总平均去除率略有下降,但水力负荷为1.37m/d时的COD和TN总平均去除量比水力负荷为1.03m/d时总平均去除量分别高28.29%和20.96%,对COD和TN总量的控制效果显著;TP的去除受水力负荷的影响较小,在两种水力负荷条件下均具有较高的去除率。     

沸石床处理农田暴雨径流氮磷中试研究

对沸石床去除农田暴雨径流中氮磷进行了人工模拟中试研究。结果表明 ,沸石床对暴雨径流有较好的净化作用 ,系统水力负荷介于 0 2 4m3 /m2 ·d和 2 4m3 /m2 ·d之间时 ,暴雨径流中主要氮磷污染物的总去除率可达 :TN 4 5 % ,NH4 N 6 0 % ,NO3 N 2 0 % ,TP 38%。平均去除能力为TN 8 14g/m2 ·d ,NH4 N 3 6 4g/m2 ·d ,NO3 N 1 17g/m2 ·d ,TP 0 5 9g/m2 ·d。茭草床的效果明显好于芦苇床 ,植物床的效果明显好于空白对照床。系统在最大进水能力 31L/min下 ,对氨氮仍然能保持4 0 %以上的去除率     

不同曝气参数下间歇增氧垂直流人工湿地脱氮的分层效应

以新型间歇增氧垂直流人工湿地(IA-VFCW)为研究对象,揭示了不同工况对人工湿地污染物去除的分层效应及去除效果的影响.结果 表明:不同曝气参数对细砾石层、煤渣层污染物去除的影响较小;对曝气区、湿地植物区污染物去除的影响较大.当进水NH4-N质量浓度为25 mg·L-1、COD为200 mg·L-1时,细砾石层、煤渣层对NH4+-N和TN平均去除率分别为10.8％、9.3％和13.3％、11.6％,两区域中均无NO2-N、NO3-N的积累;细砾石层对COD去除的贡献较大,COD平均去除率为67.2％.曝气区对NH4-N、TN去除贡献较大,NH4-N、TN的最大去除率分别达到69.3％、40.9％,COD平均去除率为25.4％.在低曝停比下,曝气量的增加将提高IA-VFCW对TN的去除性能;在高曝停比下,曝气量的增加会降低IA-VFCW对TN的去除效果,且会造成NO--N积累.在曝气量2 m3·h-1、曝停比1/3、曝停周期6h工况下IA-VFCW具有较好的污染物去除效果,NH4+-N去除率为94.9％、TN去除率为77.0％、COD去除率为90.0％.IA-VFCW脱氮性能明显优于传统垂直流人工湿地.     

水力负荷对污水地下渗滤系统处理效果的影响

采用人工模拟的方法,研究了0.04、0.06、0.10、0.14和0.18 m3/(m2·d)5个水力负荷下污水地下渗滤系统对生活污水处理效果的影响。实验期间,SS、BOD5、COD、TN、NH+4-N和TP的进水浓度分别处于69.74~79.62、40.75~64.81、211.56~250.72、48.94~87.36、31.25~59.04和2.88~4.05 mg/L之间,出水平均浓度分别为13.63、9.66、31.53、21.08、1.90和0.10 mg/L。结果表明,地下渗滤系统对生活污水具有良好的处理效果,除TN外,其余各项指标均满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB/18918-2002)一级处理要求;当水力负荷为0.14和0.18 m3/(m2·d)时,BOD5与TN去除率降低,出水浓度升高,受水力负荷影响明显;水力负荷对SS与COD影响作用微弱,去除率降幅较小;NH+4-N与TP则基本不受水力负荷变化影响。综合考虑渗滤系统的出水水质与日处理能力,推荐适宜水力负荷为0.10~0.14 m3/(m2·d)。     

潮汐式生态滤床在平原河网地区污染河流治理中的应用

以梁塘河治理措施中的主体工程潮汐式生态滤床为研究对象,考察其对平原河网地区污染河流中的N、P及有机污染物等的去除效果,并通过高通量测序技术分析潮汐式生态滤床混合层的微生物群落组成。结果表明,以潮汐式生态滤床为主体的治理工程运行稳定,河流水质趋好,且在受到污染冲击后,水质能迅速恢复。潮汐式生态滤床对[NH₄⁺-N]有很好的去除效果,[NH₄⁺-N]去除率最高为99.42%,平均去除率为80.94%。潮汐式生态滤床对TP和I_Mn也有一定的去除效果,平均去除率为34.37%和35.65%。潮汐式生态滤床内部硝化作用明显,微生物群落分析结果表明,滤床内主要的优势菌属是norank＿f＿norank＿o＿Chloroplast (1.72%～12.61%)和硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospiria,1.75%～8.75%)。norank＿f＿norank＿o＿Chloroplast作为第一优势菌属,其相对丰度远超其他菌属,且随着滤床的持续运行,具有硝化作用的硝化螺旋菌属相对丰度增长显著。微生...     

水力负荷对改良型垂直流人工湿地降解模拟污水厂尾水效果的影响

为确定改良型垂直流人工湿地降解模拟污水厂尾水的最佳水力负荷,采用生物炭和活性炭改良、微生物强化以及同时添加生物炭、活性炭和微生物改良强化的3套垂直流人工湿地系统,研究了其在3种水力负荷条件下(0.25、0.5和1 m~3·(m~2·d)~(-1)),对模拟污水厂尾水中污染物的去除效果。结果表明,3套垂直流人工湿地系统均在低水力负荷(0.25 m~3·(m~2·d)~(-1))时对模拟污水厂尾水中NH_4~+-N、TN、TP和COD的去除率较高,但随着水力负荷的增大其去除率逐渐降低。3套垂直流人工湿地系统对NO_3~--N的去除率均在高水力负荷(1 m~3·(m~2·d)~(-1))时较高,且随着水力负荷的变大,其去除率逐渐升高,但去除率的增长幅度变缓;实验证明,生物炭和活性炭改良基质能够提高湿地系统对NH_4~+-N、TN、TP和COD的去除效果,并且在低水力负荷时对NH_4~+-N、TN和COD的去除拥有更好的改良效果,而对TP去除的改良则在高水力负荷时优于在低水力负荷时。厌氧-异养反硝化菌能够提高湿地系统对NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和TN的去除效果,并且在高水力负荷时对NO_3~--N的改良效果优于低水力负荷,而在低水力负荷时对NH_4~+-N和TN具有更好的改良效果。综合考虑多种污染物的去除效果,确定3套改良型垂直流人工湿地系统的最佳水力负荷为0.5 m~3·(m~2·d)~(-1)。     

人工湿地对水产养殖废水典型污染物的去除

考察了5种常见湿地植物黄菖蒲、芦苇、千屈菜、再力花和香蒲对水产养殖废水的净化能力以及生理生长指标,结果表明,黄菖蒲的氮磷吸收能力最强而芦苇较差。构建黄菖蒲、芦苇水平潜流人工湿地研究植物对水产养殖废水典型污染物的净化效果的影响,发现两者对COD、TP、TN和抗生素均有较好去除效果。其中,黄菖蒲湿地对TN的去除效果(HRT=4 d,去除率71%)显著优于芦苇湿地(HRT=4 d,去除率29%),分析其原因在于黄菖蒲湿地因其较强的吸收能力和反硝化作用使其对高NO_3~--N废水有较好的去除效果。研究中还发现,水力停留时间对TN、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除效果有较大的影响。两种湿地对恩诺沙星的去除效果优于磺胺甲恶唑和氟甲砜霉素,不同人工湿地植物对3种抗生素的去除效果差异不大,水力停留时间对磺胺甲恶唑的去除有显著的影响。     

低C/N比水产养殖废水生物脱氮实验研究

随着短程硝化-反硝化理论研究的发展,在低C/N比条件下,实现污水的生物脱氮处理已成为可能。为此,设计了水产养殖用水的三级生物膜短程硝化-反硝化处理工艺,并对该工艺在去除模拟水产养殖废水主要污染物的作用进行了初步研究。研究结果表明,在进水pH值7.5~8.5,温度为28~32℃,溶解氧为0.5~1 mg/L,游离氨浓度为5~10 mg/L的条件下,模拟废水的COD、NH4+-N和TN的平均去除率分别达到94.4%、91.6%和70.1%;并且低C/N比对出水氨氮NH4+-N的去除率影响不大,NO2--N的平均浓度控制在5.2 mg/L以下,低于鱼类的耐受浓度。表明该短程硝化-反硝化工艺设计,可用于低C/N比水产养殖废水主要污染物的生物处理,尤其是可消除NO2--N对水产养殖的潜在威胁,基本达到养鱼回用标准。     

潜流人工湿地对微污染河水的净化效果

为了探讨潜流人工湿地对微污染河水的净化效果,在野外条件下构建潜流人工湿地,分析了湿地中pH、氧化还原电位(ORP)和DO的进出水变化,考察了湿地中污染物的净化效果,探讨了温度对湿地净化效果的影响。各湿地进、出水DO浓度相差不大;除美人蕉湿地外,其余湿地出水pH较进水变化较小;植物湿地出水ORP较进水均有所增大。植物湿地对污染物的去除效果均优于空白湿地,且随着气温的升高,NH4+-N、TN和CODMn的去除率逐渐增加,去除率分别可达90%、50%和20%。TP去除率却未随温度发生明显变化,始终波动在30%～60%之间。相关性分析结果表明湿地中NH4+-N和TN的去除率与温度相关,较低的有机物浓度造成CODMn的去除率与温度相关性差,由于湿地对磷的去除主要以颗粒态磷(PP)为主,TP的去除与温度不相关。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.