钱塘江富阳-杭州段沉积物磷的赋存形态分析

研究了钱塘江富阳一杭州段10个采样点表层沉积物中TP、各组分磷的含量分布以及沉积物有机质和粒径对磷分布情况的影响.结果表明,钱塘江富阳一杭州段表层沉积物中的TP为594.76～1 463.06 mg/kg,平均为940.24 mg/kg.NaOH提取态磷(NaOH-P)是污染河段无机磷(IP)的主要赋存状态.除个别采样点外,有机磷(OP)在TP中所占的比例相对较低.钱塘江富阳一杭州段沉积物TP以及赋存状态与沉积物粒度组成及有机质含量有显著的相关关系,沉积物中细颗粒越多,有机质含量越高,其TP也就越高,污染河段磷素增加主要造成NaOH-P升高,因此可以判断河段释磷潜力与污染有关.     

菖蒲对沉积物中各形态磷垂直分布的影响

在实验室模拟条件下,培育根系较发达的湿地植物菖蒲(Acorus calamus),以探究其对沉积物中各形态磷垂直分布的影响。结果表明:(1)实验60d后,对照组上覆水TP、溶解性活性磷(SRP)显著升高(P0.05),而菖蒲组上覆水TP、SRP降低。(2)对照组各形态磷含量在沉积物各深度之间无显著差异(P0.05)。菖蒲组沉积物中各形态磷含量(除盐酸提取磷)均不同程度低于对照组和初始值。菖蒲组沉积物中TP、有机磷、氢氧化钠提取磷在沉积物5cm处变化幅度最大,与初始值相比分别降低94.08、58.30、56.19mg/kg;无机磷在沉积物2cm处下降了35.40mg/kg。(3)菖蒲通过自身的生长吸收以及改变周围环境因子,直接或间接地影响了沉积物各形态磷的垂直分布。     

合肥市南淝河不同排口表层沉积物磷形态分布特征

对合肥市南淝河不同排口处表层沉积物进行了采样,并采用修正后的标准测试程序SMT和钼锑抗紫外分光光度法测定了其中的总磷(TP)、无机磷(IP)、有机磷(OP)、铁/铝磷(Fe/Al-P)和钙磷(Ca-P),同时分析了各形态磷之间以及与沉积物有机质之间的相关性。结果表明,由于各排口附近不同的水动力条件,污染状况以及沉积环境,各排口表层沉积物总磷(TP)的质量分数存在显著差异,其值在771.23~3 065.36 mg/kg之间,除二里河排口(S15)沉积物磷以钙磷(CaP)为主外,其他采样点表层沉积物磷均以铁/铝磷(Fe/Al-P)为主,各形态P的最低值均在位于南淝河上游的S4点,TP、IP、Fe/Al-P的最大值均出现在位于望塘污水厂排口下游60 m处的S6点,潜在释放磷比例最大值在南淝河上游受农业面源污染影响较大的S3点。沉积物各形态磷之间存在着不同程度的相关性,各形态磷与有机质存在着显著的正相关。以上结果表明,南淝河沉积物磷形态分布特征受排口类型影响显著,其中城市污水处理厂尾水可能是受纳水体沉积物重要的磷源。     

不同粒径泥沙理化特性对磷吸附过程的影响

以北京大兴南海子湖表层沉积物为研究对象,测试分析了0.147～0.246 mm(细砂)、0.074～0.147 mm(极细砂)、0.0385～0.0740 mm(粉粒)和<0.0385 mm(粉粒粘粒混合物)4种粒径泥沙对磷的吸附行为,并采用相关分析及逐步回归分析探讨不同粒径沉积物中有机质(OM)、Fe、Al、Ca、Mn和TP含量对磷吸附过程的影响。结果表明,二级动力学方程和Langmuir模型能较好地描述南海子不同粒径泥沙的吸附动力学及等温吸附过程(R2>0.90)。粒径对单位质量泥沙吸附磷量具有明显影响,粉粒粘粒混合物>粉粒>细砂>极细砂。总体上,泥沙有机质(OM)、TP、Fe、Al、Ca和Mn含量随粒径的减小而增大,且粘粒对其影响较大。不同粒径泥沙(OM)、Fe、Al、Ca和Mn含量之间存在极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),且均对单位质量泥沙最大吸附量(Xm)和饱和吸附量(Cse)具有正效应,其中Al含量对该参数的影响更为显著。这说明泥沙对磷的吸附行为可能受到粒径和化学成分的共同影响。     

无锡市农村黑臭河流沉积物营养盐垂向分布与污染特征分析

为揭示太湖流域农村黑臭河流沉积物中碳、氮、磷营养盐的垂向分布与污染特征,以无锡市周铁镇掌下浜(北段)为例,沿河流上游至下游共采集13个沉积物柱状样,分析总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝氮(NO_3~--N)、有机氮(Org-N)、有机碳(TOC)的垂向分布特征,并对沉积物中碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)的组分分布进行相关性分析。结果表明:TN、TP、Org-N含量在各点位间变化幅度不同,但均表现出随深度增加减小的趋势,即出现明显的"表层富集"现象,TN、TP、OrgN含量在沉积物中的最大降幅分别为55.82%、69.59%和68.12%;相反,沉积物中NH_4~+-N含量在垂直距离上呈现随深度加大升高的趋势,上升幅度在25.39%~72.77%;在垂直方向上,NO_3~--N含量在1号、4号~8号采样点处含量随深度加大而升高,增幅最大为107.51%,在2号、3号和9号~13号采样点处含量随深度增加降低,降幅最大为65.17%;TOC含量呈现随深度增加递减的趋势,含量在13.12~37.52 g·kg~(-1)变化;沉积物中C/N在8.31~19.90之间,均值为13.21,有机物以外源有机质为主;C/P比在12.24~51.84之间,均值为26.71;N/P在1.04~2.86之间,均值为2.02;沉积物中TOC、TN、TP含量两两具有极显著正相关关系(p0.01,n=13),表明C、N和P具有同源性。     

北运河表层沉积物对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn的吸附

首先分析了北运河6个采样点表层沉积物中重金属含量及相关基本特征。通过实验室模拟实验,利用分配系数Kd评价沉积物对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn的吸附特性,进一步考察了水体pH变化和有机质对重金属在北运河沉积物上吸附的影响。结果表明,沉积物中重金属的含量顺序为Zn>Cu>Pb,去除有机质后,沉积物对重金属的吸附能力显著降低,但各采样点中的重金属含量,沉积物对重金属吸附能力,以及沉积物中的有机质含量并没有明显相关性,这可能是因为不同采样点中有机质种类与结构不同导致的。总之,北运河沉积物对Pb有很强的吸附能力,其次是Cu和Zn,而且,Cu、Zn、Pb的吸附量随着pH的升高逐渐增大,水体pH值对于Zn的吸附影响更大。     

邛海表层沉积物营养盐分布特征及污染评价

以四川邛海为研究对象,研究了表层沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)、TN和TP的分布特征,对邛海表层沉积物中营养盐的污染状况进行了评价,并分析了表层沉积物碳-氮-磷两两之间的耦合关系。结果表明:邛海表层沉积物中TOC、TN、TP分别为1 479~15 197、270~2 030、380~630mg/kg;表层沉积物TOC与TN具有极显著的正相关关系(r2=0.98,P0.010),除海南乡和鹅掌河河口外TOC和TP呈现了显著的正相关关系(r2=0.94,P0.025),有机质主要来源于浮游植物,海南乡和鹅掌河河口表层沉积物受面源影响较大;邛海表层沉积物有机指数均值为0.120,属于较清洁范畴,有机氮质量分数平均为0.114%,属于尚清洁范畴,污染相对严重,具有造成较小生态风险的可能性。因此,邛海的保护中应注意控制沉积物中外源性氮、磷的输入。     

河岸带土壤对不同pH雨水中截留磷的影响

通过河岸带土柱淋滤模拟实验,研究了不同pH值模拟雨水条件下河岸带土壤对雨水中磷的截留效应,分析了pH对河岸带土壤吸附磷素的影响机制。结果表明:在不同pH的模拟雨水处理下,河岸带土壤对TDP和MRP的吸附具有显著的差异;且在pH=5条件下河岸带土壤对磷素的吸附量最低。河岸带土壤对雨水中磷的去除率随着降雨时间的进行而不断下降,pH=5时,河岸带对磷的去除率最低,截留能力最弱。不同pH值的模拟雨水对土柱中TP的含量产生显著影响,pH=5时,土柱中TP含量最高,pH=3时,TP含量最低。土柱中的TP在表层10 cm含量最高,随深度的增加而不断降低。研究河岸带土壤对不同pH雨水中磷的截留效应对于理解磷在河岸带土壤中的迁移转化机理以及防治水体富营养化具有十分重要的意义。     

产芝水库底泥和其间隙水中氮、磷分布特征

在现场调查和样品采集的基础上,对产芝水库主要采样点底泥及其间隙水中TN、NH+-N、NO3--N和TP浓度进行了测定,并对底泥TN,TP和其间隙水中TN、总溶解性磷(TDP)浓度进行了相关性分析.研究结果表明,产芝水库底泥含水率和有机质含量在表层均较高;而底泥中氮、磷浓度自深度为10 cm处向表层多表现出增加的趋势,间...     

绿狐尾藻人工湿地底泥中磷形态分布特征研究

构建处理不同负荷养殖废水的绿狐尾藻人工湿地,采集湿地表层(0~5cm)、中层(5~10cm)和底层(10~20cm)底泥样品,测定TP及有机磷含量,并用五步化学分级提取法将无机磷逐级提取为水溶性磷、铝结合态磷(Al-P)、铁结合态磷(Fe-P)、闭蓄态磷(O-P)和钙结合态磷(Ca-P),对比了各形态无机磷水平和垂直分布差异。结果表明,绿狐尾藻人工湿地表层底泥TP质量浓度在167~965mg/kg,其中有机磷占TP的66.0%(质量分数,下同)~79.2%。各形态无机磷的含量排序为:O-PFe-PCa-PAl-P可溶性磷。不同形态无机磷随着底泥深度的增加变化不同,总体来看,从表层到中层,Al-P、Fe-P和Ca-P含量呈现降低趋势,中层到底层无明显变化规律;低负荷湿地中,O-P含量随深度增加逐渐降低,而在中、高负荷湿地中O-P含量随深度增加逐渐增加。相关分析结果显示,Al-P、Fe-P、O-P含量与底泥pH和溶解性有机碳(DOC)呈显著或极显著正相关,说明磷在底泥中的行为易受底泥pH和DOC影响。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.